900 resultados para Land use change


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Urbanization is becoming increasingly important in terms of climate change and ecosystem functionality worldwide. We are only beginning to understand how the processes of urbanization influence ecosystem dynamics and how peri-urban environments contribute to climate change. Brisbane in South East Queensland (SEQ) currently has the most extensive urban sprawl of all Australian cities. This leads to substantial land use changes in urban and peri-urban environments and the subsequent gaseous emissions from soils are to date neglected for IPCC climate change estimations. This research examines how land use change effects methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from peri-urban soils and consequently influences the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of rural ecosystems in agricultural use undergoing urbanization. Therefore, manual and fully automated static chamber measurements determined soil gas fluxes over a full year and an intensive sampling campaign of 80 days after land use change. Turf grass, as the major peri-urban land cover, increased the GWP by 415 kg CO2-e ha 1 over the first 80 days after conversion from a well-established pasture. This results principally from increased daily average N2O emissions of 0.5 g N2O ha-1 d-1 from the pasture to 18.3 g N2O ha-1 d-1 from the turf grass due to fertilizer application during conversion. Compared to the native dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest, turf grass establishment increases the GWP by another 30 kg CO2-e ha 1. The results presented in this study clearly indicate the substantial impact of urbanization on soil-atmosphere gas exchange in form of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions particularly after turf grass establishment.

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Pristine peatlands are carbon (C) accumulating wetland ecosystems sustained by a high water level (WL) and consequent anoxia that slows down decomposition. Persistent WL drawdown as a response to climate and/or land-use change directly affects decomposition: increased oxygenation stimulates decomposition of the old C (peat) sequestered under prior anoxic conditions. Responses of the new C (plant litter) in terms of quality, production and decomposability, and the consequences for the whole C cycle of peatlands are not fully understood. WL drawdown induces changes in plant community resulting in shift in dominance from Sphagnum and graminoids to shrubs and trees. There is increasing evidence that the indirect effects of WL drawdown via the changes in plant communities will have more impact on the ecosystem C cycling than any direct effects. The aim of this study is to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of WL drawdown on the new C by measuring the relative importance of 1) environmental parameters (WL depth, temperature, soil chemistry) and 2) plant community composition on litter production, microbial activity, litter decomposition rates and, consequently, on the C accumulation. This information is crucial for modelling C cycle under changing climate and/or land-use. The effects of WL drawdown were tested in a large-scale experiment with manipulated WL at two time scales and three nutrient regimes. Furthermore, the effect of climate on litter decomposability was tested along a north-south gradient. Additionally, a novel method for estimating litter chemical quality and decomposability was explored by combining Near infrared spectroscopy with multivariate modelling. WL drawdown had direct effects on litter quality, microbial community composition and activity and litter decomposition rates. However, the direct effects of WL drawdown were overruled by the indirect effects via changes in litter type composition and production. Short-term (years) responses to WL drawdown were small. In long-term (decades), dramatically increased litter inputs resulted in large accumulation of organic matter in spite of increased decomposition rates. Further, the quality of the accumulated matter greatly changed from that accumulated in pristine conditions. The response of a peatland ecosystem to persistent WL drawdown was more pronounced at sites with more nutrients. The study demonstrates that the shift in vegetation composition as a response to climate and/or land-use change is the main factor affecting peatland ecosystem C cycle and thus dynamic vegetation is a necessity in any models applied for estimating responses of C fluxes to changes in the environment. The time scale for vegetation changes caused by hydrological changes needs to extend to decades. This study provides grouping of litter types (plant species and part) into functional types based on their chemical quality and/or decomposability that the models could utilize. Further, the results clearly show a drop in soil temperature as a response to WL drawdown when an initially open peatland converts into a forest ecosystem, which has not yet been considered in the existing models.

