989 resultados para Fragmento B da toxina diftérica (dtb)


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在中国北方大部分地区,水分始终是影响植物生长和分布的最主要限制性因子之一,植物在其生长期经常遭受水分胁迫。不仅如此,随着大气同温层中臭氧浓度的减少,过量的有害紫外辐射(主要是UV-B,280nm-320nm)将穿透大气层达到地球表面。随着全球变化的加剧,这些地区的植物将不可避免地受UV-B和水分胁迫的共同作用。 本实验是在北京东灵山暖温带森林生态系统中,选择常见灌丛土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens),建立UV-B控制实验。连续三个生长季每天增补9.4kJ•m-2的辐射剂量,模拟臭氧衰减17%时近地表面UV-B辐射的增强。本实验的目的是观测在野外环境下,长时间人工增强UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊水分生理、氮素利用以及形态特征的影响。具体对以下指标进行测定:叶片的气孔导度、碳同位素比率(δ13 C)、叶含水量、叶面积、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶全氮含量、叶氮素再吸收率。 实验结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著减少了土庄绣线菊的叶面积(50.1%),提高了叶片全氮含量(102%),处理植株的氮素再吸收率比对照植株高出50.9%。同时,UV-B辐射还在一定程度上(尽管统计显示不显著)降低了气孔导度(16.1%)、胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度之比(Ci/Ca) (4.0%)、提高了碳同位素比率(δ13 C)(20.5‰)、叶含水量(3.1%)及比叶重(SLW)(5.2%),从而导致水分利用效率(WUE)的增加(4.1%),植物的抗旱能力增强。值得注意的是,深层土壤(30-40cm)含水量变化会影响气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE对紫外辐射的响应程度:在土壤干旱的季节(6月和9月),气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE这些指标处理和对照的差异很小,但是当土壤水分充足时(7月和8月),处理和对照的差异就较为显著。另外,随着实验处理时间的延长UV-B的效应变得不显著。相关分析表明,UV-B辐射降低了土壤含水量(30-40cm)与土庄绣线菊叶含水量、δ13 C、Ci/Ca、气孔导度的相关系数,增强了WUE与土壤含水量的相关性,这也许是由于UV-B辐射增强了WUE对土壤水分变化的敏感性。本研究的结果表明UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊的形态和生长有显著的影响,但对主要水分生理指标影响不显著。

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为了重建东亚季风区域2.5MaB.P.前后植被和气候变化的历史,更好地了解低纬度地区植被变化及其对全球变化的响应,本研究选择了南海南部ODP1143站深海沉积物中的孢粉样品进行研究。通过高分辨率(7ka)的孢粉样品的分析研究,建立起3.0~2.0MaB.P.时段南海深海沉积孢粉组合序列,系统建立了这一时段植被演替序列。在此基础上,重点研究了2.5MaB.P.前后气候变化在南海周边地区植被演替中的响应,为探索和揭示东亚古季风及古环境演变提供了孢粉学依据。 ODP 1143站位于南沙海区,北纬9º22´,东经113º17´,深海柱状样采于水深2772m的大陆坡。本研究以生物地层学和氧同位素年代学为依据建立了年龄框架,对1143站135~95m(3.0~2.6 Ma B. P.)深海沉积中的孢粉样品进行了分析,建立了3.0~2.0MaB.P.时段南海深海沉积孢粉组合序列。孢粉样品处理方法主要是用盐酸去掉钙质和氢氟酸浸泡溶解硅质后,再用筛子将样品在超声波发生器中震荡过滤。孢粉的鉴定和统计在光学透视显微镜下完成。研究结果表明: 1、孢粉谱的主要特征是沉积率变化显著。与3.0~2.6 Ma B. P. 相比,2.6~2.0 Ma B. P.各类型花粉及孢子沉积率均有显著提高。该结果表明2.6 Ma B. P.南海海平面有显著下降,可与北半球冰盖形成、东亚季风增强相对应。 2、2.6 Ma B. P.以来,各类型孢粉沉积率变化与深海氧同位素分期相对应,代表了多次冰期-间冰期旋回。该结果表明南海海平面曾有多次上升和下降。 3、频谱分析结果表明,3.0~2.0 Ma B. P.存在0.1 Ma(偏心率)和46.9ka(斜率)的周期。

