Preparação e caracterização de sistemas emulsionados lipidicos contendo praziquantel

Praziquantel (PRZ) is the main drug used for treatment of schistosomiasis in Brazil. It is administered by oral rout as tablets. However, has low aqueous solubility which limits this therapeutic success dosage form and availability of liquid forms. The emulsion systems have great potential and represent an interesting strategy to increase the solubility of drugs. The aim of study was the development and characterization of lipid-emulsified liquid systems of the type oil in water (O / W), the base of soybean oil as the internal phase stabilized by surfactants pair Tween® 80 and Span® 80, for improving the phase biopharmaceutical of PRZ. After selecting the best value of Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB = 11), the parameters of the preparation of the formulations were optimized emulsification technique. The emulsions were successfully obtained; the liquid forms provided exhibited Newtonian behavior and an increase in solubility of PRZ higher than 20 times. The accelerated stability study demonstrated the stability of the emulsions and the effect of cosurfactants investigated. The study of the dynamics of interaction between components in the diagram showed pseudoternary phase regions to obtain O/W emulsions, whereas the study of the interaction of the components and their effect on system structure and the efficiency of incorporation of the drug led to systems with an amount of soluble drug even higher (about 1.5%), which demonstrates the potential of this new input mainly for the treatment of schistosomiasis, which resulted in the filing of patent BR 10 2013 0004 55 3

Períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura da soja nos sistemas de semeadura direta e convencional

A presente pesquisa objetivou estudar os efeitos dos períodos de controle e de convivência de uma comunidade infestante sobre as características produtivas da soja nos sistemas de semeadura direta (SSD), com o cultivar CD 201, e convencional (SSC), com a MSOY-6101. No SSD, a comunidade infestante foi composta principalmente por Alternanthera tenella, Cenchrus echinatus e Bidens pilosa, com densidade máxima de 377 plantas m-2, acumulando 365,7 g m-2 de matéria seca, e, no SSC, por A. tenella, Senna obtusifolia e Panicum maximum, com densidade máxima de 161 plantas m-2, acumulando 406,7 g m-2. Tolerando cinco por cento de perda na produtividade da cultura, constatou-se que os períodos críticos de prevenção da interferência foram dos 33 aos 66 DAE para o cultivar CD 201 no SSD e dos 34 aos 76 DAE para o cultivar M-SOY-6101 no SSC. A interferência das plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura reduziu, em média, 46% (SSD) e 32% (SSC) a produtividade de grãos da soja. Não houve efeito das plantas daninhas na estatura das plantas, na altura de inserção da primeira vagem e no número de vagens por planta.

Épocas de consórcio de alho com cenoura em três sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas, em Caçador-SC

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do consórcio alho e cenoura em quatro épocas de semeadura de cenoura e em três manejos de plantas daninhas, visando determinar os benefícios do consórcio em relação ao controle destas plantas, à produtividade, à rentabilidade e à sua qualidade comercial. Testaram-se quatro épocas de semeadura da cenoura (0, 15, 30 e 45 dias após o plantio do alho), combinadas a três manejos de plantas daninhas (com herbicida, sem controle e com capinas freqüentes). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com a época de semeadura da cenoura sendo parcela e o sistema de manejo, a sub-parcela, em quatro repetições. O oxadiazon a 750 g ha-1 não foi tóxico às plantas de alho nem às de cenoura. A rentabilidade do consórcio alho e cenoura foi vantajosa em relação ao monocultivo de alho, principalmente dentro do manejo com capinas freqüentes.

Emprego de redes neurais artificiais supervisionadas e não supervisionadas no estudo de parâmetros reológicos de excipientes farmacêuticos sólidos

