Prevalência da violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo em regiões do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados do WHO Multi-country Study on Women´s Health and Domestic Violence sobre a prevalência da violência contra mulheres por parceiros íntimos encontrada no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal integrante do WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against women, realizado em dez países, entre 2000-2003. Em todos os locais foi utilizado questionário estruturado padronizado, construído para o estudo. Para conhecer contrastes internos a cada país, a maior cidade e uma região rural foram investigadas, sempre que factível. Foi selecionada amostra representativa da cidade de São Paulo e de 15 municípios da Zona da Mata de Pernambuco constituída por mulheres de 15 a 49 anos de idade. Foram incluídas 940 mulheres de São Paulo e 1.188 de Pernambuco, que tiveram parceria afetivo-sexual alguma vez na vida. A violência foi classificada nos tipos psicológica, física e sexual, sendo analisadas suas sobreposições, recorrência dos episódios, gravidade e época de ocorrência. RESULTADOS: Mulheres de São Paulo e Pernambuco relataram, respectivamente, ao menos uma vez na vida: violência psicológica (N=383; 41,8% e N=580; 48,9%), física (266; 27,2% e 401; 33,7%); sexual (95; 10,1% e 170; 14,3%). Houve sobreposição dos tipos de violência, que parece associada às formas mais graves de violência. A maior taxa da forma exclusiva foi, para São Paulo e Pernambuco, a da violência psicológica (N=164; 17,5% e N=206; 17,3%) e a menor da violência sexual (N=2;0,2% e 12; 1,0%) CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram a violência como um fenômeno de alta freqüência. Os achados reiteram estudos internacionais anteriores quanto à grande magnitude e superposições das violências por parceiro íntimo.

Efeito de um programa de exercício em indivíduos com patologia cardíaca: serie de estudos de caso

Sendo, o exercício físico uma parte importante na Reabilitação de pacientes com patologia cardíaca, o presente estudo tem por Objectivo: verificar se um programa de exercícios aeróbios, mesmo quando associadas a patologias crónicas poderão ter efeito nas variáveis da capacidade funcional, ansiedade e depressão e qualidade de vida. Tipo de estudo: série de estudos de caso prospectivo. Métodos: O programa de exercício realizou-se em 8 semanas tendo cada um dos doentes cardíacos sido avaliados no início do plano e no fim das 8 semanas sobre os seguintes aspectos: a composição corporal (massa magra, massa gorda, Taxa metabólica basal e água), o teste dos 6 minutos de marcha, em termos de ansiedade /depressão e percepção do estados de saúde. Resultados: Em relação à composição corporal, destacase a perda de peso no caso clínico 4 com uma variação de -4.54%; aumento de massa magra de 46.6% e uma diminuição de massa gorda de -41 .1% no caso clínico 2 e um aumento de 4,78% da taxa de metabolismo basal no caso clínico 1 . Na capacidade funcional de exercício houve uma variação média positiva de 16,8% na distância percorrida; verifica-se também um aumento gradual de tempo de exercício ao longo das 8 semanas de tratamento. Por último, uma variação média negativa nos níveis de ansiedade de -28,5% e depressão de -40%; um aumento de 30% na percepção subjectiva do estado de saúde nos 4 casos clínicos deste estudo. Conclusão: O programa de exercícios teve efeitos positivos nos 4 casos clínicos estudados. No entanto, pelas características individuais de cada caso, os seus efeitos tiveram impacto diferente em cada caso, devendo por isso, ser prescrito exercício de forma individualizada.

Perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase em menores de quinze anos de idade, Manaus (AM), 1998-2005

OBJETIVO: Analisar a situação epidemiológica da hanseníase em crianças, em zona urbana. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 474 casos de hanseníase, em menores de 15 anos, detectados na zona urbana de Manaus (AM), de 1998 a 2005. A partir dos dados do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação foram analisados o perfil da endemia e a qualidade do atendimento nos serviços de saúde, utilizando os indicadores epidemiológicos e operacionais Programa Nacional de Eliminação da Hanseníase. RESULTADOS: Os casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos corresponderam a 10,4% do total de casos detectados no período. O coeficiente de detecção nessa faixa etária manteve-se no nível hiperendêmico entre 1998 e 2003, reduzindo a partir do ano de 2004 mas mantendo endemicidade muito alta. A forma clínica mais freqüente foi a tuberculóide, seguida da dimorfa. As formas paucibacilares corresponderam a 70,7% dos casos e no momento do diagnóstico, o grau de incapacidades foi avaliado em 94,7% dos pacientes, dos quais 2,9% apresentaram incapacidades físicas. A maioria dos casos (99,4%) foi tratada com o esquema poliquimioterápico da Organização Mundial da Saúde. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de seu decréscimo, o coeficiente de detecção da hanseníase nas crianças em Manaus mantém nível de endemicidade muito alto.

Tendência temporal da amamentação na cidade do Rio de Janeiro: 1996-2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência temporal da prática de aleitamento materno (AM) e de aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de sistema de monitoramento baseado em inquéritos realizados nos anos de 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003 e 2006 durante a Campanha Nacional de Imunização na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. A população de estudo foi constituída de 19.044 crianças menores de um ano de idade que compareceram aos postos de vacinação. Para cada ano foi estudada uma amostra probabilística por conglomerado (postos de vacinação), auto-ponderada representativa da população de crianças menores de 12 meses (<12). Foi aplicado questionário estruturado com questões fechadas sobre alimentação da criança no momento do estudo e características sociodemográficas da mãe. Foram adotados os indicadores de AM e de AME propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. RESULTADOS: O AM<12 aumentou de 61,3% para 73,4% entre 1996 e 2006. Tendência similar foi observada em todas as faixas etárias analisadas. O AME em crianças <4 e <6 meses (AME<6) aumentou, respectivamente, de 18,8% para 42,4% e de 13,8% para 33,3%. Melhorias em AM>6 e em AME<6 foram observadas em todas as categorias de todas as variáveis sociodemográficas maternas. Para AME<6, a desvantagem observada em 1996 entre mulheres de menor escolaridade e em 1998 entre mulheres que trabalhavam não foi completamente superada até 2006. CONCLUSÕES: O AM e o AME aumentaram no período estudado independentemente da faixa etária da criança e das características sociodemográficas maternas. Não foram totalmente superadas diferenças observadas entre mulheres em diferentes situações sociodemográficas.

Spatial and temporal analysis of recent drought using vegetation temperature condition index: case of Somali regional state of Ethiopia

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Padrão da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS em Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, no período de 1986 a 2000

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a infecção pelo HIV em Manaus, Amazonas no período de 1986 a 2000. Estudo descritivo dos casos confirmados de HIV/Aids em adultos, registrados nos prontuários do Serviço de Referência Estadual, foi realizado. Para o delineamento da epidemiologia espacial e tendência histórica foram considerados os períodos: 1986-1990, 1991-1995 e 1996-2000. As variáveis comportamentais, sociais e clínicas foram analisadas por meio de estatística descritiva. Mapas temáticos apresentaram os padrões e tendências espaciais e taxas de incidência segundo bairros de residência. Entre os 1.400 casos estudados, a letalidade diminuiu de 61,3% para 17,8%, a razão entre sexos (4 homens/1 mulher) diminuiu durante o período do estudo, a principal via de exposição foi a sexual: bissexual (31%) e heterossexual (19,3%) e o alto índice de diagnóstico tardio realizado na fase sintomática da Aids (50,8%). Este estudo mostrou que a infecção pelo HIV/Aids em Manaus apresenta difusão lenta e progressiva localizada na área central da cidade, dispersiva no sentido centro-sul para o norte, leste e oeste.

