Comparative analysis of the trypanocidal activity and chemical properties of E-lychnophoric acid and its derivatives using theoretical calculations

E-Lychnophoric acid 1, its derivative ester 2 and alcohol 3 killed 100% of trypomastigote blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi at the concentrations of 13.86, 5.68, and 6.48 µg/mL, respectively. Conformational distribution calculations (AM1) of 1, 2 and 3 gave minimum energies for the conformers a, b, c, and d, which differ from each other only in the cyclononene ring geometry. Calculations (DFT/BLYP/6-31G*) of geometry optimization and chemical properties were performed for conformers of 1, 2, and 3. The theoretical results were numerically compared to the trypanocidal activity. Calculated values of atomic charge, orbital population, and vibrational frequencies showed that the C-4-C-5 pi-endocyclic bond does not affect the trypanocidal activity of the studied compounds. Nevertheless, the structure of the group at C-4 strongly influences the activity. However, the theoretical results indicated that the intra-ring (C-1 and C-9) and pi-exocycle (C-8 and C-14) carbons of caryophyllene-type structures promote the trypanocidal activity of these compounds.

Analysis of the structural and electronic properties of 1-(5-Hydroxymethyl - 4 -[ 5 - (5-oxo-5-piperidin-1-yl-penta-1,3dienyl)-benzo[1,3]dioxol-2-yl] -tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4dione molecule

The structural and electronic properties of 1-(5-Hydroxymethyl - 4 -[ 5 - (5-oxo-5-piperidin- 1 -yl-penta- 1,3 -dienyl)-benzo [1,3] dioxol- 2 -yl]-tetrahydro -furan-2 -yl)-5-methy l-1Hpyrimidine-2,4dione (AHE) molecule have been investigated theoretically by performing density functional theory (DFT), and semi empirical molecular orbital calculations. The geometry of the molecule is optimized at the level of Austin Model 1 (AM1), and the electronic properties and relative energies of the molecules have been calculated by density functional theory in the ground state. The resultant dipole moment of the AHE molecule is about 2.6 and 2.3 Debyes by AM1 and DFT methods respectively, This property of AHE makes it an active molecule with its environment, that is AHE molecule may interacts with its environment strongly in solution.

Knowledge of Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation among Brazilian Medical Students

ABSTRACT Introduction Sudden death is a substantial public health problem, representing a major cause of mortality worldwide. Suitable initial care is essential for a good prognosis of these patients. Objectives To assess the knowledge of the 2010 guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among medical students in their final year of undergraduate training. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with a sample of 217 medical students enrolled in the sixth year of accredited medical schools in Brazil. A structured questionnaire with 27 items was used to record the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants and to assess their knowledge base of the 2010 ILCOR guidelines for CPR. Results Only fifty (23.04%) out of 217 students achieved results considered as satisfactory in the written evaluation. The average score obtained was 56.74% correct answers. Seventeen percent of the students had never performed CPR maneuvers and 83.80% had never performed cardioversion or defibrillation. Conclusions The knowledge base of medical students regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation is low. Considering these medical students are in their final year of medical school, this study reveals a worrisome scenario.

Dinâmica da vegetação natural no nordeste do estado de São Paulo, entre 1988 e 2003

As imagens de sensoriamento remoto orbital juntamente com as ferramentas em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas têm possibilitado diversos estudos sobre as alterações na cobertura das terras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detalhar os resultados do mapeamento de uso e cobertura das terras e alterações em uma região no Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo entre 1988 e 2003, especificamente em relação à vegetação natural. A avaliação da dinâmica das áreas de remanescentes de vegetação natural das terras revelou retração de 0,14% em relação à área total dos municípios (51.649,5 km2). Mas houve avanço da vegetação ripária de 0,22% em relação à área total. Dos 125 municípios da região em estudo e possuidores de remanescentes de vegetação natural, 60,8% mantiveram praticamente a mesma porcentagem de cobertura vegetal natural (florestas estacionais, secundárias, cerrado e vegetação ripária) em 2003 com relação a 1988. Considerando somente as áreas com floresta estacional, secundária e cerrado, o número de municípios cresce para 79,2% do total. Os municípios que mantiveram os maiores percentuais de cobertura vegetal natural de Floresta Estacional, Floresta Secundária e Cerrado no período foram: Águas da Prata, com 39,9% de sua área municipal total, Rifaina (31,7%), São Sebastião da Grama (24,9%) e Pedregulho (24,0%). A ocupação das terras de 1988 a 2003 caracterizou-se pela dinâmica de substituição entre atividades que competem por área no setor rural, comum nas regiões administrativas tecnicamente mais avançadas do Estado de São Paulo.