In this paper artificial neural network (ANN) based on supervised and unsupervised algorithms were investigated for use in the study of rheological parameters of solid pharmaceutical excipients, in order to develop computational tools for manufacturing solid dosage forms. Among four supervised neural networks investigated, the best learning performance was achieved by a feedfoward multilayer perceptron whose architectures was composed by eight neurons in the input layer, sixteen neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. Learning and predictive performance relative to repose angle was poor while to Carr index and Hausner ratio (CI and HR, respectively) showed very good fitting capacity and learning, therefore HR and CI were considered suitable descriptors for the next stage of development of supervised ANNs. Clustering capacity was evaluated for five unsupervised strategies. Network based on purely unsupervised competitive strategies, classic "Winner-Take-All", "Frequency-Sensitive Competitive Learning" and "Rival-Penalize Competitive Learning" (WTA, FSCL and RPCL, respectively) were able to perform clustering from database, however this classification was very poor, showing severe classification errors by grouping data with conflicting properties into the same cluster or even the same neuron. On the other hand it could not be established what was the criteria adopted by the neural network for those clustering. Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and Neural Gas (NG) networks showed better clustering capacity. Both have recognized the two major groupings of data corresponding to lactose (LAC) and cellulose (CEL). However, SOM showed some errors in classify data from minority excipients, magnesium stearate (EMG) , talc (TLC) and attapulgite (ATP). NG network in turn performed a very consistent classification of data and solve the misclassification of SOM, being the most appropriate network for classifying data of the study. The use of NG network in pharmaceutical technology was still unpublished. NG therefore has great potential for use in the development of software for use in automated classification systems of pharmaceutical powders and as a new tool for mining and clustering data in drug development

Do controle de constitucionalidade dos atos jurisdicionais transitados em julgado

The following study aims to verify in which hypothesis res judicata, when it comes of an unconstitutional decision, shall not prevail over Constitution. It displayed the characteristics of formal and material constitutional systems. It debated the concepts of existence, validity and efficacy of juridical rules and acts. It dissertated about the idea of Constitution s superiority and about the birth of the judicial review of constitutionality. It focused some contemporary models of this judicial review and its historical evolution in Brazil, showing its effects towards the current Constitution. It sustained that the decision given by Supremo Tribunal Federal during abstract control of rules must bind even legislative bodies, preventing them to produce the same rules previously declared unconstitutional. It held up that all parts of the decision of Supremo Tribunal Federal oblige, even the juridical arguments employed, in both diffused and concentrated reviews. It showed that, despite these models of review live together in Brazil, our constitutional system preferred the concentrated one, considering one only court over the other constitutional organs. It discussed about res judicata with the purpose of clarifying its juridical nature, its objective and subjective limits and its regulation in collective demands. It explained that the material res judicata is an effect of a decision which cannot be reviewed, which makes the law s will free of discussion, binding the contendants and avoiding that other courts, judging future demands about the same object, may decide differently. It showed how the regulation of res judicata in collective demands, in respect oh their subjective limits, is useful to demonstrate that it is not the material law who must adapt itself to res judicata as traditionally thought, but res judicata, as a warranty of juridical certainty and security, who must be shaped from the debated rule. It presented to view the main doctrinal conceptions about res judicata s review in the hypothesis of unconstitutional judgement. It concluded that the decisions forged by unconstitutional rules or interpretations reputed not compatible to the Constitution by Supremo Tribunal Federal, in spite of it can make res judicata, may be reviewed beyond the term to file a recissory claim, since while the debated law is still valid, no matter if its decision was before or after the res judicata. At the end, it asserted that, when it is not legally authorized, the judicial review of res judicata is not admissible, after the term to file a recissory claim, under the argument that there was no direct violation to the constitutional principle or rule

A missão política do Supremo Tribunal Federal: análise de sua importância como corte constitucional para o controle do poder no Brasil

The following study proposes an analysis of the politic process which the brazilian constitutional justice faces, emphasizing the Supremo Tribunal Federal . For that purpose, we start by examining the intimate relationship between Politics and Law, in view of the most recent social systems theories, so that the political system is distinguished by the exclusiveness of using the physical force, intending to make coletive tying decisions, and the juridical system as a congruent generalization of the expectations towards the rules and principles, brought together under an interdependence by which both gather legitimacy and effectiveness. In this manner we can notice the political effects of the constitutional interpretation conducted by Judges as well as by other juridical professionals, because these ones decrease the overload of expectations which are pointed to the Judicature. Constitutional interpretation is democratized since the participative democracy arises and stablishes a permanent state of awareness around the exercise of power and favours the preservation of the pluralism (counter-majoritary principle) where we can find the origin of the democratic nature of constitutional courts, once, in most cases, their members are not elected by the people. After that, we analyse the historical posture of the Supremo Tribunal Federal as a constitutional court in Brazil, so we can realize the attempts to make it vulnerable to the appeals of governability and economical aims, agains which this court somehow has resisted, stressing its particularities. At the end, it s concluded that even the so-called acts of government, whose judiciary control is mostly repelled, are subjected to a constitutional analysis, last frontier to be explored by the Supremo Tribunal Federal in its role of exposing our republican Constitution

