Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the Extracytoplasmic Function (ECF) σ Factors of Arcobacter butzleri

11 p.

New Oncogenic Drivers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of the RNA Binding Protein Hu antigen R

156 p. : graf.

Changes in white adipose tissue metabolism induced by resveratrol in rats

Background: A remarkable range of biological functions have been ascribed to resveratrol. Recently, this polyphenol has been shown to have body fat lowering effects. The aim of the present study was to assess some of the potential underlying mechanisms of action which take place in adipose tissue. Methods: Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and treated with 30 mg resveratrol/kg body weight/d. All rats were fed an obesogenic diet and after six weeks of treatment white adipose tissues were dissected. Lipoprotein lipase activity was assessed by fluorimetry, acetyl-CoA carboxylase by radiometry, and malic enzyme, glucose-6P-dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase by spectrophotometry. Gene expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase, PPAR-gamma, SREBP-1c and perilipin were assessed by Real time RT-PCR. The amount of resveratrol metabolites in adipose tissue was measured by chromatography. Results: There was no difference in the final body weight of the rats; however, adipose tissues were significantly decreased in the resveratrol-treated group. Resveratrol reduced the activity of lipogenic enzymes, as well as that of heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase. Moreover, a significant reduction was induced by this polyphenol in hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA levels. No significant changes were observed in other genes. Total amount of resveratrol metabolites in adipose tissue was 2.66 +/- 0.55 nmol/g tissue. Conclusions: It can be proposed that the body fat-lowering effect of resveratrol is mediated, at least in part, by a reduction in fatty acid uptake from circulating triacylglycerols and also in de novo lipogenesis.

Biotechnologies for cancer diagnostics : cell sorting, protein analysis and imaging of cellular metabolism

This thesis presents the development of chip-based technology for informative in vitro cancer diagnostics. In the first part of this thesis, I will present my contribution in the development of a technology called “Nucleic Acid Cell Sorting (NACS)”, based on microarrays composed of nucleic acid encoded peptide major histocompatibility complexes (p/MHC), and the experimental and theoretical methods to detect and analyze secreted proteins from single or few cells.

Secondly, a novel portable platform for imaging of cellular metabolism with radio probes is presented. A microfluidic chip, so called “Radiopharmaceutical Imaging Chip” (RIMChip), combined with a beta-particle imaging camera, is developed to visualize the uptake of radio probes in a small number of cells. Due to its sophisticated design, RIMChip allows robust and user-friendly execution of sensitive and quantitative radio assays. The performance of this platform is validated with adherent and suspension cancer cell lines. This platform is then applied to study the metabolic response of cancer cells under the treatment of drugs. Both cases of mouse lymphoma and human glioblastoma cell lines, the metabolic responses to the drug exposures are observed within a short time (~ 1 hour), and are correlated with the arrest of cell-cycle, or with changes in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.

The last parts of this thesis present summaries of ongoing projects: development of a new agent as an in vivo imaging probe for c-MET, and quantitative monitoring of glycolytic metabolism of primary glioblastoma cells. To develop a new agent for c-MET imaging, the one-bead-one-compound combinatorial library method is used, coupled with iterative screening. The performance of the agent is quantitatively validated with cell-based fluorescent assays. In the case of monitoring the metabolism of primary glioblastoma cell, by RIMChip, cells were sorting according to their expression levels of oncoprotein, or were treated with different kinds of drugs to study the metabolic heterogeneity of cancer cells or metabolic response of glioblastoma cells to drug treatments, respectively.

