Morphological Adaptations to Drought and Reproductive Strategy of the Moss Syntrichia caninervis in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

The biological soil crusts (BSCs) in the Gurbantunggut Desert, the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, feature moss-dominated BSCs, which play an indispensable role in sand fixation. Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. (S. caninervis) serves as one of the most common species in BSCs in the desert. In this study we examined the morphological structure of S. caninervis from leafy gametophyte to protonema using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also examined the relationships between the morphological structure of S. caninervis and environmental factors. We found that: (1) this moss species is commonly tufted on the sand surface, and its leaves are folded upwards and twisted around the stem under dry conditions; (2) the cells on both upper and lower leaf surfaces have C-shaped dark papillae, which may reflect sunlight to reduce the damage from high temperature; (3) the leaf costa is excurrent, forming an awn with forked teeth; and (4) the protonema cells are small and thickset with thick cell walls and the cytoplasm is highly concentrated with a small vacuole. In addition, we also found that the protonema cells always form pouches on the tip of the mother cells during the process of cell polarization. Our results suggest that S. caninervis has, through its life cycle, several morphological and structural characteristics to adapt to dry environmental conditions. These morphological features of S. caninervis may also be found in other deserts in the world due to the world-wide distribution of the species.

Probabilistic modelling of soil moisture dynamics of irrigated cropland in the North China Plain

A probabilistic soil moisture dynamic model is used to estimate the soil moisture probability distribution and plant water stress of irrigated cropland in the North China Plain. Soil moisture and meteorological data during the period of 1998 to 2003 were obtained from an irrigated cropland ecosystem with winter wheat and maize in the North China Plain to test the probabilistic soil moisture dynamic model. Results showed that the model was able to capture the soil moisture dynamics and estimate long-term water balance reasonably well when little soil water deficit existed. The prediction of mean plant water stress during winter wheat and maize growing season quantified the suitability of the wheat-maize rotation to the soil and climate environmental conditions in North China Plain under the impact of irrigation. Under the impact of precipitation fluctuations, there is no significant bimodality of the average soil moisture probability density function.

Alteration mineral mapping using masking and Crosta technique for mineral exploration in mid-vegetated areas: a case study in Areletuobie, Xinjiang (China)

Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)+ data have been successfully employed in the field of mineral exploration to identify key minerals over arid and semi-arid terrains. However, redundant vegetation and cloud may seriously interfere with the discrimination of the minerals with diagnostic features. Therefore, in this study, we use masking technique to eliminate the negative influence of vegetation and cloud and Crosta technique to identify the diagnostic features of hydroxyl-minerals, carbonate-minerals and iron oxides. Then the anomalies were endowed with special colours and overlapped with the remote-sensing and geochemical data, overlaying images as remote-sensing anomalies. The mineral exploration work was carried through by synthetic analysis of the remote-sensing images, geochemical data and structures. Finally, areas with high correlation between the occurrence of hydrothermal alteration and presence of main faults and geochemical anomalies were considered as mineral exploration targets worthy of further detailed exploration programmes.

The temporal and spatial evaluation on China's agricultural policy output since 1978

Since reform and opening up, how much contribution has China's implementation of new agricultural policy made to agricultural output? This paper is trying to establish an agricultural policy output econometric model for doing a quantitative analysis of China's new agricultural policy. The results show that China's agricultural policies on agricultural output have an average contribution rate of about 7% since 1978, which is consistent with the OECD's basic forecast. There are obvious temporal and spatial differences. Generally speaking, we can divide the contribution of agricultural policy into three periods, which are the start-up phase from 1978 to 1991 (14 years), the stationary phase from 1992 to 2002 (11 years) and the rising phase from 2003 to 2008 (6 years). In space, the contribution of agricultural policy underwent a process from the all-low in the start-up phase, the gradual increase in the stationary phase to the all-high in the rising phase. Northern and western regions are more sensitive to policies. There are three major factors that can affect the contribution of regional agricultural policies, which are the process of national industrialization strategy, terrain and the level of local finance.

Environmental Kuznets Curve for SO_2 Emissions in China

This study examines the link between the economic growth and the environmental quality. Based on a panel data set, a N-shaped Environmental Kuzents Curve has been found for the sample period: a cubic relationship between per capita GDP and emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2). We also find that energy consumption is an important determinant of environmental degradation. The empirical results suggest that we should promote environmental protection as soon as possible.