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This article reports the greenhouse gas emissions of anthropogenic origin by sources and removals by sinks of India for 2007 prepared under the aegis of the Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) (note 1). The emission profile includes carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane and nitrous oxide. It also includes the estimates of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride at the national level from various sectors, viz, energy, industrial process and product use, agriculture, land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), and waste. In 2007, emissions were of the order of 2008.67 Tg (note 2) of CO(2) equivalents without emissions from the LULUCF sector. Whereas with LULUCF the emissions were about 1831.65 Tg CO(2) equivalents. The energy sector accounted for 69% of the total emissions, the agriculture sector contributed 19% of the emissions, 9% of the emissions was from the industrial processes and product use, and only 3% of the emissions was attributable to the waste sector. The LULUCF sector on the whole was net sink category for CO(2). The study tracks the improvements made in inventory estimates at the national level through the years, in terms of the expanding coverage of sources, reducing uncertainties and inclusion of new methodologies, including some elements of future areas of work.

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[EUS] Artikulu honek, argitaratutako bibliografiaren bidez, Zeelanda Berriko ibai-terrazen garapenari eragiten dieten agente morfogenetikoak aztertzen ditu. Erreferentzia gisa Ipar Irlako 4 kasu eta Hego Irlako 3 kasu erabili dira. Oro har, ibai-terrazak sortzeko orduan, klima, sedimentuen erabilgarritasunan eta prezipitazioan duen eraginaren bitartez, eragile nagusiena da. Altxaketa tektonikoak forma hauen kontserbazioa eragiten du. Hainbat kasutan, gertaera asaldatzaileen ondorioz sortutako sedimentu kopuru handiek, fase morfogenetiko desberdinak eragin dituzte lokal/erregional mailan, nazional/kontinental mailan beharrean. Gertaera asaldatzaileen artean, besteak beste, ekarpen bolkaniko naturalak eta gizakiok bultzatutako lur erabilera aldaketen ondorioz sortutako sedimentu ekarpenak barneratzen dira.

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In addition to providing vital ecological services, coastal areas of North Carolina provide prized areas for habitation, recreation, and commercial fisheries. However, from a management perspective, the coasts of North Carolina are highly variable and complex. In-water constituents such as nutrients, suspended sediments, and chlorophyll a concentration can vary significantly over a broad spectrum of time and space scales. Rapid growth and land-use change continue to exert pressure on coastal lands. Coastal environments are also very vulnerable to short-term (e.g., hurricanes) and long-term (e.g., sea-level rise) natural changes that can result in significant loss of life, economic loss, or changes in coastal ecosystem functioning. Hence, the dynamic nature, effects of human-induced change over time, and vulnerability of coastal areas make it difficult to effectively monitor and manage these important state and national resources using traditional data collection technologies such as discrete monitoring stations and field surveys. In general, these approaches provide only a sparse network of data over limited time and space scales and generally are expensive and labor-intensive. Products derived from spectral images obtained by remote sensing instruments provide a unique vantage point from which to examine the dynamic nature of coastal environments. A primary advantage of remote sensing is that the altitude of observation provides a large-scale synoptic view relative to traditional field measurements. Equally important, the use of remote sensing for a broad range of research and environmental applications is now common due to major advances in data availability, data transfer, and computer technologies. To facilitate the widespread use of remote sensing products in North Carolina, the UNC Coastal Studies Institute (UNC-CSI) is developing the capability to acquire, process, and analyze remotely sensed data from several remote sensing instruments. In particular, UNC-CSI is developing regional remote sensing algorithms to examine the mobilization, transport, transformation, and fate of materials between coupled terrestrial and coastal ocean systems. To illustrate this work, we present the basic principles of remote sensing of coastal waters in the context of deriving information that supports efficient and effective management of coastal resources. (PDF contains 4 pages)

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Anthropogenic climate and land-use change are leading to irreversible losses of global biodiversity, upon which ecosystem functioning depends. Since total species' well-being depends on ecosystem goods and services, man must determine how much net primary productivity (NPP) may be appropriated and carbon emitted so as to not adversely impact this and future generations. In 2005, man ought to have only appropriated 9.72 Pg C of NPP, representing a factor 2.50, or 59.93%, reduction in human-appropriated NPP in that year. Concurrently, the carbon cycle would have been balanced with a factor 1.26, or 20.84%, reduction from 7.60 Gt C/year to 5.70 Gt C/year, representing a return to the 1986 levels. This limit is in keeping with the category III stabilization scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. Projecting population growth to 2030 and its associated basic food requirements, the maximum HANPP remains at 9.74 ± 0.02 Pg C/year. This time-invariant HANPP may only provide for the current global population of 6.51 billion equitably at the current average consumption of 1.49 t C per capita, calling into question the sustainability of developing countries striving for high-consuming country levels of 5.85 t C per capita and its impacts on equitable resource distribution. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.