Oxidative chemisorption of SO_2 on γ - Al_2O_3 and deposition of H_2-permselective SiO_2 films

The interaction of SO_2 with γ - Al_2O_3 and the deposition of H_2 permselective SiO_2 films have been investigated. The adsorption and oxidative adsorption of SO_2 on γ - Al_2O_3 have been examined at temperatures 500-700°C by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). At temperatures above 500°C most of SO_2 adsorbed on the strong sites on alumina. The adsorbed SO_2 species was characterized by an IR band at 1065 cm^(-1). The equilibrium coverage and initial rate of adsorption decreased with temperature suggesting a two-step adsorption. When γ - Al_2O_3 was contacted with a mixture of SO_2 and O_2, adsorption of SO_2 and oxidation of the adsorbed SO_2 to a surface sulfate characterized by broad IR bands at 1070 cm^(-1), 1390 cm^(-1) took place. The results of a series of TGA experiments under different atmospheres strongly suggest that surface SO_2 and surface sulfate involve the same active sites such that SO_2 adsorption is inhibited by already formed sulfate. The results also indicate a broad range of site strengths.

The desorption of adsorbed SO_2 and the reductive desorption of oxidatively adsorbed SO_2 have been investigated by microreactor experiments and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) of adsorbed SO_2 showed that SO_2 was desorbed without significant reaction with H_2 when H_2 concentration was low while considerable reaction occurred when 100% H_2 was used. SO_2 adsorbed on the strong sites on alumina was reduced to sulfur and H_2S. The isothermal reduction experiments of oxidatively adsorbed SO_2 reveal that the rate of reduction is very slow below 550°C even with 100% H_2. The reduction product is mainly composed of SO_2. TPR experiments of oxidatively adsorbed SO_2 showed that H_2S arose from a sulfate strongly chemisorbed on the surface.

Films of amorphous SiO_2 were deposited within the walls of porous Vycor tubes by SiH_4 oxidation in an opposing reactants geometry : SiH_4 was passed inside the tube while O_2 was passed outside the tube. The two reactants diffused opposite to each other and reacted within a narrow front inside the tube wall to form a thin SiO_2 film. Once the pores were plugged the reactants could not reach each other and the reaction stopped. At 450°C and 0.1 and 0.33 atm of SiH_4 and O_2, the reaction was complete within 15 minutes. The thickness of the SiO_2 film was estimated to be about 0.1 µm. Measurements of H_2 and N_2 permeation rates showed that the SiO_2 film was highly selective to H_2 permeation. The H_2:N_2 flux at 450°C varied between 2000-3000.

Thin SiO_2 films were heat treated in different gas mixtures to determine their stability in functioning as high-temperature hydrogen-permselective membranes. The films were heat-treated at 450-700°C in dry N_2, dry O_2, N_2-H_2O, and O_2-H_2O mixtures. The permeation rates of H_2 and N_2 changed depending on the original conditions of film formation as well as on the heat treatment. Heating in dry N_2 slowly reduced the permeation rates of both H_2 and N_2. Heating in a N_2-H_2O atmosphere led to a steeper decline of H_2 permeability. But the permeation rate of N_2 increased or decreased according to whether the film deposition had been carried out in the absence or presence of H_2O vapor, respectively. Thermal treatment in O_2 caused rapid decline of the permeation rates of H_2 and N_2 in films that were deposited under dry conditions. The decline was moderate in films deposited under wet conditions.