Ecoeficiencia en la gestión de residuos municipales: modelo y factores exógenos

El trabajo analiza los factores exógenos que pueden influir en la ecoeficiencia (E/E) de la gestión de los residuos municipales. Se dividen los residuos municipales en outputs deseables e indeseables en los períodos 2000-2003, de la comunidad de Cataluña (España) y se propone un modelo que contempla el uso de la Función de distancia Direccional (DDF). Los datos obtenidos en DDF son contrastados con tres factores socioeconómicos en un análisi de regresión de tobit. Los resultados demuestran que existe un aumento porcentual de la E/E, se debe estudiar más en los aspectos endógenos que en los exógenos de la gestión de residuos. En tal sentido se propone continuar esta investigación con estudios de casos en los municipios estudiados.

Trends in lung cancer among young European women: the rising epidemic in France and Spain.

Lung cancer mortality in young women in the European Union (EU) has steadily increased until the mid 1990 s and has levelled off thereafter, but trends have been heterogeneous in various countries. We analyzed therefore age-standardized trends in lung cancer mortality in young women (20-44) for the 6 major European countries, using joinpoint regression. In the early 1970s the highest lung cancer mortality in young women was in the UK (2.1/100,000). UK rates, however, steadily declined and in 2000-2004 they were the lowest of all 6 major EU countries (1.2/100,000). The second lowest rate in 2000-2002 was in Italy, whose rates remained around 1.1/100,000 between 1970 and 1994, and increased to 1.4 thereafter. In Germany and Poland, lung cancer rates in young women rose from 0.8-1.0/100,000 in the early 1970s to 1.7-1.9 in the mid 1990 s and levelled off during the last decade. Major rises over recent years were observed in France (from 0.8/100,000 in 1985-1989 to 2.2 in 2000-2003) and in Spain (from 0.8 in the 1985-1989 to 1.7 in 2000-2004). Thus, France showed both the highest rate observed over the last 3 decades and the largest rise over the last 2 decades. Since recent trends in the young give relevant information to the likely future trends in middle age, the female lung cancer epidemic is likely to expand in southern Europe from the current rates of 5.0/100,000 in Spain and 7.7 in France to approach 20/100,000 within the next 2-3 decades. Urgent interventions for smoking cessation in women are therefore required.

Estudio del riesgo cardiovascular y su manejo en pacientes psicóticos atendidos en 2010 en el centro de atención primaria Raval Sud

Los psicóticos presentan mayor riesgo cardiovascular y peor control de sus factores de reisgo según la bibliografía. Se presenta un estudio de casos y control para comparar psicóticos vs no psicóticos atendidos en un centro de atención primaria durante 2010. El tabaquismo es más prevalente y más frecuentemente interrogado en psicóticos, y el índice de masa corporal más medido en no-psicóticos, aunque no hay otras diferencias significativas en el registro y control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, por lo que no se puede concluir que la psicosis y su tratamiento supongan un riesgo cardiovascular aumentado.

Visions del Corredor de la Mort

L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball és analitzar si hi ha modificacions i/o canvis en la identitat dels presoners nord-americans quan entren en el corredor de la mort en el període 2000- 2003. En cas afirmatiu, el treball que presento vol esbrinar-ne les possibles causes. L'objectiu secundari és determinar si es pot parlar de l'existència de mecanismes psicosocials i polítics aplicats de manera sistemàtica o bé es tracta d'un seguit de reaccions i hàbits gairebé inconscients de les parts implicades.

Comparison of HIV-infected patients' characteristics, healthcare resources use and cost between native and migrant patients

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether patients' characteristics and healthcare resources consumption and costs were different between native and migrant populations in Switzerland. METHODS: All adult patients followed-up in the Swiss HIV-cohort study in our institution during 2000-2003 were considered. Patients' characteristics were retrieved from the cohort database. Hospital and outpatient resource use were extracted from individual charts and valued with 2002 tariffs. RESULTS: The 66 migrants were younger (29 +/- 8 years versus 37 +/- 11, p < 0.001), less often of male gender (38 % versus 70 %, p < 0.001), predominantly infected via heterosexual contact (87 % versus 52 %, p < 0.01), with lower mean CD4 level at enrollment (326 +/- 235 versus 437 +/- 305, p = 0.002) than their 200 native counterparts. Migrants had fewer hospitalizations, more frequent outpatient visits, laboratory tests, and lower total cost of care per year of follow-up (<euro> 2'215 +/- 4'206 versus 4'155 +/- 12'304, p = 0.037). Resource use and costs were significantly higher in people with < 200 CD4 cell counts in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Migrant population had more advanced disease, more outpatient visits but less hospitalizations, resulting in lower costs of care when compared with native population.