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Guánica Bay is a major estuary on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico. Significant coral reef ecosystems are present outside the bay. These valuable habitats may be impacted by transport of sediments, nutrients and contaminants from the watershed, through the bay and into the offshore waters. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), in consultation with local and regional experts, conducted an interdisciplinary assessment of coral reef ecosystems, contaminants, sedimentation rates and nutrient distribution patterns in and around Guánica Bay. This work was conducted using many of the same protocols as ongoing monitoring work underway elsewhere in the U.S. Caribbean and has enabled comparisons among coral reef ecosystems between this study and other locations in the region. This characterization of Guánica marine ecosystems establishes benchmark conditions that can be used for comparative documentation of future change, including possible negative outcomes due to future land use change, or improvement in environmental conditions arising from management actions. This report is organized into six chapters that represent a suite of interrelated studies. Chapter 1 provides a short introduction to the study area. Chapter 2 is focused on biogeographic assessments and benthic mapping of the study area, including new surveys of fish, marine debris and reef communities on hardbottom habitats in the study area. Chapter 3 quantifies the distribution and magnitude of a suite of contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, PAHs, PCBs, pesticides) in both surface sediments and coral tissues. Chapter 4 presents results of sedimentation measurements in and outside of the bay. Chapter 5 examines the distribution of nutrients in in the bay, offshore from the bay and in the watershed. Chapter 6 is a brief summary discussion that highlights key findings of the entire suite of studies.