Electron flow through cytochrome P450

The cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a remarkable class of heme enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of xenobiotics and the biosynthesis of signaling molecules. Controlled electron flow into the thiolate-ligated heme active site allows P450s to activate molecular oxygen and hydroxylate aliphatic C–H bonds via the formation of high-valent metal-oxo intermediates (compounds I and II). Due to the reactive nature and short lifetimes of these intermediates, many of the fundamental steps in catalysis have not been observed directly. The Gray group and others have developed photochemical methods, known as “flash-quench,” for triggering electron transfer (ET) and generating redox intermediates in proteins in the absence of native ET partners. Photo-triggering affords a high degree of temporal precision for the gating of an ET event; the initial ET and subsequent reactions can be monitored on the nanosecond-to-second timescale using transient absorption (TA) spectroscopies. Chapter 1 catalogues critical aspects of P450 structure and mechanism, including the native pathway for formation of compound I, and outlines the development of photochemical processes that can be used to artificially trigger ET in proteins. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the development of these photochemical methods to establish electronic communication between a photosensitizer and the buried P450 heme. Chapter 2 describes the design and characterization of a Ru-P450-BM3 conjugate containing a ruthenium photosensitizer covalently tethered to the P450 surface, and nanosecond-to-second kinetics of the photo-triggered ET event are presented. By analyzing data at multiple wavelengths, we have identified the formation of multiple ET intermediates, including the catalytically relevant compound II; this intermediate is generated by oxidation of a bound water molecule in the ferric resting state enzyme. The work in Chapter 3 probes the role of a tryptophan residue situated between the photosensitizer and heme in the aforementioned Ru-P450 BM3 conjugate. Replacement of this tryptophan with histidine does not perturb the P450 structure, yet it completely eliminates the ET reactivity described in Chapter 2. The presence of an analogous tryptophan in Ru-P450 CYP119 conjugates also is necessary for observing oxidative ET, but the yield of heme oxidation is lower. Chapter 4 offers a basic description of the theoretical underpinnings required to analyze ET. Single-step ET theory is first presented, followed by extensions to multistep ET: electron “hopping.” The generation of “hopping maps” and use of a hopping map program to analyze the rate advantage of hopping over single-step ET is described, beginning with an established rhenium-tryptophan-azurin hopping system. This ET analysis is then applied to the Ru-tryptophan-P450 systems described in Chapter 2; this strongly supports the presence of hopping in Ru-P450 conjugates. Chapter 5 explores the implementation of flash-quench and other phototriggered methods to examine the native reductive ET and gas binding events that activate molecular oxygen. In particular, TA kinetics that demonstrate heme reduction on the microsecond timescale for four Ru-P450 conjugates are presented. In addition, we implement laser flash-photolysis of P450 ferrous–CO to study the rates of CO rebinding in the thermophilic P450 CYP119 at variable temperature. Chapter 6 describes the development and implementation of air-sensitive potentiometric redox titrations to determine the solution reduction potentials of a series of P450 BM3 mutants, which were designed for non-native cyclopropanation of styrene in vivo. An important conclusion from this work is that substitution of the axial cysteine for serine shifts the wild type reduction potential positive by 130 mV, facilitating reduction by biological redox cofactors in the presence of poorly-bound substrates. While this mutation abolishes oxygenation activity, these mutants are capable of catalyzing the cyclopropanation of styrene, even within the confines of an E. coli cell. Four appendices are also provided, including photochemical heme oxidation in ruthenium-modified nitric oxide synthase (Appendix A), general protocols (Appendix B), Chapter-specific notes (Appendix C) and Matlab scripts used for data analysis (Appendix D).

Relação dos sistemas de reparo de DNA em Escherichia coli K-12 com resistência a antibióticos, características adesivas e formação de biofilme

As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) são geradas durante o metabolismo celular normal e podem produzir vários danos oxidativos no DNA, tais como lesões nas bases nitrogenadas ou sítios apurínico/apirimidínico (AP). Essas lesões podem acarretar acúmulo de sítios de mutações, caso esses danos não sejam reparados. Entretanto, as bactérias possuem vários mecanismos de defesa contra as ERO que desempenham um importante papel na manutenção da fisiologia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar se sistemas enzimáticos, como o reparo por excisão de bases (BER), sistema SOS e SoxRS, interferem em respostas como a sensibilidade aos antibióticos, aderência das células bacterianas a superfícies bióticas ou abióticas e formação de biofilme. Os mutantes utilizados no presente estudo são todos derivados de Escherichia coli K-12 e os resultados obtidos mostraram que, dos mutantes BER testados, o único que apresentou diferença no perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobiamos em relação à cepa selvagem (AB1157) foi o mutante xthA- (BW9091), deficiente em exonuclease III. No teste de aderência qualitativo realizado com linhagem de células HEp-2 (originária de carcinoma de laringe humana) foi observado que onze cepas da nossa coleção, apresentaram um padrão denominando like-AA, contrastando com o que era esperado para as cepas de E. coli utilizadas como controle negativo, que apresentam aderência discreta sem padrão típico. A aderência manose-sensível via fímbria do tipo I avaliada nesse estudo mostrou que essa fimbria, possui um papel relevante na intensidade da aderência e filamentação nessas cepas estudas. A filamentação é uma resposta SOS importante para que o genoma seja reparado antes de ser partilhado pelas células filhas. Além disso, com relação à formação de biofilme, oito cepas apresentaram um biofilme forte sendo que essa resposta não foi acompanhada pelo aumento da intensidade de filamentação. Nossos resultados em conjunto sugerem o envolvimento de estresse oxidativo na definição de parâmetros como sensibilidade a antimicrobianos, padrão e intensidade de aderência, filamentação e formação de biofilme nas amostras de E. coli K-12 avaliadas neste trabalho. Sugerimos que a aderência gera estresse oxidativo causando danos no DNA, o que leva a indução do sistema SOS resultando na resposta de filamentação observada.