Vector control intervention towards interruption of transmission of Chagas disease by Rhodnius prolixus, main vector in Guatemala

In Guatemala, the Ministry of Health (MoH) began a vector control project with Japanese cooperation in 2000 to reduce the risk of Chagas disease infection. Rhodnius prolixus is one of the principal vectors and is targeted for elimination. The control method consisted of extensive residual insecticide spraying campaigns, followed by community-based surveillance with selective respraying. Interventions in nine endemic departments identified 317 villages with R. prolixus of 4,417 villages surveyed. Two cycles of residual insecticide spraying covered over 98% of the houses in the identified villages. Fourteen villages reinfestated were all resprayed. Between 2000-2003 and 2008, the number of infested villages decreased from 317 to two and the house infestation rate reduced from 0.86% to 0.0036%. Seroprevalence rates in 2004-2005, when compared with an earlier study in 1998, showed a significant decline from 5.3% to 1.3% among schoolchildren in endemic areas. The total operational cost was US$ 921,815, where the cost ratio between preparatory, attack and surveillance phases was approximately 2:12:1. In 2008, Guatemala was certified for interruption of Chagas disease transmission by R. prolixus. What facilitated the process was existing knowledge in vector control and notable commitment by the MoH, as well as political, managerial and technical support by external stakeholders.

Subsistemas científico-técnicos de apoyo a las políticas de salud y seguridad en el trabajo: Estudio comparativo entre diferentes países.

El objeto de estudio del presente informe se refiere a las formas deorganización institucional de la actividad científicotécnica como apoyo a laacción política en salud y seguridad en el trabajo. Su finalidad es describir lasprácticas más habituales en este campo en algunos países de nuestro entorno.Para ello, se realiza un estudio de casos sobre seis países (Dinamarca, Finlandia,Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Francia y Québec) a partir de las informacionesobtenidas en las páginas web de las respectivas entidades institucionalesespecializadas. La descripción de las características de los distintos institutosnacionales y su posterior comparación, han permitido identificar una serie depatrones de funcionamiento de los mismos así como diversos ejemplos de buenasprácticas. La visión, las relaciones con los destinatarios y la gestión de losrecursos, parecen ser algunas de las claves para la eficiencia del subsistemacientíficotécnico en salud y seguridad en el trabajo.

