The family of chironomids or midges - Chironomidae. Keys to larvae and pupae [Translation from: Guide to the freshwater invertebrates of the European area of the USSR (Plankton and benthos) (ed. L. A. Kutikova and Ya. I. Starobogatov), p.371-431. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1977]

The translation of this section of the larger publication ”Opredelitel' presnovodnykh bespozvonochnykh evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. (Plankton i bentos)” provides identification keys to the larvae and pupae of chironomids that occur in the Soviet Union. The morphology of the larvae of Chironomidae is described in the introductory part.

Geology of the Pacoima Area, Los Angeles County, California

The Pacoima area is located on an isolated hill in the northeast section of the San Fernando, the northeast portion of the Pacoima Quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California. Within it are exposed more than 2300 feet of Tertiary rocks, which comprise three units of Middle Miocene (?) age, and approximately 950 feet of Jurassic (?) granite basement. The formations are characterized by their mode of occurrence, marine and terrestial origin, diverse lithology, and structural features.

The basement complex is composed of intrusive granite, small masses of granodiorite and a granodiorite gneiss with the development of schistosity in sections. During the long period of erosion of the metamorphics, the granitic rocks were exposed and may have provided clastic constituents for the overlying formations.

As a result of rapid sedimentation in a transitional environment, the Middle Miocene Twin Peaks formation was laid down unconformably on the granite. This formation is essentially a large thinning bed of gray to buff pebble and cobble conglomerate grading to coarse yellow sandstone. The contact of conglomerate and granite is characterized by its faulted and depositional nature.

Beds of extrusive andesite, basalt porphyry, compact vesicular amygdaloidal basalts, andesite breccia, interbedded feldspathic sands and clays of terrestial origin, and mudflow breccia comprise the Pacoima formation which overlies the Twin Peaks formation unconformably. A transgressing shallow sea accompanied settling of the region and initiated deposition of fine clastic sediments.

The marine Topanga (?) formation is composed of brown to gray coarse sandstone grading into interbedded buff sandstones and gray shales. Intrusions of rhyolitedacite and ash beds mark continued but sporatic volcanism during this period.

The area mapped represents an arch in the Tertiary sediments. Forces that produced the uplift of the granite structural high created stresses that were relieved by jointing and faulting. Vertical and horizontal movement along these faults has displaced beds, offset contacts and complicated their structure. Uplift and erosion have exposed the present sequence of beds which dip gently to the northeast. The isolated hill is believed to be in an early stage of maturity.

Geology of the Tick Canyon Area

The eastern part of the Ventura Basin contains great thicknesses of non-marine Tertiary sediments. The lower formations of the Tertiary strata outcrop in the Tick Canyon Area and are described in this report. Emphasis is placed on the description of the Vasquez formation which is the lowest Tertiary unit in the Tick Canyon Area and which contains the only Tertiary lavas found in the East Ventura Basin.

The Pacoima Area

The Pacoima area consists of Miocene (sediments and basalts) rocks underlain by a quartz diorite basement complex of Jurassic age. The stratigranhic units range from 25 feet to more than 600 feet in thickness. The lower sediments are arkosic land- laid deposits while the Modelo formation, shallow marine in origin, consists of thinly bedded sandstones, shales, volcanic ash and calcareous members. An andesitic mass, possibly a volcanic plug, outcrops near the summit of one of the hills.

An anticline, and possibly an associated syncline, has been developed by compressional folding. Small scale contortion is locally exposed. Regional dip is northward, decreasing from south to north in the area. Faulting is common, most faults trending nearly north-south. Movement along these faults ranges from a few feet to several hundred feet.

There are no important mineral deposits in the area. Quarrying of the basement rocks has been abandoned.

A Geologic Report on the Pacoima Area

The region treated in the following report is a small area of about one square mile near Pacoima, California. It consists of a group of small hills that that form the western abutment of the Hansen Dam. It is underlain by a section of intrusives, sediments, and extrusives, which may be subdivided into four groups.

The oldest rocks form the Dimebere complex of Jurassic (?) plutonic rocks, pegmatites, and schists. Lying uncomformably on this is a series of alternating terrestrial sandstones and bassalts of Tertiary age. These are unconformably overlain in turn by the Hansen Dam formation, a series of marine shales and sandstone correlated with the Temblor by the fossil contact. Finally into these strata was intruded the Munglish andesite.

These strata form a shallow, plunging anticline, whose axis trends slightly east of north and lies in the center of the hills. The unconformities have been offset in several places by a series of faults apparently related to the anticline.

A complete outline of the geologic history is included in the report.

