Estudo da fibra de coco como reforço em tijolo de solocimento

To take care of to the demand of the new constructions in the low income communities and to develop the production of a strengthened alternative brick with staple fibers of coconut, capable to contribute mainly with the recycling of the green and mature coconut in the urban and agricultural lexes, this research was developed, to confection bricks of soil-cement with coconut fiber. Ecologically correct material and of low cost, since the greenhouse use of or oven for burning will be manufactured without. The study it presents a set of tables and graphs that prove good indices found in the values of the density, water absorption, axial compressive strength and isolation term acoustics, with evidential results that make possible the production in industrial character with press mechanics or the place of the workmanship with manual form. The preparation of coconut staple fibers was made of natural form without use of chemical products not to deprive of characteristics the properties mechanical physicist-chemistries and of the same ones. The sixty bricks produced in simple and manual press had been carried through in four lots of fifteen units. The mixture of aggregates was made in four different traces composites for: ground erinaceous, cement, fiber of dry coconut and water; the bricks had been compact in the press and cured in natural way under an area covered during the minimum time of seven days

Estudo de um compósito de matriz cerâmica com carga de recicláveis para o uso na construção civi

With a view to revitalizing public environments through criteria that include economy, tourism, aesthetics and respect for the environment, this paper proposes a model of kiosk manufactured with composite material blocks, to be employed as a public instrument. . The model consists of a structure composed of planned blocks and manufactured in cement-based composite, gypsum, ground and water, having the styrofoam inside filled with pet bottles of 500 ml dose. The social and environmental issue is the critical point of the work when it can, through the reuse of environmentally harmful materials such as polyethylene terephthalate PET, using such modules for the construction of various areas of Commerce, promoting the protection of the environment combined with the improvement of the quality of life of the population. The tourism factor, which is significant in the economy of the North, is also considered as the modulated kiosk has a visual aspect innovative and differentiated. The environmental issue is addressed by encouraging the reuse of PET material and EPS (polystyrene)

Viabilidade de utilização de um compósito de matriz cerâmica com cargas recicláveis na fabricação de equipamentos solares

Composite materials can be defined as materials formed from two or more constituents with different compositions, structures and properties, which are separated by an interface. The main objective in producing composites is to combine different materials to produce a single device with superior properties to the component unit. The present study used a composite consisting of plaster, cement, EPS, tire, PET and water to build prototype solar attempt to reduce the manufacturing cost of such equipment. It was built two box type solar cookers, a cooler to be cooled by solar energy, a solar dryer and a solar cooker concentration. For these prototypes were discussed the processes of construction and assembly, determination of thermal and mechanical properties, and raising the performance of such solar systems. Were also determined the proportions of the constituents of the composite materials according to specific performance of each prototype designed. This compound proved to be feasible for the manufacture of such equipment, low cost and easy manufacturing and assembly processes

Estudo de um isolante térmico para tubos fabricado em material compósito

It presents a new type of insulation for ductwork hot water, which can be used in solar systems for heating water, which consists of a composite of different compositions based on plaster, cement and EPS ground, palm and water. This composite has as its main features easy assembly and manufacturing processes and low cost. Comparative results will be presented on the tests of materials and thermal tubes proposed. Four formulations were used to manufacture tubes with three diameters 70, 65 and 42mm. It was also tested conventionally used for elastomeric foam insulation to 110 ° C, for a comparative analysis with the composite pipe insulator proposed. It will demonstrate that the cost of manufacturing of such tubes is competitive with alternative elastomeric foam tested, but results of the composite tube to the temperature range studied, are lower. Another drawback of the composite insulator tube is its large mass. It would be important to test such a composite for greater levels of temperature to a diagnostic technique competitive with conventionally used insulators. A positive factor of using the proposed composite-tube would be the recycling of EPS so damaging to the environment, representing an environmentally friendly application of science

Influência da formação de pozolanas com adição de metacaulim em concreto de alta resistência

The need to build durable structures and resistant to harsh environments enabled the development of high strength concrete, these activities generate a high cement consumption, which implies factor in CO2 emissions. Often the desired strength is not achieved using only the cement composition. This study aims to evaluate the influence of pozzolans with the addition of metakaolin on the physical mechanics of high strength concrete comparing them with the standard formulation. Assays were performed to characterize the aggregates according to NBR 7211, evaluation of cement and coarse aggregate through the trials of petrography (NBR 15577-3/08) and alkali-aggregate reaction (NBR 15577-05/08). Specimens were fabricated according to NBR 5738-1/04 with additions of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of metakaolin for cement mortars CP V in the formulations. For evaluation of the concrete hardened in fresh state and scattering assays were performed and compressive strength in accordance with the NBR 7223/1992 and NBR 5739-8/94 respectively. The results of the characterization of aggregates showed good characteristics regarding size analysis and petrography, as well as potentially innocuous as the alkali-aggregate reaction. As to the test of resistance to compression, all the formulations with the addition of metakaolin showed higher value at 28 days of disruption compared with the standard formulation. These results present an alternative to reduce CO2 emissions, and improvements in the quality and durability of concrete, because the fine particle size of metakaolin provides an optimal compression of the mass directly influencing the strength and rheology of the dough