Molecular epidemiology of pseudomonas aeruginosae in intensive care units (ICUs) over a 10-year period (1998-2007)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, une bactérie environnementale ubiquitaire, est un des pathogènes nosocomiaux les plus fréquents aux soins intensifs. La source de ce microorganisme peut être soit endogène, 2,6 à 24 % des patients hospitalisés étant colonisés au niveau digestif, soit exogène. La proportion des cas d'infections à P. aeruginosa d'origine exogène, donc secondaires à une transmission par manuportage ou par l'eau du réseau utilisée pour la toilette ou d'autres soins, reste débattue. Or une meilleure évaluation du taux d'infections exogènes est importante pour la mise en place de mesures de contrôle appropriées. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer sur une période de 10 ans les rôles respectifs des sources exogènes (robinets, autres patients) et endogène dans la colonisation et/ou l'infection par P.aeruginosa chez les patients des Soins Intensifs, ainsi que de documenter les variations épidémiologiques au cours du temps. L'étude a été menée dans les unités de Soins Intensifs du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV). Les patients colonisés et/ou infectés par P. aeruginosa entre 1998 et 2007ont été identifiés via la base de données du laboratoire de microbiologie. Ils ont été inclus dans l'étude s'ils étaient hospitalisés dans une des unités de Soins Intensifs, Durant cette période, des prélèvements pour recherche de P. aeruginosa ont été effectués sur des robinets des soins intensifs. Un typage moléculaire a été effectué sur toutes les souches cliniques et environnementales isolées en 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004 et 2007. Les patients inclus dans l'étude ont été répartis en quatre catégories (A-D) selon le résultat du typage moléculaire leur souche de P. aeruginosa. La catégorie A inclut les cas pour lesquels le génotype de P. aeruginosa est identique à un des génotypes retrouvé dans l'environnement. La catégorie B comprend les cas pour lesquels le génotype est identique à celui d'au moins un autre patient. La catégorie C comprend les cas avec un génotype unique et la catégorie D comprend les cas pour lesquels la souche était non disponible pour le typage. Les cas des catégories A et B sont considérés comme ayant une origine exogène. Au cours des années de l'étude, le nombre d'admissions aux soins intensifs est resté stable. En moyenne, 86 patients par année ont été identifiés colonisés ou infectés par P. aeruginosa aux Soins Intensifs. Durant la première année d'investigation, un grand nombre de patients colonisés par une souche de P. aeruginosa identique à une de celles retrouvées dans l'environnement a été mis en évidence. Par la suite, possiblement suite à l'augmentation de la température du réseau d'eau chaude, le nombre de cas dans la catégorie A a diminué. Dans la catégorie B, le nombre de cas varie de 1,9 à 20 cas/1000 admissions selon les années. Ce nombre est supérieur à 10 cas/1000 admissions en 1998, 2003 et 2007 et correspond à des situations épidémiques transitoires. Tout au long des 10 ans de l'étude, le nombre de cas dans la catégorie C (source endogène) est demeuré stable et indépendant des variations du nombre de cas dans les catégories A et B. En conclusion, la contribution relative des réservoirs endogène et exogène dans la colonisation et/ou l'infection des patients de soins Intensifs varie au cours du temps. Les facteurs principaux qui contribuent à de telles variations sont probablement le degré de contamination de l'environnement, la compliance des soignants aux mesures de contrôle des infections et la génétique du pathogène lui-même. Etant donné que ce germe est ubiquitaire dans l'environnement aqueux et colonise jusqu'à 15% des patients hospitalisés, la disparition de son réservoir endogène semble difficile. Cependant, cette étude démontre que son contrôle est possible dans l'environnement, notamment dans les robinets en augmentant la température de l'eau. De plus, si une souche multi-résistante est retrouvée de manière répétée dans l'environnement, des efforts doivent être mis en place pour éliminer cette souche. Des efforts doivent être également entrepris afin de limiter la transmission entre les patients, qui est une cause importante et récurrente de contamination exogène. - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading nosocomial pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). The source of this microorganism can be either endogenous or exogenous. The proportion of cases as a result of transmission is still debated, and its elucidation is important for implementing appropriate control measures. To understand the relative importance of exogenous vs. endogenous sources of P. aeru¬ginosa, molecular typing was performed on all available P. aeruginosa isolated from ICU clinical and environmental specimens in 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004 and 2007. Patient samples were classified according to their P. aeruginosa genotypes into three categories: (A) identical to isolate from faucet; (B) identical to at least one other patient sample and not found in faucet; and (C) unique genotype. Cases in cat¬egories A and Β were considered as possibly exogenous, and cases in category C as possibly endogenous. A mean of 34 cases per 1000 admissions per year were found to be colonized or infected by P. aeruginosa. Higher levels of faucet contamination were correlated with a higher number of cases in category A. The number of cases in category Β varied from 1.9 to 20 cases per 1000 admissions. This num¬ber exceeded 10/1000 admissions on three occasions and was correlated with an outbreak on one occasion. The number of cases con¬sidered as endogenous (category C) was stable and independent of the number of cases in categories A and B. The present study shows that repeated molecular typing can help identify variations in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa in ICU patients and guide infection control measures.