The effects of temperature on growth and metabolism of flowing water cold-stenotherms [Translation from: Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 74(4) 479-495, 516-522, 1974]

A small stream in the French Alps was sampled at regular intervals to determine the size distribution of animals for growth studies. The temperature was also measured. The results obtained for Gammarus fossarum were compared with laboratory cultures and the laboratory animals were physiologically and chemically analysed. Chemical analysis was also carried out on field animals.

The effect of oxygen concentration in water on the growth and nitrogen metabolism in the fry of rainbow trout [Translation from: Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,V.33, 74-75, 1957]

To ascertain the effect of various concentrations of oxygen in water on the fry of rainbow trout experiments were made with aquaria at various concentrations of oxygen. The food supplied was chironomid larvae (Chironomus plumosus). A surplus of food was supplied to the fry. Indices are given of the reaction of the fry to different temperatures.

Feeding, metabolism and growth of brown trout

A short review of the work carried out by the FBA on feeding and growth of brown trout is presented in this article. Since the amount of work done on this subject is quite extensive, this review has to be very selective. The work has been previously described in 10 papers, 9 of which were written by the author (J.M.Elliott) and 1 written by the author and W.Davison- references for these, and the pioneer work of M.E.Brown and F.T.K.Pentelow, are supplied at the end of the article.

Ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico melhora a densidade capilar funcional e a hiperemia reativa pós-oclusiva em triatletas

A atividade física intensa está associada com as adaptações biológicas que envolvem a melhora da homeostase da glicose, da capacidade antioxidante e da microcirculação cutânea. A ingestão insuficiente de antioxidantes na dieta pode levar ao estresse oxidativo e disfunção endotelial que afetam a microcirculação. Suco de uva tinto orgânico, uma importante fonte de polifenóis, com reconhecida função antioxidante e, portanto, o seu consumo pode melhorar o estado antioxidante, e assim, o metabolismo da glicose e a função endotelial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo diário de suco de uva tinto orgânico, sobre a concentração plasmática de ácido úrico, atividade da superóxido dismutase eritrocitária (E-SOD), concentração sérica da insulina, glicemia e HOMA IR-2, além de suas relações com os parâmetros da microcirculação em triatletas. Participaram do estudo 10 triatletas do gênero masculino (28 15 anos). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes (basal) e após 20 dias de ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico (300mL/dia). Em relação ao valor basal, a insulina sérica (p = 0,02) e o ácido úrico (p = 0,04) aumentaram, enquanto a glicose plasmática (p <0,001) e a E-SOD diminuíram (p = 0,04) após os 20 dias de intervenção. Os parâmetros da microcirculação também foram influenciados pela ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico, foi observado redução no tempo necessário para o retorno dos eritrócitos à velocidade de basal após isquemia (TRBCmax) (p = 0,04), aumento da densidade capilar funcional (DCF, p = 0,003) e da velocidade dos eritrócitos após a isquemia (VELmax p <0,001). A redução da glicemia foi determinante direta do aumento da DCF (p = 0,04), enquanto níveis séricos de insulina (p = 0,04) e a redução na atividade da SOD-E (p = 0,04) foram negativamente associados com a redução do TRBCmax. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a ingestão de suco de uva melhora a capacidade antioxidante, a homesostase glicêmica e a microcirculação de triatletas.