Identificação e mapeamento de áreas de milho na região sul do Brasil utilizando imagens MODIS

O presente trabalho teve como proposta avaliar a identificação e o mapeamento das áreas de milho da região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul a partir de dados multitemporais do sensor MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) a bordo do satélite Earth Observing System - EOS-AM (Terra). O algoritmo de classificação supervisionada Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) foi aplicado com sucesso em uma série multitemporal de imagens EVI pré-processadas. Verificou-se que as áreas classificadas como milho na imagem coincidiam plenamente com áreas mais extensas ou contínuas (> 90 ha) de milho. Áreas de menor extensão ou localizadas em encostas de morros, ao lado de vegetação arbórea, não foram detectadas pelo classificador devido à baixa resolução espacial das imagens. A maior utilidade prática da identificação e da classificação digital das áreas de milho obtidas das imagens MODIS está na sua aplicação para isolar ou complementar o mapeamento das áreas agrícolas visando ao seu monitoramento a partir de diferentes índices de vegetação, derivados de imagens de alta resolução temporal e baixa resolução espacial.

Estimativa de parâmetros biofísicos de plantios de café a partir de imagens orbitais de alta resolução espacial

O uso de recursos de sensoriamento remoto orbital constitui um grande avanço no levantamento de dados sobre a cafeicultura, sobretudo por seu caráter temporal e baixo custo. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a utilização da imagem do satélite QUICKBIRD na determinação de parâmetros biofísicos importantes para a cultura cafeeira. Foram utilizados 25 talhões com plantios de café localizados entre os municípios de Ribeirão Corrente, Franca e Cristais Paulista (SP). Os parâmetros biofísicos utilizados foram os espaçamentos entre linhas e plantas, altura, IAF, diâmetro da copa, porcentagem de cobertura vegetal, rugosidade, variedade e biomassa. Foram utilizados valores de refletância real das bandas espectrais do satélite QUICKBIRD e os índices de vegetação NDVI, GVI, SAVI e RVI. A partir desses dados, foram feitas análises de regressão linear e não linear para a geração dos modelos de estimativa. A utilização de modelos de regressão baseados em equações não lineares mostrou-se mais adequado para determinar os parâmetros IAF e a porcentagem de biomassa, importantes como indicativos da produtividade da cultura cafeeira.

Use of data mining and spectral profiles to differentiate condition after harvest of coffee plants

This study aimed at identifying different conditions of coffee plants after harvesting period, using data mining and spectral behavior profiles from Hyperion/EO1 sensor. The Hyperion image, with spatial resolution of 30 m, was acquired in August 28th, 2008, at the end of the coffee harvest season in the studied area. For pre-processing imaging, atmospheric and signal/noise effect corrections were carried out using Flaash and MNF (Minimum Noise Fraction Transform) algorithms, respectively. Spectral behavior profiles (38) of different coffee varieties were generated from 150 Hyperion bands. The spectral behavior profiles were analyzed by Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm considering 2; 3; 4 and 5 clusters. T-test with 5% of significance was used to verify the similarity among the wavelength cluster means. The results demonstrated that it is possible to separate five different clusters, which were comprised by different coffee crop conditions making possible to improve future intervention actions.

Analysis of land use and occupancy in permanent preservation areas according to the hydrography of Ribeirão Água Fria - Bofete, SP - Brazil

The use conflicts are determined by the inadequate occupations of the soil, as it is the case of soil occupation inside of permanent preservation areas. This study aimed to determine the classes of the soil use and if there are conflicts inside of permanent preservation areas along the drainage network of the Água Fria Stream watershed, located in Bofete city - São Paulo, Brazil. It locates geographically between the coordinates: 48°09'30" to 48°18'30" longitude WGr., 22°58'30" to 23°04'30" latitude S, with an area of 15242.84 ha. The map of soil use was elaborated through the interpretation directly in the computer screen of satellite digital image. In the orbital data, the study area is inserted in the quadrant A, of image TM/Landsat - 5, orbit 220, point 76, passage 9/8th/2007. The Geographical Information System used was CartaLinx. The conflict areas of the watershed were obtained from the crossing between the maps of soil use and of PPAs. The results allowed the conclusion that more than half of the area (51.09%) is occupied by pastures, reflex of sandy soils and low fertility. It was also verified that although almost half of the watershed is covered with some type of vegetation (48.78% of natural forest /reforestation), it has approximately a third of permanent preservation areas used inappropriately by pastures (88.15%), reforestation (10.42%) and exposed soil (1.43%), totaling 343.07ha of conflicting areas, in a total of 993.26 ha of PPAs.

Seasonality of net radiation in two sub-basins of Paracatu by the use of modis sensor products

The net radiation (Rn) represents the main source of energy for physical and chemical processes that occur in the surface-atmosphere interface, and it is used for air and soil heating, water transfer, in the form of vapor from the surface to the atmosphere, and for the metabolism of plants, especially photosynthesis. If there is no record of net radiation in certain areas, the use of information is important to help determine it. Among them we can highlight those provided by remote sensing. In this context, this work aims to estimate the net radiation, with the use of products of MODIS sensor, in the sub-basins of Entre Ribeiros creek and Preto River, located between the Brazilian states of Goiás and Minas Gerais. The SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) was used to obtain the Rn in four different days in the period of July to October, 2007. The Rn results obtained were consistent with others cited in the literature and are important because the orbital information can help determine the Rn in areas where there are not automatic weather stations to record the net radiation.

Sinusite recorrente de causa incomum

The authors present a case of chronic recurrent sinusitis of rare etiology in a man submitted previously to a facial peeling. The computed tomography and the sinusal endoscopy revealed periorbital fat in the maxilary sinus. There was a history of old orbital floor fracture.