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土地利用变化,尤其是热带地区森林生态系统土地利用方式的变化极大地改变了全球碳循环,对大气CO2浓度的升高,气候变暖等全球性环境问题起着不可忽视的作用。同时,森林的大面积破坏,引起土壤流失,营养元素含量降低,土壤健康状况恶化,最终大幅度降低生态系统的生产力。本文主要结合野外实地调查和室内分析的方法,研究森林砍伐后转变为农田和橡胶园对西双版纳热带地区土壤碳、氮、磷含量以及有机质化学结构的影响,天然次生林恢复、橡胶园建设对大气CO2的蓄积作用。 森林砍伐后转变为农田和橡胶园,显著地改变了土壤的理化特性。研究结果表明,与次生林相比,农田和橡胶园表层土壤容重、pH值升高,含水量降低,有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、有效磷含量显著降低。土地利用变化对土壤特性的影响主要发生在0-40 cm 表层土壤,而对40 cm以下土层影响较小。 土地利用变化改变土壤碳含量,同时影响土壤有机质的化学结构。胡敏酸紫外-可见光谱(UV-VIS)、傅利叶变换红外光谱 (FT-IR) 分析发现,不同生态系统表层土壤 (0-20 cm) 胡敏酸光谱学特性存在明显差异。次生林E4/E6值高于农田和橡胶园。与次生林相比,农田和橡胶园表层土壤有机质中酚基相对含量显著降低,脂肪族、芳香族、羧基以及多聚糖等化合物相对含量增加。 运用样地调查、生物量模型模拟和室内土壤样品分析方法,研究了次生林恢复和橡胶园建设对大气CO2的汇集作用。结果表明:退化土壤恢复为次生林、农田建设橡胶园能够有效促进植被和土壤中碳的汇集。次生林和橡胶林生物量增长速率分别为9.8,10.2 (9.4)t•ha-1•yr-1, 1 m表层土壤有机碳汇集速率分别为0.7和1.1 t•C•ha-1•yr-1。模拟结果显示,40年橡胶林生物量为327 (324) t•ha-1, 恢复50年后天然次生林生物量为395 t•ha-1。加之土壤有机碳,40年橡胶园约汇集碳190 t•ha-1, 次生林恢复50年碳汇集潜力为250 t•ha-1。

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北京市郊区可持续景观生态规划及优化生态生产范式研究是指要遵循区域自然地理要素的分异规律,以土地利用现状格局为基础,以景观生态学原理和可持续发展准则为理论指导,以景观空间分析为具体研究内容来揭示区域土地利用类型结构、功能的异质性和有序性,以期提出优化的土地利用格局。本论文主要通过大量数据、图件的收集、野外考察与调查,文献查阅与数据处理、分析,得出以下主要结论: 一、理论方面 基于景观生态学理论——景观要素,空间结构与生态学过程,景观动态,异质性,等级结构,连接度以及景观的时空性等,以北京地区为例阐述了景观生态学理论如何合理地整合于生态建设与保育之中,并重点阐释了北京生态建设与保育“小三圈”格局的结构与功能,该系统包括山区外圈层、郊区平原中圈层和城区内圈层,其目标要实现:(1)山区发挥以水源涵养、水土保持防护为主的生态功能;(2)郊区创建农田、林地、草地异质性的人工稀树草原景观,形成带、网、片、点相结合的绿网系统;(3)城区以自身绿化和美化为主。同时,本研究针对我国的区域可持续发展进一步提出更加有效的建设性意见:(1)开展区域生态适宜性评价;(2)区域水平的土地利用格局、动态以及预测性研究;(3)进行区域可持续景观生态规划,建立区域优化生态生产范式,最终实现可持续发展目标。 