1000 resultados para Inglês como língua estrangeira
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A avaliação é um componente importante no processo de ensino/aprendizagem dentro do contexto escolar e seu resultado tem reflexos extra-classe, na medida em que aprovar ou reprovar tem significados pessoal e social fundamentais para o futuro do aluno. A avaliação escolar, atualmente questionada, tem na prova seu instrumento principal. Visando contribuir para a compreensão desse processo na escola, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de descrever provas elaboradas por professores de inglês do ensino fundamental bem como buscar, junto a eles, razões para o perfil descrito. O trabalho envolveu quatro professoras de inglês da 5ª à 8ª séries, de uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental, no interior do Rio Grande do Sul, no ano de 2004. A metodologia escolhida para desenvolver a investigação foi o estudo de caso por ser indicada para pesquisas que envolvam questões de "como" e "por que" (Yin, 2003). Constituíram dados da pesquisa 40 provas elaboradas pelas professoras; entrevistas semi-estruturadas com elas, a direção e os alunos, observações durante visitas à escola e de documentos da escola. As provas foram analisadas quanto ao conteúdo avaliado, às técnicas utilizadas e às qualidades de validade, confiabilidade e efeito retroativo. Para a descrição e análise das provas, foram tomados como base os trabalhos de Genesee e Upshur (1998), Bachman e Palmer (1996). Para a discussão das razões para a elaboração desse padrão de prova, a partir das entrevistas com as professoras, foram determinadas as seguintes categorias temáticas: o professor, o aluno, a importância do ensino de inglês e a avaliação. As conclusões indicam: a) quanto aos conteúdos avaliados, o foco das provas concentra-se predominantemente em itens gramaticais, no vocabulário e na estrutura da oração simples; b) quanto às técnicas, há o predomínio de técnicas de resposta limitada mais fáceis de elaborar e corrigir e que exigem pouco conhecimento lingüístico do professor; c) as provas apresentam grau médio de confiabilidade e validade e efeito retroativo negativo. A análise das entrevistas indica que as provas têm esse perfil porque as professoras mantêm visões tradicionais de avaliação, em conseqüência da falta de instrução sobre o assunto no curso de formação inicial, e porque apresentam deficiências significativas na competência lingüístico-comunicativa.
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Nesta dissertação, faz-se um estudo do gênero artigo científico, em especial de expressões típicas de seu desenvolvimento e organização. Essas expressões foram denominadas marcadores textuais, e os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificá-las e verificar seus padrões de uso em textos em português e inglês, em um estudo permeado pelos interesses e pelas perspectivas da tradução e apoiado pelos pressupostos da Retórica Contrastiva. Para esse fim, foram utilizados dois corpora: um em português, composto de 333 artigos, e outro em inglês, composto de 111 artigos. Os mesmos foram analisados utilizandose a ferramenta WordSmith Tools, empregada pelos estudos em Lingüística de Corpus. Os marcadores selecionados a partir dos corpora foram classificados com base nas metafunções da linguagem propostas por Halliday. Após essa classificação, comparamos as ocorrências das unidades em inglês e português, observando padrões de uso, freqüência e colocação.
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Esta pesquisa analisa como os participantes (alunos-estagiários do Curso de Letras, licenciatura em inglês) percebem a autonomia na aprendizagem de uma LE. Embasada em princípios etnográficos, relata-se como esses aprendizes percebem o papel do aluno e o do professor em sala de aula, como avaliam seu desempenho como alunos, durante seu curso de graduação, e o sistema instrucional. Examina, ainda, a maneira como os participantes fazem frente às constrições que encontram em sua sala de aula, como se avaliam e quais experiências consideram positivas ou negativas para sua formação como professores. Finalmente, reporta as divergências e as convergências entre seu discurso e sua práxis, focando a relação existente entre essa práxis e seu conhecimento teórico de Lingüística Aplicada e aponta algumas mudanças de atitudes e crenças que foram apresentadas durante o processo de geração de dados. Esses dados foram gerados durante um ano letivo, por meio de questionários, entrevistas, weblogs, filmagem das aulas dos estagiários, sessões de visionamento das aulas filmadas, anotações da pesquisadora sobre as aulas dos aprendizes e relatórios escritos pelos estagiários. Os resultados mostram que as participantes consideram, teoricamente, a autonomia como um aspecto importante na formação do indivíduo e na aprendizagem de uma LE, percebem, nitidamente, as diferentes nuances entre os papeis do aluno e do professor. Todas elas consideram que, tanto seu desempenho no curso como o sistema educacional poderiam ter sido melhores: todas reagem às constrições encontradas e buscam solucioná-las; no entanto, todas declaram ter tido experiências positivas para sua formação como professoras. A relação que estabelecem entre o conhecimento teórico da Lingüística Aplicada e sua sala de aula parece ser muito significativa. Finalmente, observou-se que, apenas duas das participantes alteraram suas atitudes e/ou crenças.