The Impact of Environmental Non-Tariff Measures on China's Agricultural Exports

This article assesses the impact of environmental non-tariff measures on China's agricultural exports. It uses two measures to show which countries make most intensive use of environmental non-tariff measures and which agricultural products exported by China are the most affected. Environmental non-tariff measures were most prevalence in Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Mexico, Japan, Russian, USA, Germany, and Netherland. Labor-intensive agricultural products, such as fish, vegetables, and fruit were most seriously affected.

Some palaemonid shrimps (Crustacea : Decapoda) from northern South China Sea, with descripitions of two new species

Thirty-four palaemonid species from the northern area of South China Sea are reported in the present paper, including two new species, Paranchistus lini, new species, and Periclimenes chacei, new species, and eight other species are reported for the first time from South China Sea: Leander tenuicornis (Say, 1818), Leandrites stenopus Holthuis, 1950, Palaemon debilis Dana, 1852, Urocaridella antonbrurnii (Bruce, 1967), Kemponia platycheles (Holthuis, 1952), Paraclimenes franklini (Bruce, 1990b), Paranchistus spondylis Suzuki, 1971, Periclimenes hirsutus Bruce, 1971.

Cooperação técnica e produção familiar sustentável de hortaliças: análise dos condicionantes e determinantes para a formulação de uma política nacional de segurança alimentar e nutricional para o Haiti.

2009

Política editorial da Embrapa Informática Agropecuária: uma proposta.

O que é política editorial. objetivos. Princípios e diretrizes. Público e veículos. Política editorial da unidade-proposição. Missão. Objetivos. Projetos prioritários em p e d. Infra-estrutura computacional para transferência de informação. Modelagem e simulação. Público-alvo. Escopo e áreas temáticas.Linha editorial. Veículos. Autorias. Processo editorial. Divulgação da produção científica.

Comunicação política governamental

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte integrante dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de mestre em Ciências da Comunicação, com especialização em Marketing e Comunicação Estratégica.

Comunicação política

Tese de Doutoramento apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências da Informação.

Urbanisation and sport participation in townships in China

Urbanisation as a phenomenon is a complex social process which can be quite difficult to define and understand. In recent years, urbanisation in China has developed at an ever increasing rate. Urban population rates have now surpassed 50% (figure from 2011). Based on the growing importance placed on the increasing number of urbanised/urbanising townships, the issue of people’s lives within the townships has also become an important feature in regard to the impact that urbanisation is having upon China. Clearly this links China’s urban development to the transformation of sport participation in China. This research aims to examine what the reality of the sport participation on-the-ground is within six selective townships in China and examine the reasons for the reality through the lens of figurational theory. In order to do so, some features of Norbert Elias’s figurational theory (involvement and detachment, power) are employed as the theoretical framework. Two townships in Lüliang of Shanxi province, two townships in Jincheng of Shanxi Province and two townships in Huizhou of Guangdong province were selected in order to answer these key questions. The three cities which the townships are located are in different stages of urbanisation. Semi-structured interview were conducted. The current situation were described from the aspects of age, gender, occupation and income aspects and the transformation of sport participation. This research concludes that the current sport participation situation within these six townships is due to the influences stemming from several aspects: sport policy and sport organisation; economy condition, culture, urbanisation, and self-requirement and individual interest towards sport. This power forms a network of interdependency which also aids our understanding of the current sport participation within these six selected Chinese townships.

Competitividad del sistema agroindustrial de café peruano, en el período 1961-2011