Influência da matéria orgânica dissolvida alóctone e autóctone sobre o balanço de carbono em sistemas aquáticos: um experimento em mesocosmos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Associação do óleo de mamona com Beauveria bassiana no controle da traça-das-crucíferas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência, a estabilidade, a forma de aplicação e a compatibilidade do óleo de mamona com o fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana no controle da traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliadas a eficiência, a estabilidade após 70 dias de armazenamento e a forma de aplicação do óleo de mamona. No segundo experimento, foi avaliada a compatibilidade do óleo de mamona com B. bassiana. A atividade inseticida do óleo de mamona é instável ao longo do tempo. O óleo de mamona é compatível com B. bassiana no controle de P. xylostella.

Efeito prolongado de sistemas de preparo do solo com e sem cultivo de soqueira de cana crua em algumas propriedades físicas do solo

Este trabalho foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, sob cultivo de cana crua, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito prolongado de sistemas de preparo do solo, com e sem cultivo da soqueira, e épocas de amostragem sobre algumas propriedades físicas do solo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo os tratamentos principais quatro sistemas de preparo do solo: (i) controle da soqueira com duas gradagens, subsolagem e mais uma gradagem de nivelamento; (ii) controle da soqueira com herbicida e uma subsolagem; (iii) controle da soqueira com herbicida; (iv) controle da soqueira com herbicida, aração com arado de aivecas e uma gradagem de nivelamento. Os tratamentos secundários foram: com cultivo e sem cultivo da soqueira. Os tratamentos ternários foram as épocas de avaliação: dois dias antes e após a quarta colheita da cultura. A porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade e densidade do solo foram avaliadas, além do perfilhamento e da produtividade da cultura. Após quatro sucessivas colheitas de cana crua, houve redução da macroporosidade com aumento da microporosidade nas camadas abaixo de 10 cm e aumento da densidade do solo entre 20 e 50 cm. A densidade do solo não foi alterada de modo consistente em função de todos os tratamentos testados. O cultivo da soqueira favoreceu o aumento da macroporosidade com decréscimo na microporosidade, e o efeito inverso foi observado após a colheita. Os sistemas de preparo do solo e de cultivo da soqueira não afetaram o perfilhamento e a produtividade da cultura.

Estoque de carbono e estabilidade de agregados de um latossolo vermelho distrófico, sob diferentes manejos

These systems of soil use and management are very important in carbon supply and stability of aggregates, because affect directly culture yields. The aim of this project is to evaluate the carbon supply and stability of Haplustox aggregates under different managements. It was utilized a completely randomized experimental design in split plot scheme, with six replications. Thus, the treatments utilized were three different soil managements ( native forest, pasture with Tanzania grass and corn). The plots were consisted by three layers (0-10; 10-20 and 20-30 cm) and were analyzed to determined the organic matter, organic carbon supply of soil ( layers and equivalent soil mass methods) and weighed average diameter (DMP) and geometrical average diameter (DMG). The results indicated that the evaluated managements systems affected the size of soil aggregates of the ground and in its distribution in the layer of 0-30 cm of depth. The greatest accumulation of carbon were in the surface layers, although, there were not variation between the management systems.