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Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo comparativo sobre a realização de atos de fala de pedido em situações de hotelaria em inglês americano, português brasileiro e inglês como segunda língua para estudantes brasileiros.na perspectiva da pragmática da interlíngua. Após a análise dos pedidos feitos pelos três grupos, foi feita uma comparação com o objetivo de verificar se os aprendizes de inglês como segunda língua tendem a transferir padrões pragmáticos de sua L1 para a L2 na realização de atos de fala de pedidos. Teve também o intuito de saber se o aprendiz de L2 realiza atos de fala de pedido com níveis de polidez mais freqüentes e mais próximos aos de sua L1, e se esta transferência leva à falta de autenticidade. Os resultados sugerem que os aprendizes de IL2 têm consciência da importância da polidez no contexto hoteleiro, mas que ao realizar pedidos em L2 ainda utilizam estratégias pragmáticas e níveis de polidez mais freqüentes e mais próximos de sua L1, causa da falta de autenticidade dos mesmos.
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This present work has as objective to analyze the interpretation of the syntactic and semantic meaning performed by third graders in the nominal groups (NGs) with attributive adjectives in the English language in a text of the final exam in the ESP (English for Specific Purposes) discipline. The corpus is made up of 30 exams of two classes from a third grade institution of the biomedical area, corresponding to the basic and advanced levels of the second term in 2006. The text has 24 NGs of different lexical content, a total of 27 NGs in the whole text summing up to 810 analyzed occurrences. The analysis is carried out at the morphologic, syntactic and semantic levels using as theoretical background the traditional and functional grammars (QUIRK et al, 1985; CELSE-MURCIA et al, 1998; TUCKER, 1998), in their semantic aspects, the Semantics (FRAWLEY, 1992) and the Cognitive Linguistics (TAYLOR, 2002). We concluded that the main difficulties were due to the lack of vocabulary and to the use of mother tongue strategies instead of using the top-down strategies for reading a text in English to compensate this gap. We also observed that even when the vocabulary was known, there were difficulties in establishing the semantic and syntactic relations between modifier and noun head. We suggested improvements for the teaching of reading English texts at the third grade grounded in the obtained results such as a more comprehensive study of the several different morphologic and syntactic structures of the NGs with premodifiers and their semantic consequences, an approach of the morphologic, syntactic and semantic aspects of the NGs and the use of both top-down and bottom-up strategies when reading a NG in the English language
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This study presents the results of a survey conducted in the area of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in order to identify (1) the learning needs of students in a course in Tourism, their desires and lacks, at a federal university, with respect to use of English; (2) the needs of the present situation of teachers and the coordinator of that course as to the language; (3) the needs of the target situation of professionals (graduates) and companies with respect to this language. This research is a case study (STAKE, 1998; YIN, 2009) and was used for data collection, instruments such as questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and document on the Tourism Course. To this end, it was adopted the theoretical basis for the constructs of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) Inglês para Fins Específicos (IFE) in Brazil, also known as Inglês Instrumental, whose foundation is based on the work by Hutchinson and Waters (1987), Robinson (1991), Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998), Celani, Deyes, Holmes, Scott (2006), among others, since this work is devoted to a specific area, Tourism. Results show that students opined the ability to prioritize reading and speaking into the classroom. Professionals reported that the latter is an indispensable tool for entering the labor market, yet they feel unprepared and need to attend English language courses in private language schools. The testimony of company executives also point to this deficiency. Finally, the present situation of teachers reveals that, while advocating the use of English in the classroom, this is not because students prefer their mother tongue. There is also an evident lack of needs analysis. Eventually, the coordinator said that there is some uncertainty as to the methodology, content and language skills worked, and the lack of interaction among teachers of English. It was concluded, therefore, it is important to conduct a needs analysis so that one can redesign a course that meets the different contextual needs: students, teachers, coordination, represented by the institutional needs, and the labor market
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This dissertation aims at characterizing the practices as well as the effects of a teacher s feedback in oral conversation interaction with students in an English Language classroom at a Primary School, 6th Grade in Açu/RN, Brazil. Therefore, this study is based on Vygotsky s (1975) and Bruner´s (1976) researches, which state that the learning process is constructed through interaction between a more experienced individual (teacher, parents and friends) and a learner who plays an active role, a re-constructor of knowledge. It is also based on Ur´s (2006) and Brookhart s (2008) studies (among other authors in Applied Linguistic) who defend that the feedback process needs to be evaluative and formative since it sets interfaces with both students autonomy and learning improvement. Our study is based on qualitative, quantitative and interpretive researches, whose natural environment (the classroom) is a direct source of data generated in this research through field observations/note-taking as well as through the transcriptions of five English classes audio taped. This study shows the following results: the teacher still seems to accept the patterns of interaction in the classroom that correspond to the IRE process (Initiation, Response, Evaluation) in behaviorist patterns: (1) he speaks and determines the turns of speech; (2) the teacher asks more questions and directs the activities most of the time; (3) the teacher´s feedback presents the following types: questioning, modeling, repeated response, praise, depreciation, positive/negative and sarcasm feedback, whose functions are to assess students' performance based on the rightness and wrongness of their responses. Thus, this implies to state that the feedback does not seem to help students improvement in terms of acquiring knowledge because of its normative effects/roles. Therefore, it is the teacher´s role to give evaluative and formative feedback to a student so that he/she should advance in the learning of the language and in the construction of knowledge