Hitsauksen mekanisoinnin ja automatisoinnin oppimisympäristön kehittäminen

Hitsaavan teollisuuden kilpailukyvyn tehostamiseksi yksi keino on hitsauksen mekanisoinnin ja automatisoinnin osuuden lisääminen hitsaustuotannossa. Työn on tehty Etelä-Karjalan aikuisopiston toimeksiannosta hitsauksen mekanisoinnin ja automatisoinnin oppimisympäristön kehittämiseksi paikallisten hitsaavien yritysten koulutustarpeiden mukaisesti. Työ toteutettiin sekä kirjallisuustutkimuksena että haastattelututkimuksena Etelä-Karjalan alueen hitsaavan teollisuuden yrityksissä. Kirjallisuusosiossa on läpikäyty hitsauksen mekanisointia, kappaleenkäsittelyä, orbitaalihitsausta sekä robottihitsausta. Kirjallisen käsittelyn pohjana oli kansainvälisen mekanisoidun-, orbitaali- ja robottihitsauksen henkilöstön operaattorikoulutusohjelma. Operaattorikoulutusohjelmassa koulutuslinjat jaetaan mekanisoituun hitsaukseen, orbitaalihitsaukseen ja robottihitsaukseen. Käytännön osiossa on analysoitu kohdeyrityksille tehdyt haastattelut, määritelty kohdeyritysten hitsauksen automaatiotasot sekä hitsaustyössä käytössä oleva laitekanta. Tutkimuksen tuloksia tullaan käyttämään hyödyksi kehitettäessä Etelä-Karjalan aikuisopiston (AKTIVA) oppimisympäristöä etelä-karjalaisten hitsaavien yritysten tarpeiden mukaisesti.

Anastomose esôfago-jejunal látero-lateral com grampeador linear cortante complementada por sutura manual

One of the most difficult procedures in digestive-tract surgery is esophago-jejunal anastomosis following total gastrectomy. Cost/benefit analysis of this procedure justifies the use of mechanical staplers, in spite of their high cost. A technical variant of the side-to-side esophago-jejunal anastomosis is presented, which incorporates the use of a cutting linear stapler. Technical maneuvers are easy to perform, the cost of the cutting linear stapler is smaller than the circular ones, the amplitude of the anastomosis is wider and the likelihood of fistulae is smaller when compared to other techniques. The side-to-side esophago-jejunal anastomosis with the cutting linear stapler is always complemented by a manual suture.

Uso de balão intra-hepático para controle temporário da hemorragia em lesão da veia cava retro-hepática

Juxtahepatic veins, retrohepatic vena cava or major hepatic veins injuries carry a very high mortality rate regardless the technique used for its repair. Isolated survivor reports have for the most part been managed by vascular isolation techniques, usually with atriocaval shunt. We report one case with a unique management technique in a patient who sustained gunshot wound to the retrohepatic vena cava. Hemorrhage control had been obtained by intrahepatic balloon tamponade after others maneuvers have failed. The balloon was left in situ for two days as damaged control laparotomy principles and planned reoperation has been chosen.

Aspectos endoscópicos no manejo da úlcera péptica gastroduodenal

Bleeding remains a common and a potential lethal complication for peptic ulcer disease. Multidisciplinary approach by endoscopists, surgeons and intensive care physicians is necessary to improve results for this severe complication. In this article we intend to introduce surgeons and intensive care physicians to endoscopic concepts and maneuvers commonly used in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer disease. Early clinical assessment and endoscopic evaluation are helpful to classify the severity of the bleeding episode. Two major achievements have changed the management of this complication: combined endoscopic therapy and proton pump inhibitors. The former consists of combining two different endoscopic methods to stop bleeding or prevent re-bleeding (e.g., injection of a sclerosing substance and thermal coagulation). Surgical treatment for peptic ulcer bleeding is indicated when endoscopic therapy fails or to prevent re-bleeding in high risk patients who presents with a spurting bleeding ulcer and shock. For the remaining situations, there are consistent evidences that a second endoscopic therapy should be attempted when re-bleeding occurs. Keywords: endoscopic hemostasis, recurrent bleeding, peptic ulcer bleeding, proton-pump inhibitor, non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding.

Avaliação da abordagem palpebral subtarsal no tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas zigomático-orbitais

OBJETIVO: avaliar as complicações, vantagens e desvantagens da abordagem subtarsal quando utilizada para exposição da borda infra-orbital e do assoalho da órbita em fraturas zigomático-orbitais. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 41 incisões subtarsais empregadas em 39 pacientes com fraturas do complexo zigomático e/ou do assoalho da órbita do tipo blow-out, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: As complicações observadas foram conjuntivite, epífora e cicatriz aparente em seis (14,6%), cinco (12,2%) e dois (4,9%) dos casos, respectivamente. Não houve presença de ectrópio, entrópio ou esclera aparente nos pacientes reavaliados. CONCLUSÃO: As principais vantagens dessa abordagem são os resultados estéticos e funcionais associados aos benefícios trans-operatórios.