El cultivo de café explica el 10,2 por ciento de la superficie de Perú y es el principal cultivo agrícola. Es un importante generador de mano de obra y sustento de más de 150.000 familias de pequeños agricultores. El consumo interno es muy bajo (menor a 0,5 Kg por habitante) y su principal destino es la exportación, la cual ha crecido significativamente en los últimos años, mostrando una tasa de crecimiento muy por encima de la media mundial. El crecimiento de la producción y exportación de este cultivo en Perú, en medio de una actividad donde coexiste con fuertes competidores mundiales lleva a preguntar: ¿Tiene competitividad dinámica el Sistema Agroindustrial de Café peruano, entre el periodo 1961-2011? y en caso de tenerlas ¿Sobre qué factores se fundamentan sus ventajas competitivas dinámicas?. En base a esto, el objetivo de la investigación consistió en determinar la competitividad dinámica del SAG de café de Perú en los últimos 50 años y especificar los principales factores físicos, económicos e institucionales que la sustentan. Para el logro del objetivo se utilizó una combinación de metodologías descriptivas, cualitativas (diamante de Porter y matriz FODA) y cuantitativa mediante el Índice de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas y el modelo econométrico. La competitividad del sistema agroindustrial del café en Perú, entre los años 1961-2011, registra un comportamiento creciente, que se expresa a través de una tendencia con pendiente positiva. El análisis cualitativo de la competitividad de la producción y comercialización de café en Perú, utilizando la metodología de Porter sobre La Ventaja Competitiva de las Naciones (1991), permitió identificar qué las ventajas competitivas del SAG de café, principalmente se basan en los factores básicos a través de las condiciones físicas, y al factor trabajo. Se observa una baja dinámica en Investigación y Desarrollo (ID). Por otra parte se destaca como variable importante, por su incidencia institucional la relevancia de la política comercial de Perú basada en la apertura externa. A través de la matriz FODA, se estableció la posición del SAG café en el cuadrante oportunidades/fortalezas. Se definió un modelo econométrico de series de tiempo, cuyos estadísticos fueron significativos. La variable dependiente, como proxy de la competitividad, se consideró el IVCR, y las variables explicativas fueron el índice de evolución de la mano de obra, el índice rendimiento por hectárea y una variable dummy que representa el cambio institucional. Se puede concluir que Perú tiene ventajas competitivas dinámicas para la producción y comercialización de café, debido al comportamiento de las VCR, que se basan, principalmente, en factores básicos y en políticas gubernamentales adecuadas, que permiten la estabilidad e inserción internacional a partir de los años noventa, pero requieren de un mayor impulso en investigación y desarrollo para que sus ventajas sean más sustentables.

Impacto de la inversión tecnológica y de la demanda externa sobre la producción y competitividad de la uva en el Perú : período 1961-2011

Las mejoras en la tecnología, se logran a partir de la innovación tecnológica, aplicando los productos del sistema científico tecnológico para desarrollar nuevos procesos y productos en una cadena agroalimentaria. La construcción de competitividad requiere de la combinación de ventajas comparativas y competitivas, siendo la innovación un elemento indispensable para la creación de ventajas competitivas y competitividad genuina. El sector de la uva en el Perú viene experimentando un crecimiento sostenido de sus exportaciones del mismo modo que lo vienen haciendo otros commodities agropecuarios. Sin embargo, se desconoce si este crecimiento se sostiene sobre la creación de ventajas competitivas del sector a partir de procesos de innovación o si el crecimiento responde principalmente a factores heredados. En base a esto el objetivo de la investigación consistió en determinar la relación del impacto de la inversión tecnológica y demanda externa sobre la producción y la competitividad del sector de la uva en el Perú, periodo 1961 - 2011. Para el logro del objetivo se utilizó una combinación de metodologías cualitativas (Diamante de Porter y Matriz FODA) y cuantitativa mediante el Índice de Ventajas Comparativas Rebeladas y dos modelos econométricos. Mediante un enfoque sistémico se registró la ventaja competitiva del sector de la uva encontrando las principales características del ambiente externo y ambiente interno que determinan la condición de productor y exportador del sector de la uva peruana. Mediante el índice de Ventaja Comparativa Revelada se observó la ventaja comparativa como exportador que presenta Perú en el periodo analizado. Las ventajas comparativas que presenta la uva peruana se basan en el clima de las zonas productoras, en el relativamente bajo costo de la mano de obra y su ubicación en América del Sur, que le permite entrar en contraestación a los mercados del Hemisferio Norte. Respecto a las ventajas competitivas, se observa un desarrollo incipiente a partir de la inversión tecnológica que impacta en el rendimiento del cultivo y en la buena calidad de la uva y se destacó la importancia de la política comercial de Perú basada en la apertura externa, razón por la cual los principales bienes de capital e insumos son importados. Los modelos econométricos uniecuacionales mostraron una relación positiva entre las variables inversión en tecnología y demanda externa respecto a la producción y la competitividad para el periodo analizado. El sector se encuentra en un camino hacia la construcción de la competitividad del sector, situándose en las etapas 1 y 2 que se corresponde con: la competitividad impulsada por los factores, y la etapa de competitividad impulsada por la inversión. Se advierte un bajo nivel de innovación que podría poner en juego la competitividad en el largo plazo, teniendo en cuenta las exigencias crecientes de los mercados que demandan el producto.

Reflexiones sobre la política agraria y sus consecuencias para el sector agropecuario en el período 1989 - 2008

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