Associações da espessura do complexo médio-intimal da carótida com o estado oxidativo, metabólico e nutricional em crianças pré-púberes obesas e eutróficas

A prevalência de obesidade infantil vem crescendo em todo o mundo e está associada com aumento da morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta. A obesidade na infância, somada às alterações no metabolismo glicêmico e lipídico e ao aumento do estresse oxidativo e estado inflamatório contribuem para o aumento da espessura do complexo médio-intimal da carótida (carotid artery intima-medial thickness - cIMT) em tenra idade, possibilitando o desenvolvimento precoce do processo aterosclerótico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a cIMT, os indicadores do metabolismo glicídico e lipídico, o estado oxidativo e antioxidante, a composição corporal e o consumo alimentar em crianças pré-púberes obesas e eutróficas e determinar as inter-relações entre as variáveis. Foram medidos massa corporal total (MCT), estatura (E), circunferência da cintura (CC); glicemia, insulina, colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), ácido úrico, proteína C-reativa ultra-sensível (PCR-us) e capacidade antioxidante (DPPH) sanguíneos; cIMT (USG, General Eletric); consumo alimentar (3 recordatórios de 24 h) para análise de macronutrientes e ácidos graxos. Foram, ainda, calculados o índice de massa corporal por idade (IMC/I) e HOMA-IR. O grupo de crianças obesas (n = 30) apresentava IMC/I acima do p97 (WHO, 2007) cujos dados foram comparados com os de um grupo controle (n = 25), composto por crianças eutróficas, da mesma faixa etária. As análises estatísticas acompanharam as características da amostra para dados não-paramétricos, com graus de significância de p < 0,05. A idade das crianças, em média, foi de 7,8 1,3 anos. A comparação dos indicadores entre os grupos mostrou valores significativamente maiores de MCT, IMC/I, CC, consumo calórico e de carboidratos, CT, LDL-colesterol, insulina, HOMA-IR, ácido úrico, PCR-us e cIMT no grupo de crianças obesas. Foram encontradas associações positivas da cIMT com MCT, IMC/I e CC. Essa última associou-se positivamente com ácido úrico, insulina e HOMA-IR. A PCR-us mostrou associação positiva com MCT, IMC/I, CC, ácido úrico, insulina e HOMA-IR. Os resultados analisados nos permitem concluir que as crianças obesas apresentaram maior massa adiposa abdominal, maior consumo energético, proveniente de carboidratos e valores maiores dos fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares do que seus pares eutróficos. Nossos resultados analisados em conjunto, mostram que a obesidade infantil acarreta danos cardiometabólicos que poderão causar prejuízos a saúde na vida adulta. O processo de aterosclerose precoce sofre influência da massa de gordura total e abdominal, a qual está diretamente relacionada à resistência à insulina, ao estado inflamatório e antioxidante. O conhecimento dos fatores de risco desta população deverá embasar estratégias de tratamento com o objetivo de reduzir a morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares na idade adulta.

Resposta adaptativa e efeitos das substâncias oxidantes - K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate - na produção de biofilme de amostras de Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolados de origens diversas