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The molecular chaperone αB-crystallin is a small heat-shock protein that is upregulated in response to a multitude of stress stimuli, and is found colocalized with Aβ amyloid fibrils in the extracellular plaques that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. We investigated whether this archetypical small heat-shock protein has the ability to interact with Aβ fibrils in vitro. We find that αB-crystallin binds to wild-type Aβ(42) fibrils with micromolar affinity, and also binds to fibrils formed from the E22G Arctic mutation of Aβ(42). Immunoelectron microscopy confirms that binding occurs along the entire length and ends of the fibrils. Investigations into the effect of αB-crystallin on the seeded growth of Aβ fibrils, both in solution and on the surface of a quartz crystal microbalance biosensor, reveal that the binding of αB-crystallin to seed fibrils strongly inhibits their elongation. Because the lag phase in sigmoidal fibril assembly kinetics is dominated by elongation and fragmentation rates, the chaperone mechanism identified here represents a highly effective means to inhibit fibril proliferation. Together with previous observations of αB-crystallin interaction with α-synuclein and insulin fibrils, the results suggest that this mechanism is a generic means of providing molecular chaperone protection against amyloid fibril formation.

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本文以光敏色素A (phyA)的特异性基因片段RPA3为探针,利用RNA斑点杂交的方法对光敏核不育水稻农垦58S及对照农垦58叶片中phyA mRNA的丰度进行了分析。结果显示:在育性转换敏感期,光周期处理O天时,农垦58S (NK 58S) phyA mR-NA的丰度比农垦58 (NK 58) phyA mRNA的高。光周期处理5天(雌雄蕊原基形成期)及10天(花粉母细胞形成期)时,短日照条件下(SD),NK 58S phyA mRNA的丰度均比NK58高。进一步比较3天龄NK58S及NK58黄化苗中phyA基因表达的差异,发现NK58S phyA mRNA的丰度比NK58高,并且两品种均符合黄化苗中phyA对其mRNA丰度的负调控作用。这一结果进一步证实:甲基化水平低的NK58S phyA基因比NK58 phyA基因更活跃地表达,进而导致转录水平与翻译水平上的差异,最终参与调节NK 58S的育性转换。 另外,通过持续远红光和红光照射黄化水稻幼苗诱导叶绿素合成的实验,分析了NK58S与NK58之间光敏色素生物功能的差异。持续远红光高辐照度反应(FR-HIR)由phyA负责调节,持续红光高辐照度反应(R-HIR)由phyB负责调节。实验结果显示:持续FR使NK58S与NK58合成叶绿素的含量在12 h时达到最高,并且NK58中叶绿素合成的相对效应比NK585高。持续R使NK58S及NK58中叶绿素的含量在24小时连续处理下持续增加,而且在此时间进程中,NK58中叶绿素合成的相对效应也都比NK58S高。这些结果说明在NK58S和NK58中phyA和phyB均参与了叶绿素合成的调节,并且phyA,phyB在NK58S和NK58黄化苗转绿过程中的作用存在差异。

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Larval and juvenile development of finescale menhaden (Brevoortia gunteri) is described for the first time by using wild-caught individuals from Nueces Bay, Texas, and is compared with larval and juvenile development of co-occurring gulf menhaden (B. patronus). Meristics, morphometrics, and pigmentation patterns were examined as development proceeded. An illustrated series of finescale menhaden is presented to show changes that occurred during development. For finescale menhaden, transformation to the juvenile stage was completed by 17−19 mm standard length (SL). By contrast, transformation to the juvenile stage for gulf menhaden was not complete until 23−25 mm SL. Characteristics useful for separating larval and juvenile finescale menhaden from gulf menhaden included 1) the presence or absence of pigment at the base of the insertion of the pelvic fins; 2) the standard length at which medial predorsal pigment occurs; 3) differences in the number of dorsal fin ray elements; and, 4) the number of vertebrae.