Qualidade física de um latossolo vermelho acriférrico sob diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estabilidade aeróbia, pH e dinâmica de desenvolvimento de microrganismos da cana-de-açúcar in natura hidrolisada com cal virgem

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estabilidade aeróbica de silagens de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) emurchecido e tratado com inoculante microbiano

Para avaliar o efeito de um inoculante microbiano sobre a estabilidade aeróbica de silagens de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) pré-seco, foi conduzido um experimento na UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal. O capim foi cortado com 96 dias de crescimento, permanecendo sob ação do sol, por aproximadamente 5 horas para o emurchecimento. Foram confeccionados silagens, em barricas plásticas de 200 L de capacidade, que receberam (CI) ou não (SI) o inoculante no momento da ensilagem. Para o estudo da deterioração aeróbica, na abertura dos silos (T0), cada barrica foi subdividida em três profundidades e as silagens expostas ao ar em um sistema, usado para a determinação de CO2, por 2 (T2), 4 (T4), 6 (T6) e 8 (T8) dias. A silagem da camada superficial não apresentou diferenças no valor de pH e contagem de leveduras, em relação à da camada intermediária, porém ambas apresentaram valores superiores à camada mais profunda. O teor de N-NH3 da camada superior foi menor que o da intermediária e profunda, que não diferiram entre si. A interação significativa entre inóculo e tempo de exposição mostrou que nos primeiros tempos de aeração (T0; T2 e T4) as silagens inoculadas não diferiram das controle em termos de pH, teor de N-NH3 e contagem de bolores, mas com avanço do tempo (T6 e T8) passaram a apresentar menor valor de pH, menor contagem de fungos e tendência a menor produção de CO2, indicando menor velocidade de deterioração após seis dias de exposição aeróbica.

Controle vetorial de velocidade de uma máquina de indução sem mancais trifásica com bobinado dividido utilizando estimação neural de fluxo

This work describes the study and the implementation of the vector speed control for a three-phase Bearingless induction machine with divided winding of 4 poles and 1,1 kW using the neural rotor flux estimation. The vector speed control operates together with the radial positioning controllers and with the winding currents controllers of the stator phases. For the radial positioning, the forces controlled by the internal machine magnetic fields are used. For the radial forces optimization , a special rotor winding with independent circuits which allows a low rotational torque influence was used. The neural flux estimation applied to the vector speed controls has the objective of compensating the parameter dependences of the conventional estimators in relation to the parameter machine s variations due to the temperature increases or due to the rotor magnetic saturation. The implemented control system allows a direct comparison between the respective responses of the speed and radial positioning controllers to the machine oriented by the neural rotor flux estimator in relation to the conventional flux estimator. All the system control is executed by a program developed in the ANSI C language. The DSP resources used by the system are: the Analog/Digital channels converters, the PWM outputs and the parallel and RS-232 serial interfaces, which are responsible, respectively, by the DSP programming and the data capture through the supervisory system

Estudo de estratégias de otimização para poços de petróleo com elevação por bombeio de cavidades progressivas

The progressing cavity pump artificial lift system, PCP, is a main lift system used in oil production industry. As this artificial lift application grows the knowledge of it s dynamics behavior, the application of automatic control and the developing of equipment selection design specialist systems are more useful. This work presents tools for dynamic analysis, control technics and a specialist system for selecting lift equipments for this artificial lift technology. The PCP artificial lift system consists of a progressing cavity pump installed downhole in the production tubing edge. The pump consists of two parts, a stator and a rotor, and is set in motion by the rotation of the rotor transmitted through a rod string installed in the tubing. The surface equipment generates and transmits the rotation to the rod string. First, is presented the developing of a complete mathematical dynamic model of PCP system. This model is simplified for use in several conditions, including steady state for sizing PCP equipments, like pump, rod string and drive head. This model is used to implement a computer simulator able to help in system analysis and to operates as a well with a controller and allows testing and developing of control algorithms. The next developing applies control technics to PCP system to optimize pumping velocity to achieve productivity and durability of downhole components. The mathematical model is linearized to apply conventional control technics including observability and controllability of the system and develop design rules for PI controller. Stability conditions are stated for operation point of the system. A fuzzy rule-based control system are developed from a PI controller using a inference machine based on Mandami operators. The fuzzy logic is applied to develop a specialist system that selects PCP equipments too. The developed technics to simulate and the linearized model was used in an actual well where a control system is installed. This control system consists of a pump intake pressure sensor, an industrial controller and a variable speed drive. The PI control was applied and fuzzy controller was applied to optimize simulated and actual well operation and the results was compared. The simulated and actual open loop response was compared to validate simulation. A case study was accomplished to validate equipment selection specialist system