二、研究方法方面 利用空间自相关指数,并结合“城-郊-乡”梯度分析法研究景观格局对尺度(包括粒度、幅度、方向)变化的响应。得出以下主要结论: 1、景观格局对于尺度变化有着不同的响应,随着空间粒度的增加,空间自相关均呈下降趋势;随着幅度的增加,空间自相关基本不变;人类干扰较多的景观几乎不受“划区效应”的影响;不同的数据类型,同一数据类型的不同景观对于尺度的变化均有着不同的响应。 2、沿“城-郊-乡”样带,空间自相关呈阶梯状增加趋势。景观空间自相关大小顺序:林牧景观>林果景观>农田景观>都市景观>都市化景观,人为干扰较多的景观具有较低的空间自相关,但对尺度的变化表现出较强的敏感性。 三、实例研究 北京市郊区可持续景观生态规划及优化生态生产范式研究是以昌平区为例,从昌平区经济与产业结构现状分析出发、以昌平区土壤理化性状分析为背景,以景观格局现状、动态,以及土地利用内部转移格局与过程、驱动因素分析为主要内容,并且重点探讨了昌平区城镇化的过程特征及空间特征,得出以下主要结论: 1、昌平区GDP配比方式,以及昌平区农村GDP结构模式均为“三二一”。昌平区在北京市农业中的地位,以及农业在昌平区GDP中所处地位均弱化。截止2001年,昌平区农业产值中,牧业>种植业>渔业>林业,牧业居于首位,占到46.70%,而传统种植业也正以小汤山为龙头向现代化、高科技、高效化的“六种农业”转化。总体讲,农业的粮食生产功能在昌平区已不再是一个重要功能,传统种植业正逐步地让位于畜牧业(人工牧草)、林业(疏林、苗圃),突出体现了具有良好生态学效益的牧草、林果在未来大农业发展中的战略地位。 2、昌平土壤肥力状况良好,景观分区与土壤理化性质是吻合的。基于土壤理化基质,昌平区应形成林、灌、草为主的山区景观,园林式城镇、林、果、灌相结合的山前倾斜平原景观,以及农、林、草配置的生态农业景观和花卉、种苗、绿化带相辉映的绿色生态住宅景观。 3、从1989~2001年期间,研究区内土地利用景观经历了很大的变化。土地利用景观的量变主要体现在城镇用地的迅速扩张和耕地的锐减,而土地利用类型的变化则体现在水田、传统菜地的逐渐消失,以及2001年后人工牧草的大面积推广种植。景观格局在不同景观分区的差异也得以论证,中北部山麓平原卫星城镇、旅游林果区(III)具有最高的多样性和最低的优势度、聚集度,中南部平原高科技、都市生态农业区(II)的多样性最低,而优势度、聚集度最高,对于南部平原都市边缘、城镇住宅区(I)各指标则介于III和II区之间。 4、从1989~2001年期间,土地利用的内部转移主要体现在耕地向城镇用地的大面积转移,其次,传统菜地转向城镇用地和其他种植耕地,而人工牧草是由部分耕地转移而来的。城镇化、水资源短缺和农业政策是主要驱动因素。土地利用的内部转移具有明显的区域差异,中北部山麓平原卫星城、旅游林果区体现出卫星城镇的发展,南部平原都市边缘住宅区则反映出北京都市边缘的向外扩张,而中南部平原高科技都市农业区则正向现代化的、高科技都市农业示范区发展。 5、昌平区三种主要的城镇化模式,即都市边缘带状城镇扩展模式、交通主轴线状城镇扩展模式和卫星城面状城镇扩展模式。研究表明,昌平区的城镇化主要集中在1989~1996年期间。 基于昌平区的产业与经济结构现状,土壤养分状况,景观结构现状、动态,土地利用转移方向,并且结合昌平区自然地理分异规律,社会经济因素对昌平区进行了可持续景观规划,昌平区应遵循的四个景观分区为:北部中低山生态保护、生态旅游区;中北部山麓平原卫星城镇、旅游林果区;中南部平原高科技、都市生态农业区;南部平原都市边缘、城镇住宅区。 最后作为总结、归纳,我们提出昌平区优化生态生产范式,昌平区的发展应定位于(1)生态环境保护与水源涵养的生态功能;(2)教育、示范、创新功能;(3)生活功能,并且遵循自然地域分异规律原则、因地制宜原则、生态主导性原则、统筹兼顾原则,大力发展昌平区经济的优势产业,即畜牧业、林果业和旅游业,突出肉羊、苹果、牧草和林木种苗等四个具有昌平特色的主导产业。 景观生态学;景观空间格局;可持续景观生态规划;土地利用变化;优化生态生产范式;北京昌平区