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VoiceThread (VT) is a collaborative and asynchronous web 2.0 tool, which permits the creation of oral presentations with the help of images, documents, texts and voice, allowing groups of people to browse and contribute with comments using several options: voice (microphone or cell phone), text and audio-file or video (webcam) (BOTTENTUIT JUNIOR, LISBÔA E COUTINHO, 2009). The hybrid experience with VoiceThread allows learners to plan their speech before recording it, without the pressure often existent in the classroom. Furthermore, the presentations can be recorded several times, enabling students to listen to them, notice the gaps in their oral production (noticing) and edit innumerous times before publishing them online. In this perspective, oral production is seen as a process of L2 acquisition, not only as practice of already existent knowledge, because it can stimulate the learner to process the language syntactically (SWAIN, 1985; 1995). In this context, this study aims to verify if there is a relation between the oral production of the learners more specifically the grammatical accuracy and the global oral grade and their noticing capacity, how the systematic practice with VoiceThread, in a hybrid approach, can impact the learners global oral development, their oral production in terms of fluency (number of words per minute), accuracy (number of errors in hundred words), and complexity (number of dependent clauses per minute), and on their noticing capacity (SCHMIDT, 1990; 1995; 2001), that is, the learner s capacity of noticing the gaps existent in their oral production. In order to answer these research questions, 49 L2 learners of English were divided into an experimental group (25 students) and a control group (24 students). The experimental group was exposed to the hybrid approach with VT during two months and, through a pre- and post-test, we verified if this systematic practice would positively influence these participants oral production and noticing capacity. These results were compared to the pre- and post-test scores from the control group, which was not exposed to VT. Finally, learners impressions in relation to the use of this tool were also sought through a questionnaire applied after the post-test. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the learners speech production (accuracy and global oral grade) and their noticing capacity. Besides, it was verified a positive impact of VoiceThread on the learners speech production variables and on their noticing capacity. They also reveal a positive reaction by the learners in relation to the hybrid experience with this web tool
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This research has as its theoretical and methodological assumptions (1) the Narrative Inquiry (CLANDININ; CONNELLY, 2011), (2) the Systemic Functional Grammar (HALLIDAY, 1985, 1994; THOMPSON, 2002; EGGINS, 1994; HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and (3) the English for Specific Purposes Approach (ESP - HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1987; CELANI, 2005; RAMOS, 2005), and its overall objective is to survey the meanings construed by the participants who are ESP practitioners and have not received a specific education to teach this approach at their undergraduation. The field texts and therefore the analises were divided into two distinct groups: the first with data generated from a questionnaire applied to nine professors from a federal university in the northeast of Brazil, which contains open and closed questions about their training and their experiences in teaching ESP; the second group, focusing this time on the experiences of three professors from the first group who were still teaching ESP, with data generated from interviews with these participants in addition to the data generated from their autobiographies and from the researcher´s as well. The computational tool WordSmith Tools 6.0 (SCOTT, 2012) was used to select, organize, and quantify data to be analyzed in the first group of texts, identifying the types of Processes and Participants through the Transitivity System (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004). The Processes which were more used by the professors in the questionnaire were the Material, followed by the Relational and then the Mental ones, indicating that most professors reported their actions related to the teaching of ESP, rated or evaluated the approach, their training to teach it and their experiences, hence, rarely showing their thoughts and emotions about teaching ESP. Most of the nine professors say they carry out needs analysis, but not all do it according to the authors cited by them or the ones that are considered a reference in this area, such as the ones used in this research as reference. Similarly, their definitions and conceptions of ESP, in most cases, differed from these authors. All the professors claim not having had specific education to teach ESP at the undergraduation. When examining the stories of the four teachers, in the second group of the field texts, based on meaning composition according to Ely, Vinz, Downing and Anzul (2001), it was revealed that the kind of knowledge they report using when they teach ESP is related to their Personal Practical Knowledge and their Professional Knowledge (ELBAZ, 1983; CLANDININ, 1988). In their autobiographies, metaphors were also identified and they represent their concepts of teaching and being a teacher. Through this research, we hope to contribute to the understanding of what teaching ESP might mean for professors in the researched context and also to the continuing education of ESP practitioners, as well as to a review of the curricula in the English language undergraduate courses and of the role of ESP in the training of these professionals
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Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos - IBILCE
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos - IBILCE