Financial Markets and Real Ecinomy: Four Essays in International Trade

Financial markets play an important role in an economy performing various functions like mobilizing and pooling savings, producing information about investment opportunities, screening and monitoring investments, implementation of corporate governance, diversification and management of risk. These functions influence saving rates, investment decisions, technological innovation and, therefore, have important implications for welfare. In my PhD dissertation I examine the interplay of financial and product markets by looking at different channels through which financial markets may influence an economy.My dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter is a co-authored work with Martin Strieborny, a PhD student from the University of Lausanne. The second chapter is a co-authored work with Melise Jaud, a PhD student from the Paris School of Economics. The third chapter is co-authored with both Melise Jaud and Martin Strieborny. The last chapter of my PhD dissertation is a single author paper.Chapter 1 of my PhD thesis analyzes the effect of financial development on growth of contract intensive industries. These industries intensively use intermediate inputs that neither can be sold on organized exchange, nor are reference-priced (Levchenko, 2007; Nunn, 2007). A typical example of a contract intensive industry would be an industry where an upstream supplier has to make investments in order to customize a product for needs of a downstream buyer. After the investment is made and the product is adjusted, the buyer may refuse to meet a commitment and trigger ex post renegotiation. Since the product is customized to the buyer's needs, the supplier cannot sell the product to a different buyer at the original price. This is referred in the literature as the holdup problem. As a consequence, the individually rational suppliers will underinvest into relationship-specific assets, hurting the downstream firms with negative consequences for aggregate growth. The standard way to mitigate the hold up problem is to write a binding contract and to rely on the legal enforcement by the state. However, even the most effective contract enforcement might fail to protect the supplier in tough times when the buyer lacks a reliable source of external financing. This suggests the potential role of financial intermediaries, banks in particular, in mitigating the incomplete contract problem. First, financial products like letters of credit and letters of guarantee can substantially decrease a risk and transaction costs of parties. Second, a bank loan can serve as a signal about a buyer's true financial situation, an upstream firm will be more willing undertake relationship-specific investment knowing that the business partner is creditworthy and will abstain from myopic behavior (Fama, 1985; von Thadden, 1995). Therefore, a well-developed financial (especially banking) system should disproportionately benefit contract intensive industries.The empirical test confirms this hypothesis. Indeed, contract intensive industries seem to grow faster in countries with a well developed financial system. Furthermore, this effect comes from a more developed banking sector rather than from a deeper stock market. These results are reaffirmed examining the effect of US bank deregulation on the growth of contract intensive industries in different states. Beyond an overall pro-growth effect, the bank deregulation seems to disproportionately benefit the industries requiring relationship-specific investments from their suppliers.Chapter 2 of my PhD focuses on the role of the financial sector in promoting exports of developing countries. In particular, it investigates how credit constraints affect the ability of firms operating in agri-food sectors of developing countries to keep exporting to foreign markets.Trade in high-value agri-food products from developing countries has expanded enormously over the last two decades offering opportunities for development. However, trade in agri-food is governed by a growing array of standards. Sanitary and Phytosanitary standards (SPS) and technical regulations impose additional sunk, fixed and operating costs along the firms' export life. Such costs may be detrimental to firms' survival, "pricing out" producers that cannot comply. The existence of these costs suggests a potential role of credit constraints in shaping the duration of trade relationships on foreign markets. A well-developed financial system provides the funds to exporters necessary to adjust production processes in order to meet quality and quantity requirements in foreign markets and to maintain long-standing trade relationships. The products with higher needs for financing should benefit the most from a well functioning financial system. This differential effect calls for a difference-in-difference approach initially proposed by Rajan and Zingales (1998). As a proxy for demand for financing of agri-food products, the sanitary risk index developed by Jaud et al. (2009) is used. The empirical literature on standards and norms show high costs of compliance, both variable and fixed, for high-value food products (Garcia-Martinez and Poole, 2004; Maskus et al., 2005). The sanitary risk index reflects the propensity of products to fail health and safety controls on the European Union (EU) market. Given the high costs of compliance, the sanitary risk index captures the demand for external financing to comply with such regulations.The prediction is empirically tested examining the export survival of