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松嫩平原农牧交错区位于松嫩平原的西部,中国北方农牧交错带的最东端;具有独特的地质环境特点,环境问题突出,是我国生态脆弱地区之一,及世界三大苏打盐碱土集中分布区之一。近年来,由于人为的不合理利用和开垦、以及粗放的生产模式,使该地区生态系统严重受损,土地沙漠化、水土流失、盐碱化、土地生产力下降等生态环境问题日益突出。因此,建立一个适合该地区生态环境条件、社会经济发展状况的优化生态-生产范式是必要而紧迫的。 本论文以松嫩平原农牧交错区为研究对象,以其典型地段为切入点,通过大量数据的收集、文献资料的查阅、野外考察与测定、室内分析处理等,得出了以下主要结论: 一、生态-地理环境背景分析 松嫩平原农牧交错区是多种生态-地理环境危害并存的区域,其中包括盐碱化、沙漠化、气候灾害、水资源短缺等等。当前,沙化土地和盐碱化土地的面积已占该地区土地总面积的34.27 %,并且呈逐年递增的趋势。松嫩平原农牧交错区气候灾害频发,主要是旱灾、水灾、风灾。此外,水资源短缺以及水质问题,同样影响着农业生产及社会经济发展。造成松嫩平原农牧交错区多种生态-地质环境危害并存的主要影响机制是:该地区自身的地质-地理环境特点、气候因素和人类活动的综合效应,并且人类活动日益成为主要驱动因子。 二、实例研究 松嫩平原农牧交错区优化生态-生产范式研究是以长岭县为例,通过对长岭县景观格局变化分析、土壤格局分布、农牧业生产特点、以及农业可持续性评价等,得出以下结论: 1、对研究区内土地利用格局分析表明:1980 ~ 2000年,在土地利用类型没有发生变化的基础上,表现为各土地利用类型面积上的增减;草地、林地大面积地向农田转移,农田面积明显增加;大规模地开垦农田,已经导致了景观的优势度增加,破碎度增加,多样性下降,这最终将使整个景观趋于更加不稳定。 2、长岭县土壤总体水平较差,障碍性土壤占长岭县总土地面积的55.38 %。从土地利用变化对不同地势条件下土壤理化性状影响分析,结果表明:(1)地势相对高的平台地,土壤肥力较高,且开垦对土壤理化性质的影响相对较小,更适合农业开发;(2)低地原生植被为草甸草原,其养分状况也比较好,但其地势较低,易发生水渍和盐碱化;(3)坡地是当地土壤养分最为贫瘠地区,也是风沙土较集中分布的区域,对其开垦会增大土壤的风蚀和水蚀,使土壤养分状况严重下降。 3、对研究区牧草资源分布格局、牧草资源承载力和利用现状等进行分析,结果表明:放牧系统提供的牧草资源已不能满足当地畜牧业对牧草资源的需求。草地提供的牧草资源仅能满足总牧草需求的16.6 %,放牧系统提供的牧草仅占总牧草需求的47.3 %;玉米秸秆转化为牧草资源的潜力巨大,经估算,占总牧草资源的78.3 %,其承载力为总牧草需求的2.4倍。当前,农牧交错区牧草资源的粗蛋白含量普遍偏低,不能完全满足动物生产的需要,制约了当地畜牧业发展。根据当地畜牧业现状、牧草资源潜力,我们提出:应在合理利用当地牧草资源的基础上,有计划地建立高产优质、富含粗蛋白的人工牧草基地,实现畜牧业可持续发展与生态保护的协调统一。 4、长岭县是以第一产业为主,即农业生产为主要经济来源。对农业生产结构的分析表明:农牧业生产占总农业产值的90 %以上,并以种植业为主,种植业一直占总农业产值60 %以上。受当地气候条件、土壤格局分布的限制,单一粮食生产、粗放的生产模式以及对天然草地资源的过分依赖,最终导致该地区农牧业发展缓慢,经济条件落后。 5、在上述分析的基础上,作者提出了长岭县优化生态-生产范式,即以高效农业生产、生活圈,水土保持和自然生态保育圈、牧草生产基地及生态功能保护圈的三圈等级系统。以此为依据,对土地利用格局进行调整,通过粮、草、经多元农业结构的建设,在合理利用与保护草地的基础上,使长岭县畜牧业走向产业化的发展模式。