Estudo da incorporação de resíduo industrial polimérico ao CAP

This work presents the incorporation of an industrial polymeric waste into a petroleum asphalt cement with penetration grade 50-60 (CAP 50-60). The main goal of this research is the development of a polymer-modified asphalt, with improvements in its physical properties, in order to obtain a more resistant material to the traffic loads. Furthermore, the use of this polymeric waste will result in economic and environmental benefits. The CAP 50-60 used in this research was kindly supplied by LUBNOR Lubrificantes e Derivados de Petróleo do Nordeste (produced in Fazenda Belém Aracati - Ceará) and the industrial polymeric waste was provided by a button manufacturer industry, located in Rio Grande do Norte state. This polymeric waste represents an environmental problem due to its difficulty in recycling and disposal, being necessary the payment by the industry to a landfill. The difficulty in its reuse is for being this material a termofixed polymer, as a result, the button chips resulting from the molding process cannot be employed for the same purpose. The first step in this research was the characterization of the polymeric waste, using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on the results, the material was classified as unsaturated polyester. After, laboratory experiments were accomplished seeking to incorporate the polymeric waste into the asphalt binder according to a 23 experimental factorial design, using as main factors: the polymer content (2%, 7% and 14%), the temperature of the mixture (140 and 180 oC) and the reaction time (20 and 60 minutes). The characterization of the polymer-modified asphalt was accomplished by traditional tests, such as: penetration, ring and ball softening point, viscosity, ductility and flash point temperature. The obtained results demonstrated that the addition of the polymeric waste into the asphalt binder modified some of its physical properties. However, this addition can be considered as a feasible alternative for the use of the polymeric waste, which is a serious environmental and technological problem.

Efeitos de diferentes manejos de água no estabelecimento de plantas de arroz no sistema pré-germinado

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos de água adotados na semeadura do arroz (Oryza sativa L.), em sistema pré-germinado, no estabelecimento das plantas e nos componentes vegetativos. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 1995/96 em caixas de cimento amianto com capacidade de 500 L, contendo solo Aluvial Eutrófico de várzea, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, no Município de Botucatu, SP. A cultivar empregada foi a IAC 102, e os tratamentos foram sete manejos de água. A semeadura de sementes pré-germinadas em solo saturado ou em lâmina de água limpa ou turva e sua retirada três dias após, apresentaram resultados semelhantes quanto à população e ao estabelecimento das plantas. A retirada da lâmina de água três dias após a semeadura resultou em maior população e fixação de plantas do que a permanência da lâmina por período maior de sete dias. A manutenção da lâmina da água limpa ou turva afetou a população de plantas e prejudicou o seu desenvolvimento inicial, causando seu estiolamento com significativa redução da produção de matéria seca. A turvação da água antes da semeadura reduziu o desenvolvimento e a população de plantas quando a lâmina de água não foi eliminada por evaporação ou retirada três dias após a semeadura.

Participação do colmo principal e dos afilhos na produtividade do arroz irrigado, em função da densidade de semeadura

Entre as práticas culturais a serem consideradas na implantação da cultura do arroz destaca-se a densidade de semeadura, que deve estabelecer, em grande parte, a participação do colmo principal e dos afilhos nos componentes da produção, possibilitando a obtenção da máxima produtividade. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a participação do colmo principal e dos afilhos na produtividade de grãos de arroz, cv. IAC 102, no sistema irrigado por inundação, em função da densidade de semeadura. O experimento foi desenvolvido sob túnel plástico, em Botucatu (SP), em caixas d'água de cimento amianto de 500 L, contendo Neossolo Flúvico Ta Eutrófico, com profundidade de 30 cm. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As densidades de semeadura foram: 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 e 600 sementes viáveis por m², em 4 linhas de 1 m por caixa, espaçadas com 20 cm. A elevação da densidade de semeadura diminui o afilhamento e proporciona a maior participação dos colmos principais, porém, não resultando em incremento de produtividade, devido à plasticidade das plantas de arroz, que proporciona o ajustamento dos componentes da produção.