Profile soundings in lakes of the younger morainal area of Sleswick-Holstein with a sediment-echo-sounder of 30 kHz [Translation from: Wass.Boden 26, 135-138, 1974]

To be able to carry out physical, chemical and biological investigations on a lake, one needs a thorough knowledge of the volume of water and the shape of the lake basin. Little is known about the about the morphology of the lakes in Schleswig-Holstein and its ecological consequences. For this research a 30 KHz echo sounder with sediment transceiver was used to carry out profile determinations (echo soundings). This apparatus continuously records on paper the different reflexions and absorptions of the sediment and water body in the corresponding depth. By this, acoustically noticeable layers and different densities in the sediment and 'scattering layers' in the water body due to physical, chemical and biological reasons (e.g. plans and single fish) are made visible. Result are summarised here regarding the echo soundings in Blunker See.

The atyid prawns of Dominica

The family of primitive prawns, Atyidae, are freshwater animals with a circumtropical distribution, but additionally some have penetrated into temperate regions. An intriguing aspect of their distribution is that, although they are, and have long been, freshwater crustaceans, they have succeeded in colonizing many oceanic islands. The West Indies is an area of interest, as representatives of several genera sometimes occur on one island. For its size, Dominica is particularly rich in this respect. The fauna of the island includes the most primitive living atyid (a West Indian endemic, Xiphocaris elongata) and 2 representatives of the most advanced genus, Atya. Each of the other 3 spp belongs to a separate genus. The feeding behaviour of the Dominican atyids is discussed in this article.

SYSTEMATICS OF GROUNDWATER OLIGOCHAETES (ANNELIDA, CLITELLATA) IN KARSTIC AREAS OF THE CANTABRIAN REGION/ ERREGIO KANTAURIARREKO EREMU KARSTIKOETAN DAUDEN LURPEKO OLIGOKETO (ANNELIDA, CLITELLATA) URT

This thesis deals with the oligochaete taxa (Annelida, Clitellata) from several karst units in the Cantabrian region, northern Iberian Peninsula. Groundwater oligochaetes are still poorly known fauna and the area seems to be a promising hotspot for groundwater taxa. Metodology is based on both morphological and molecular analyses. More than 7,000 specimens were collected from five karst units and >60 taxa were identified. Stygobiont oligochaete fauna in the northern Iberian Peninsula is diverse and mostly endemic (range areas <300 km). Three new stygogiont oligochaete species are described: Gianius navarroi Rodriguez & Achurra, 2010, Isochaetides gianii Rodriguez & Achurra, 2010 and Troglodrilus jugeti Achurra et al., 2012; and another four new taxa will be described in the near future. Taxonomic remarks on Lophochaeta ignota Stolc, 1886 and Troglodrilus galarzai (Giani & Rodriguez, 1988) are provided. The controversial separation of L. ignota and Heterochaeta costata Claparède, 1863 from Tubifex Lamarck, 1816 is corroborated by mitochondrial molecular data. Following the DNA barcoding method, individuals of the stygoxene species Stylodrilus heringianus Claparède, 1862 from different geographic areas are shown to represent a single metapopulation. The first phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Tubificinae based on molecular data is attemped, which although incompletely resolved, evidences for the first time a close relationship between a stygobiont oligochaete (Troglodrilus Juget et al. 2006) and an estuarine especies (Heterochaeta costata Claparéde, 1863). A marine ancestor is hypothesised for Troglodrilus. Finally, Ereñozar karst unit (Biscay) is suggested to be a hotspot for groundwater oligochaetes (11 stygobiont taxa, of which 4 are endemic to the karst unit) and several biodiversity indices (Species richness, Rarity, Vulnerability and Complementarity) are shown to be useful tools for conservation management of groundwater habitats in that karst area.

A comunidade de anuros em uma área de floresta ombrófila densa montana do Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, sudeste do Brasil

O conhecimento sobre a fauna de anfíbios em áreas de altitude (> 1000 m) da Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil é ainda insuficiente. O Parque Estadual dos Três Picos (PETP), no estado do Rio de Janeiro, constitui um dos maiores remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do estado inserido em uma Unidade de Conservação. Os limites do PETP abrangem um amplo gradiente altitudinal, alcançando mais de 2000 m de elevação e protegem áreas de cinco municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Neste estudo, eu apresento dados de três anos de amostragem e pesquisa (2008-2010) sobre a composição e a abundância de espécies de anfíbios em área de altitude localizada entre 1100 e 1400 m no PETP, distrito de Theodoro de Oliveira, município de Nova Friburgo, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O esforço amostral total foi de 360 horas de buscas ativas, padronizado em 180 horas de procura em cada uma das estações do ano (úmida e seca). Foram registradas 32 espécies de anuros durante o estudo, das quais 18 representaram novos registros para o Parque e três novas espécies ainda não conhecidas da Ciência foram descobertas (Holoaden pholeter, recentemente descrita, foi uma delas). As espécies mais abundantes foram os anuros de desenvolvimento direto Ischnocnema parva e I. erythromera. Nove das 32 espécies encontradas são consideradas endêmicas do estado do Rio de Janeiro: Brachycephalus sp., B. didactylus, B. garbeanus, Ischnocnema cf. holti, I. erythromera, Bokermannohyla carvalhoi, Scinax albicans, H. pholeter e Hylodes charadranaetes. Houve diferença em alguns parâmetros da comunidade entre as estações e entre as faixas de altitude amostradas, com uma maior riqueza e abundância de anuros na estação úmida do que na seca, e mudança na composição de espécies entre as estações. Apesar de nenhuma das espécies registradas durante o estudo constar na lista de espécies ameaçadas, H. pholeter pode ser um candidato à inclusão na categoria vulnerável da Lista das Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção da IUCN, devido à sua distribuição geográfica conhecida ser restrita apenas à localidade tipo (Theodoro de Oliveira) e à sua densidade populacional ser aparentemente baixa. . A alta diversidade de anfíbios, com espécies endêmicas ao estado, e a ocorrência de espécies raras atestam a relevância biológica das áreas estudadas no PETP.