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作为陆地植物生长和生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子之一,土壤氮素矿化和可利用性对全球变化的响应决定着未来陆地生态系统的碳储量并对全球碳循环产生长远的深刻影响。众所周知,土壤中大部分氮以有机态存在,有机态氮必须经过转化成为无机态氮才能被植物吸收利用。土壤氮素矿化是将有机态氮转化为无机态氮的生物化学过程,决定着土壤中氮素的可利用性。理解氮素在草原生态系统中的转化(包括矿化,硝化作用)过程,有助于我们充分认识草地退化机理,为草地恢复和重建提供理论依据。在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站的典型羊草草原区,选取了1979年围封(没有割草和放牧利用)、1999年围封(没有割草和放牧利用)和长期自由放牧三种不同土地利用方式的羊草草地,分别代表人为干扰强度从小到大的梯度,利用室内和野外原状土培育实验两种方法,研究了人为干扰强度和环境因子(温度和水分)对土壤无机氮转化的影响。 室内实验:设置不同的温度梯度和水分梯度,在不同的时间段内在室内对原状土柱进行培养,观察这些因子对土壤净氮矿化的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤无机氮库(NH4+-N和NO3−-N)在不同土地利用变化情况下具有显著差异。但是,经过室内培养,净氮矿化速率和硝化速率之间差异不显著,只有铵化速率表现出显著差异。(2)温度对铵化、硝化和矿化速率有显著影响。但是当培养温度低于5℃时,无论培养时间多长净氮矿化的累积和净氮矿化速率之间差异皆不显著。温度高于15℃的三个温度之间净氮矿化的累积和净氮矿化速率差异极显著。(3)土壤湿度对净硝化和净矿化速率有显著影响,但是对铵化速率没有显著影响,表明当土壤水分限制硝化细菌的活性时,硝化速率对于水分的增加显得更加敏感。(4)培养时间对铵化、硝化和矿化量的积累有极显著影响。随着培养时间的延长铵态氮积累的量较少,但是硝态氮的量随着培养时间延长积累的量很多。(5)我们的研究表明温度、湿度和培养时间之间对净氮矿化的影响存在极显著的互作效应。 野外试验:在三种不同土地利用历史的草地,利用顶盖埋管原位培育法测定土壤的无机氮库、净硝化、铵化和净氮矿化的季节动态。2004年5月开始,每隔30天一次,到11月结束。结果表明:(1)三种不同土地利用方式的草地生态系统土壤中的NO3--N和NH4+-N含量都表现出明显的季节变化趋势,自由放牧样地与围封25年样地季节趋势基本一致,围封5年样地各月间NO3--N和NH4+-N含量的差异都达到显著水平。(2)三种不同土地利用方式的草地无机氮的季节动态两两比较发现,NO3--N浓度在6、7和9月差异极显著;而在8月三个样地之间差异不显著;NH4+-N浓度在5月、7月和8月三个样地之间都达到显著水平,在6月、9月和10月情况有所不同,6月自由放牧地与围封25年间差异不显著,而这两个样地与围封5年的样地差异达显著水平,9月围封25年和围封5年两个样地之间差异不显著,而与自由放牧样地之间差异显著;10月情况又有变化,是自由放牧样地与围封5年的样地之间差异不显著,与围封25年样地之间差异达显著水平;(3)土壤无机氮库和氮素的矿化/硝化速率都存在明显且比较一致的季节动态,但是在个别月份也有较大差异,总的趋势是围封25年的样地硝化速率高于围封5年和自由放牧样地。上述结果表明:在温带典型草原,土地利用方式对土壤氮素库和矿化有着重要影响;各样地之间土壤氮素库和矿化速率的差异可能是由于土壤温度、水分、无机氮库和土壤基质的改变而引起的。

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陆地生态系统是人类赖以生存与持续发展的基础。由于其巨大的碳储存能力陆地生态系统在全球碳循环过程中发挥着重要作用,尤其是在延缓因大气中CO2浓度升高所引起的气候变化方面作用更为突出。作为世界上最广布的植被类型之一,草地生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,其面积占到全球陆地面积的五分之一。中国有着世界第二大的草地生态系统,面积为3.55×108 hm2,约占世界草地面积的6%~8%,其碳储量为世界总碳储量的9%~16%。