Aproveitamento de subprodutos da industrialização do escargot

The waste in the industries of escargot processing is very big. This is composed basically of escargot meat out of the commercialization patterns and the visceras. In this context, there is a need to take advantage to the use of these sub-products. A possibility should be drying them and transforming them in a certain form to be reused. Than, the present work has the objective of studying the reutilization of the sub-products of the escargot industrialization for by means of drying process. The samples were transformed in pastes, through a domestic processor for approximately 1 minute and compacted in trays of aluminum without perforations with three different heights (5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm). The drying was accomplished in a tray dryer with air circulation and transverse flow at a speed of 0,2 m/s and three temperature levels (70°C, 80°C and 90ºC). A drying kinetics study was accomplished for the obtained curves and for the heat and mass transfer coefficients using experimental procedures based in an experimental planning of 22 factorial type. Microbiological and physiochemical analysis were also accomplished for the in nature and the dehydrated sub-products. In the drying process, it was observed the great importance of the external resistances to the mass transfer and heat in the period of constant tax influenced by the temperature. The evaporation taxes indicated a mixed control of the mass transfer for the case of the thickest layers. As already expected, the drying constant behavior was influenced by the temperature and thickness of the medium, increasing and decreasing. The statistical analysis of the results, in agreement with the factorial planning 22, showed that the fissures, the shrinking of the transfer area and the formation of a crust on the surface might have contributed to the differences between the practical results and the linear model proposed. The temperature and the thickness influenced significantly in the answers of the studied variables: evaporation tax and drying constant. They were obtained significant statistical models and predictive ones for evaporation tax for the meat as well as for the visceras

Reciclagem de material asfáltico fresado utilizando solventes e microemulsões

With the increase of asphalt milling services was also a significant increase in recycling services pavements. The techniques used today are basically physical processes in which the milled material is incorporated into new asphalt mixtures or executed on site, with the addition of virgin asphalt and rejuvenating agent. In this paper seeks to analyze the efficiency of extraction of CAP (Petroleum Asphalt Cement) mixtures from asphalt milling, using commercial solvents and microemulsions. The solvents were evaluated for their ability to solubilize asphalt using an extractor reflux-type apparatus. Pseudoternary diagrams were developed for the preparation of microemulsion O/W surfactant using a low-cost coconut oil saponified (OCS). Microemulsions were used to extract the CAP of asphalt through physicochemical process cold. Analysis was performed concentration of CAP in solution by spectroscopy. The data provided in the analysis of concentration by the absorbance of the solution as the basis for calculating the percentage of extraction and the mass flow of the CAP in the solution. The results showed that microemulsions prepared with low concentration of kerosene and butanol/OCS binary has high extraction power of CAP and its efficiency was higher than pure kerosene, reaching 95% rate of extraction

Secagem do resíduo industrial da acerola em leito de jorro: estudos fluidodinâmicos e análise do desempenho do secador

In this research, the drying process of acerola waste was investigated by using a spouted bed drier. The process was conducted using high density polyethylene inert particles with the objective of producing an ascorbic acid-rich final product. The fruit waste was ground and used to prepare different water-maltodextrin suspensions. Initially, fluidynamical experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the feeding effect on the spouted bed drier fluidynamics behavior. The experimental planning 23 + 3 was used to investigate the effect of the following variables: solids concentration, drying air temperature, intermittence time, production efficiency, solids retention and product losses by elutriation of fine particles on drier walls. The effect of selected independent variables on the drier stability was also evaluated based on a parameter defined as the ratio between the feed suspension volume and the total inert particles volume. Finally, the powder quality was verified in experiments with fixed feed flow and varying air drying temperature, drying air velocity and intermittence time. It was observed that the suspension interferes in the spouted bed drier fluidynamics behavior, and higher air flow is necessary to stabilize the drier. The suspension also promotes the expansion of the spouted bed diameter, decreases the solid circulation and favors the air distribution at the flush area. All variables interfere in the spouted bed performance, and the solids concentration has a major effect on the material retention and losses. The intermittence time also has great effect on the stability and material retention. When it comes to production efficiency, the main effect observed was the drying air temperature. First order models were well adjusted to retention and losses data. The acerola powder presented ascorbic acid levels around 600 to 700 mg/100g. Similar moisture and ascorbic acid levels were obtained for powders obtained by spouted bed and spray drier. However, the powder production efficiency of the spray drier was lower when compared to spouted bed drier. When it comes to energetic analysis, the spray drier process was superior. The results obtained for spouted bed drier are promising and highly dependent on the operational parameters chosen, but in general, it is inferred that this drying process is adequate for paste and suspension drying