Massa corporal e morfometria de Conopophaga melanops (Aves: Conopophagidae): uma comparação intrasexual e entre áreas continental e insular de Mata Atlântica, na região da Baía da Ilha Grande, RJ

A forma e o tamanho de um determinado organismo devem caracterizar aspectos ecológicos, uma vez que a morfometria é resultado da evolução. Diferenças nos caracteres morfológicos podem ter sido causadas por isolamento geográfico, mesmo em períodos de tempo relativamente curtos. O estudo da morfologia ecológica é uma tentativa de compreender a relação funcional entre variação morfológica e a ecologia dos animais. A variação nos atributos morfométricos de tamanho corpóreo entre os sexos pode ser um resultado da ação da seleção sexual. O presente estudo aborda uma comparação intrasexual e entre área continental e insular da morfologia de Conopophaga melanops (Vieillot, 1818), tendo sido realizado em uma área na Ilha Grande e em outra área na Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras (ReRP), RJ. A espécie, endêmica de Mata Atlântica e estritamente florestal, apresenta dimorfismo sexual, contudo indivíduos jovens possuem plumagem similar a de fêmeas. As aves foram capturadas com redes neblina, e doze medidas morfométricas foram obtidas de 51 indivíduos. A confirmação do sexo foi realizada por métodos moleculares baseados no DNA em 69 amostras. O percentual de erro na identificação do sexo em campo, pela plumagem, foi de 9,7%. A confirmação molecular do sexo é uma importante ferramenta que têm potencial de revelar padrões demográficos em estudos comportamentais e reprodutivos desta espécie. Na ReRP o comprimento da asa e a variável distância da cabeça até a ponta do bico apresentaram uma diferença significativa, sendo maior para machos do que para fêmeas. Já na Ilha Grande, as únicas variáveis que apresentaram diferença significativa foram comprimento da cauda (maior em machos) e altura do bico na base (maior em fêmeas). As diferenças de tamanho da asa entre os sexos corroboram com padrões de diversas outras espécies Neotropicais. A diferença morfométrica do bico pode estar associada à ecologia alimentar desta espécie. Tanto fêmeas quanto machos foram maiores na ilha do que no continente com relação ao comprimento total e comprimento da asa, além de comprimento da cauda maior para os machos.

BAMS: A Tool for Supervised Burned Area Mapping Using Landsat Data

A new supervised burned area mapping software named BAMS (Burned Area Mapping Software) is presented in this paper. The tool was built from standard ArcGIS (TM) libraries. It computes several of the spectral indexes most commonly used in burned area detection and implements a two-phase supervised strategy to map areas burned between two Landsat multitemporal images. The only input required from the user is the visual delimitation of a few burned areas, from which burned perimeters are extracted. After the discrimination of burned patches, the user can visually assess the results, and iteratively select additional sampling burned areas to improve the extent of the burned patches. The final result of the BAMS program is a polygon vector layer containing three categories: (a) burned perimeters, (b) unburned areas, and (c) non-observed areas. The latter refer to clouds or sensor observation errors. Outputs of the BAMS code meet the requirements of file formats and structure of standard validation protocols. This paper presents the tool's structure and technical basis. The program has been tested in six areas located in the United States, for various ecosystems and land covers, and then compared against the National Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) Burned Area Boundaries Dataset.

A large-area photolithography technique based on surface plasmons leakage modes

An atomic force microscope (AFM) assisted surface plasmons leakage radiation photolithography technique has been numerically demonstrated by using two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D-FDTD) method. With the aid of a metallic AFM tip, particular characteristic of the Kretstchmann configuration to excite surface plasmons (SPs) is utilized to achieve large-area patterns with high spatial resolution and contrast, the photoresist could be exposed with low power laser due to the remarkable local field enhancement at the metal/dielectric interface and the resonant localized SPs modes near the tip. Good tolerance on the film thickness and incident angle has been obtained, which provides a good practicability for experiments. This photolithography technique proposed here can realize large-area, high-resolution, high-contrast, nondestructive, arbitrary-structure fabrication of nanoscale devices. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.