以内蒙古高原为主体的北方草地,面积约占国土总面积的40%左右,是一种重要的可再生的农牧业资源;作为一种重要的绿色生态屏障,北方草地在调节气候,涵养水源,防风固沙,净化空气和美化环境等方面起着重要作用。由于人口的增长和经济发展的需求,许多土地利用方式呈现在北方农牧交错区。地处内蒙古高原南麓的多伦县属于典型的农牧交错区,良好的气候条件和复杂的人文环境决定了多种土地利用方式在这一地区的并存,为开展不 同土地利用方式对草地生态系统影响的研究提供了天然的研究场所。 本研究选择了多伦县境内的6种土地利用方式作为研究对象,即围封禁牧样地、刈割禁牧样地、自由放牧样地、人工(紫花苜蓿)草地、农田(青贮玉米)和弃耕地,主要研究在这几种不同的土地利用方式影响下,土壤碳氮储量、草地生态系统功能(生产力等)和群落结构的变化。通过对土壤碳氮储量变化的研究发现: (1) 不同土地利用方式因其地上净初级生产力的不同而影响了土壤的碳氮储量,但是高的地上初级生产力并不一定能提高土壤的碳氮储量,如青贮玉米地。这主要是因为土壤碳氮储量与根系和凋落的输入相关。 (2) 不同土地利用方式对植被的浅层(0-20 cm)根系影响较大,继而影响了土壤的碳氮储量。这是因为大约80%的根系碳氮和50%的土壤碳氮储量都集中分布在这一层次。而土壤潜在库容的进一步扩大则要依靠深层根系生物量的增加,以提高深层土壤的碳氮含量,如人工(苜蓿)草地。 (3) 在合理利用方式或者科学管理措施下,草地土壤有机碳储量处于8 kg C m-2到10 kg C m-2之间,比过度退化草地的有机碳储量提高了50%。 (4) 经过短期恢复,土壤的库容量会很快增加,表现出较强的储存功能。因此,通过合理的土地利用方式和管理措施,中国北方农牧交错区可以转变成一个巨大的碳汇。 通过对不同利用方式下草地生态系统的功能、群落结构和物种多样性恢复的研究,得到如下实验结果: (1) 与自由放牧相比,短期(5年)禁牧(围封和刈割)提高了草地的地上净初级生产力和物种数目。围封禁牧和刈割禁牧草地的地上净初级生产力分别比自由放牧草地高出107.3%和50%;而物种数目则分别比自由放牧草地增加了14.8%和25.9%。 (2) 围封和刈割禁牧,尤其是后者,主要增加了非禾本科草本植物在群落中所占的比例;而在自由放牧草地,灌木和半灌木种群在群落中占有绝对优势。 (3) 物种多样性和生产力间的关系因外部干扰程度的不同而变化。在轻度干扰(围封禁牧)和中度干扰(刈割禁牧)下,生产力和物种多样性间呈指数正相关关系;而在重度干扰(自由放牧)下,群落地上净初级生产力随着物种多样性的增加呈指数递减的趋势。 通过对不同土地利用(或干扰)方式下,草地生态系统小尺度上的空间属性进行分析后,得到以下研究结果: (1) 群落和物种的地上生物量以及土壤养分均表现出显著的小尺度空间结构特征,并且在不同利用方式影响下,这种空间属性表现出较大的差异。 (2) 禁牧(围封和刈割)草地的土壤有机碳和氮含量比较高。土壤有机碳的变程较小,变化范围为0.83~1.40 m,其在三种类型土地利用的变异系数都维持在18.0%左右;土壤全氮的空间自相关尺度为0.46~14.69m,变异系数为12.10%~30.86%。 (3) 群落地上生物量以禁牧(围封和刈割)草地较高。在围封禁牧和刈割禁牧草地内的变异系数分别为26.48%和19.94%,在自由放牧草地的变异系数为67.47%;其空间自相关尺度为0.74~3.9m。在不同的土地利用方式下,物种、功能群以及多样性指数都表现出显著的空间异质性,并且其空间属性变化各异。 (4) 土壤养分和植被的空间分布相互影响,互为因果关系。这种小尺度的空间格局差异是群落演替的驱动力,而不同的土地利用方式正是通过改变群落内小尺度的空间属性来影响了群落的演替方向。 在不同土地利用方式影响下,草地生态系统不仅在宏观功能,如生态系统生产力、群落结构和土壤的碳氮储量等方面表现出较大的差异,而且在微观结构上,如土壤养分和物种的空间属性等方面也发生了明显了变化,并且宏观和微观上的变化相互促进相互影响,它们的相互作用在很大程度上决定了群落的演替方向和草地生态系统全球变化过程中的具体作用。