Obtenção de emulsões asfálticas convencionais e modificadas com argilas e nanoargilas

The increasing demand for asphalt leads to the development of techniques that can improve the quality of products and increase the useful working life of pavements. Consequently, there is a growing application of asphalt emulsions, which are produced from a mixture of petroleum asphalt cement (CAP) with an aqueous phase. The main advantage of asphalt emulsions is its cold application, reducing energy costs. Conventional emulsions are obtained using asphalt, water, solvent, and additives. The modified asphalt emulsion is developed by adding a modifying agent to conventional emulsions. These modifiers can be natural fibers, waste polymers, nanomaterials. In this work modified asphalt emulsion were obtained using organoclays. First, it was prepared a conventional asphalt emulsion with the following mass proportion: 50% of 50/70 penetration grade CAP, 0.6% of additives and 3% of emulsifier, 20% of solvent and 26.4% of water. It was used bentonite and vermiculite (1% and 4%) to obtain the modified asphalt emulsion. Bentonite and vermiculite were added in its raw state and as an organoclay form and as an organoclay-acid form, resulting in 26 experimental runs. The methodology described by Qian et al. (2011), with modifications, was used to obtain the organoclay and the organoclay-acid form. infrared spectroscopy (IR)) were used to characterize the clays and nanoclays. The emulsions were prepared in a colloidal mill, using 30 minutes and 1 hour as mixing time. After, the emulsions were characterized. The following tests were performed, in accordance with the Brazilian specifications (DNER- 369/97): sieve analysis, Saybolt Furol viscosity, pH determination, density, settlement and storage stability, residue by evaporation, and penetration of residue. Finally, it can be concluded that the use of nanoclays as asphalt modifiers represent a viable alternative to the road paving industry

Variações no balanço catiônico do solo induzidas pela adubação potássica e efeitos na cultura do alho vernalizado

Avaliaram-se os efeitos das relações (Ca+Mg)/K do solo sobre o desenvolvimento, absorção de nutrientes e produção de bulbos na cultura do alho cv. Roxo Pérola de Caçador conduzindo experimento no período de maio a outubro de 1990 em vasos de cimento amianto contendo 50 kg de terra, em casa de vegetação telada. Os tratamentos consistiram de aplicações de doses de potássio visando atingir relações (Ca+Mg)/K no complexo de troca do solo próximas a 170; 50; 35; 20; 12,5; 7,5; 5,0; 3,5 e 2,0. Verificaram-se aumentos na concentração de K, Ca e Mg na solução do solo proporcionais à elevação do teor de K trocável. As concentrações foliares de K e Mn diminuiram proporcionalmente às relações (Ca+Mg)/K do solo, ocorrendo o inverso com as concentrações de Ca e Mg. A absorção dos demais nutrientes não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. A relação (Ca+Mg)/K influenciou a produção de bulbos e a altura das plantas durante todo o ciclo, sendo que os menores valores desta relação, caracterizados por excesso de K, inibiram mais o desenvolvimento e a produção de bulbos. A porcentagem de K no complexo de troca, seguida da relação K/(Ca+Mg)1/2 e do K trocável do solo foram os índices que melhor correlacionaram com a produção de bulbos.

Fertilização potássica na cultura do alho vernalizado

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a validade do parcelamento da adubação potássica, bem como a época mais adequada de aplicação, no controle do superbrotamento e no desenvolvimento e produção de bulbos na cultura do alho vernalizado (cv. Roxo Pérola de Caçador). Foram instalados dois experimentos em estufa agrícola, em vasos de cimento amianto com capacidade para 55 L de terra. O experimento 1 consistiu de sete épocas de aplicação da metade da dose de potássio necessária para a cultura, aos 50, 60, 70, 81, 91, 101 e 111 dias após a emergência (dae), sendo que o experimento 2 consistiu da aplicação de quatro doses de potássio no plantio combinadas a outras quatro em cobertura, aos 81 dae. O parcelamento da adubação potássica em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento não influenciou a produção de bulbos e o superbrotamento na cultura do alho. A absorção de potássio, cálcio e magnésio pelas plantas foi influenciada pela adubação potássica no plantio e em cobertura, observando-se um efeito antagônico do potássio sobre a absorção de cálcio e magnésio. A elevação no nível de potássio no solo por ocasião do plantio proporcionou aumento na produção de bulbos, sendo que esta não foi influenciada por variações na dose de adubação potássica em cobertura.

Produção de bulbos e incidência de pseudoperfilhamento na cultura do alho vernalizado em função de adubações potássicas e nitrogenadas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)