A difteria é uma doença imunoprevinível que permanece endêmica em diversas regiões do mundo. Além dos casos de difteria clássica, doenças invasivas como endocardite, osteomielite, pneumonia e infecções relacionadas à cateter, tem acometido indivíduos adultos parcialmente imunizados. A natureza multifatorial dos fatores de virulência que favorecem a formação de biofilme e sobrevivência em macrófagos tem sido evidenciada para o Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Entretanto, escassos são os trabalhos que investigaram a influência de condições ambientais na virulência do patógeno. Uma vez que agentes oxidantes são capazes de gerar radicais livres e levar ao estresse oxidativo que, consequentemente, podem resultar em resposta adaptativa e influenciar na formação do biofilme e na virulência bacteriana, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar os efeitos do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), paraquate e telurito de potássio (K2TeO3) em propriedades biológicas de cepas de C. diphtheriae de origens diversas. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras de C. diphtheriae apresentaram níveis de resistência ao K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate, porém em intensidades variadas e independentes da capacidade de produção da toxina diftérica. Algumas amostras, toxinogênicas ou não, isoladas do trato respiratório superior demonstraram resposta adaptativa para H2O2 passando, portanto, a expressar resistência aumentada após uma prévia exposição ao referido agente oxidante. C. diphtheriae não exibiu respostas adaptativas para o K2TeO3 e paraquate. C. diphtheriae foi capaz de produzir biofilme na superfície de substratos abióticos de natureza hidrofílica (vidro) e hidrofóbica (poliestireno) na presença de agentes oxidantes K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate. A presença dos agentes oxidantes influenciou na formação de biofilme de algumas amostras. O paraquate inibiu a produção de biofilme de todas amostras. A amostra TR241 teve a produçao de biofilme inibida na presença dos três agentes oxidantes analisados. Por outro lado, a presença de H2O2 e do K2TeO3 estimulou a produção de biofilme de algumas amostras. Para todas as amostras de C. diphtheriae testadas, independentes das origens, biotipos e da capacidade de produção de toxina diftérica, os ensaios moleculares indicaram a presença de sequências gênicas cromossômicas homólogas, codificadores da proteína DIP 0906 (TeR) e da proteína DIP 1421 (OxyR), envolvidos na resistência ao telurito e na proteção contra o estresse oxidativo, respectivamente. Não foi observada correlação da suscetibilidade e a resposta adaptativa aos agentes oxidantes com as diferentes características bacterianas: origem, sítio de isolamento, produção de toxina diftérica, metabolização de sacarose e produção de biofilme. Em conclusão, o estresse oxidativo foi capaz de influenciar fatores de virulência do C. diphtheriae, como a capacidade de produçao de biofilme, que podem estar contribuindo para a patogenia da difteria clássica assim como de doenças invasivas causadas por cepas atoxinogênicas.

Pharmacological Blockade of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in Diet-Induced Obesity Regulates Mitochondrial Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase in Muscle

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors peripherally modulate energy metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of CB1 receptors in the expression of glucose/pyruvate/tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolism in rat abdominal muscle. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), a flavoprotein component (E3) of alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes with diaphorase activity in mitochondria, was specifically analyzed. After assessing the effectiveness of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (3 mg kg(-1), 14 days) on food intake and body weight, we could identified seven key enzymes from either glycolytic pathway or TCA cycle-regulated by both diet and CB1 receptor activity-through comprehensive proteomic approaches involving two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/LC-ESI trap mass spectrometry. These enzymes were glucose 6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), enolase (Eno3), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHa), glyoxalase-1 (Glo1) and the mitochondrial DLD, whose expressions were modified by AM251 in hypercaloric diet-induced obesity. Specifically, AM251 blocked high-carbohydrate diet (HCD)-induced expression of GPI, TPI, Eno3 and LDHa, suggesting a down-regulation of glucose/pyruvate/lactate pathways under glucose availability. AM251 reversed the HCD-inhibited expression of Glo1 and DLD in the muscle, and the DLD and CB1 receptor expression in the mitochondrial fraction. Interestingly, we identified the presence of CB1 receptors at the membrane of striate muscle mitochondria. DLD over-expression was confirmed in muscle of CB1-/- mice. AM251 increased the pyruvate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activity in C2C12 myotubes, and the diaphorase/oxidative activity in the mitochondria fraction. These results indicated an up-regulation of methylglyoxal and TCA cycle activity. Findings suggest that CB1 receptors in muscle modulate glucose/pyruvate/lactate pathways and mitochondrial oxidative activity by targeting DLD.