different agri-food products from firms operating in Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Senegal and Tanzania. The results suggest that agri-food products that require more financing to keep up with food safety regulation of the destination market, indeed sustain longer in foreign market, when they are exported from countries with better developed financial markets.Chapter 3 analyzes the link between financial markets and efficiency of resource allocation in an economy. Producing and exporting products inconsistent with a country's factor endowments constitutes a serious misallocation of funds, which undermines competitiveness of the economy and inhibits its long term growth. In this chapter, inefficient exporting patterns are analyzed through the lens of the agency theories from the corporate finance literature. Managers may pursue projects with negative net present values because their perquisites or even their job might depend on them. Exporting activities are particularly prone to this problem. Business related to foreign markets involves both high levels of additional spending and strong incentives for managers to overinvest. Rational managers might have incentives to push for exports that use country's scarce factors which is suboptimal from a social point of view. Export subsidies might further skew the incentives towards inefficient exporting. Management can divert the export subsidies into investments promoting inefficient exporting.Corporate finance literature stresses the disciplining role of outside debt in counteracting the internal pressures to divert such "free cash flow" into unprofitable investments. Managers can lose both their reputation and the control of "their" firm if the unpaid external debt triggers a bankruptcy procedure. The threat of possible failure to satisfy debt service payments pushes the managers toward an efficient use of available resources (Jensen, 1986; Stulz, 1990; Hart and Moore, 1995). The main sources of debt financing in the most countries are banks. The disciplining role of banks might be especially important in the countries suffering from insufficient judicial quality. Banks, in pursuing their rights, rely on comparatively simple legal interventions that can be implemented even by mediocre courts. In addition to their disciplining role, banks can promote efficient exporting patterns in a more direct way by relaxing credit constraints of producers, through screening, identifying and investing in the most profitable investment projects. Therefore, a well-developed domestic financial system, and particular banking system, would help to push a country's exports towards products congruent with its comparative advantage.This prediction is tested looking at the survival of different product categories exported to US market. Products are identified according to the Euclidian distance between their revealed factor intensity and the country's factor endowments. The results suggest that products suffering from a comparative disadvantage (labour-intensive products from capital-abundant countries) survive less on the competitive US market. This pattern is stronger if the exporting country has a well-developed banking system. Thus, a strong banking sector promotes exports consistent with a country comparative advantage.Chapter 4 of my PhD thesis further examines the role of financial markets in fostering efficient resource allocation in an economy. In particular, the allocative efficiency hypothesis is investigated in the context of equity market liberalization.Many empirical studies document a positive and significant effect of financial liberalization on growth (Levchenko et al. 2009; Quinn and Toyoda 2009; Bekaert et al., 2005). However, the decrease in the cost of capital and the associated growth in investment appears rather modest in comparison to the large GDP growth effect (Bekaert and Harvey, 2005; Henry, 2000, 2003). Therefore, financial liberalization may have a positive impact on growth through its effect on the allocation of funds across firms and sectors.Free access to international capital markets allows the largest and most profitable domestic firms to borrow funds in foreign markets (Rajan and Zingales, 2003). As domestic banks loose some of their best clients, they reoptimize their lending practices seeking new clients among small and younger industrial firms. These firms are likely to be more risky than large and established companies. Screening of customers becomes prevalent as the return to screening rises. Banks, ceteris paribus, tend to focus on firms operating in comparative-advantage sectors because they are better risks. Firms in comparative-disadvantage sectors finding it harder to finance their entry into or survival in export markets either exit or refrain from entering export markets. On aggregate, one should therefore expect to see less entry, more exit, and shorter survival on export markets in those sectors after financial liberalization.The paper investigates the effect of financial liberalization on a country's export pattern by comparing the dynamics of entry and exit of different products in a country export portfolio before and after financial liberalization.The results suggest that products that lie far from the country's comparative advantage set tend to disappear relatively faster from the country's export portfolio following the liberalization of financial markets. In other words, financial liberalization tends to rebalance the composition of a country's export portfolio towards the products that intensively use the economy's abundant factors.