Mental Preparation for Piano Performance Using Principles of Aikido

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Washington, 2016-05

Spatial memory and orientation strategies in the elasmobranch Potamotrygon motoro

We investigated whether juvenile freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro) can solve spatial tasks by constructing a cognitive map of their environment. Two experimental conditions were run: allocentric and ego-allocentric. Rays were trained to locate food within a four-arm maze placed in a room with visual spatial cues. The feeding location (goal) within the maze (room) remained constant while the starting position varied for the allocentrically but not for the ego-allocentrically trained group. After training, all rays solved the experimental tasks; however, different orientation strategies were used within and between groups. Allocentrically trained rays reached the goal via novel routes starting from unfamiliar locations, while ego-allocentrically trained rays primarily solved the task on the basis of an egocentric turn response. Our data suggest that P. motoro orients by constructing a visual cognitive map of its environment, but also uses egocentric and/or other orientation strategies alone or in combination for spatial orientation, a choice which may be governed by the complexity of the problem. We conclude that spatial memory functions are a general feature of the vertebrate brain.

The MMPI-2 Gender-Masculine and Gender-Feminine scales: Gender roles as predictors of psychological health in clinical patients

Previous research measuring various biosocial factors such as age, sex, and marital status has found them to be essentially unrelated to measures of psychological health. Recent empirical studies have revealed that personality constructs may be more significant than demographic variables in the prediction of psychological well-being. The present study assessed the personality constructs of masculinity and femininity and hypothesized that the Gender-Masculine ( GM) scale of the MMPI-2 would be more effective than the Gender-Feminine (GF) scale in predicting psychological well-being. This hypothesis stems from previous research that has indicated the dominance of the masculinity model. It is suggested that previous research supporting androgyny as a primary indicator of well-being was influenced by the masculinity component of this gender orientation. One hundred and seventy-seven psychiatric patients from Australia (N = 107) and Singapore ( N 5 70) completed the MMPI-2. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed significantly stronger masculinity effects, with significance achieved on measures of ego strength and low self-esteem. No significant relationship between psychological well-being and the GF variable was found. Similarly, androgyny did not add any further variance to the model when masculinity was controlled for. Overall, the results are consistent with an interpretation that GM is a better correlate of psychological well-being as compared to the GF scale.

Generative acts: Family and community involvement of older Australians

The article adopts a developmental approach to successful human aging by exploring the concept of generativity in relation to a study of older Australians' lived experiences of involvement in the family and community. Qualitative data, collected through focus group interviews, were analyzed interpretively using recent developments in Erikson's theory of generativity as a framework. As a result, the present study contributes an in-depth understanding of the role of generative acts to the lives of older people. The data provide illustrative support for Erikson's contention of a generativity/stagnation crisis in later life. Involvement in the family and community is seen as a productive and generative activity, which promotes a positive experience of aging. Two further emergent themes are also explored. First, the experiences of study participants illustrate the reciprocal and cyclical nature of grand-generativity, and the importance of intergenerational relationships. Finally, the data contribute to our knowledge of cultural generativity, and in particular the passing on of cultural knowledge through narratives and modeling.

ROTATIVIDADE DOCENTE EM PROGRAMAS DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO: UM ESTUDO DE CASOS MÚLTIPLOS

Esta pesquisa analisa a rotatividade docente como uma variável dependente do contexto em que os PPGAs (Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração) analisados estão imersos. Portanto, foi adotada a Metodologia de Estudo de Casos Múltiplos com viés em redes sociais. Considera-se que as deliberações regulatórias da CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) e símbolos tais como estatutos, regimentos e cânones dos casos analisados neste estudo, influenciam as decisões de demitir. Foram encontrados indícios de que se trata da crença em uma rotatividade funcional como prática emergente no campo das IESs confessionais (UMESP, PUC/SP e UPM) como um recurso para adaptar-se às mudanças propostas pela CAPES. Para tal, com objetivo de produzir melhoras na produtividade científica e enquadrar-se aos critérios de avaliação da CAPES, os coordenadores de PPGA-Ego atribuem à rotatividade docente em outro PPGA-Alter como principal fator de sucesso do PPGA-Alter. As evidências encontradas se fundamentam na inter-subjetividade entre coordenadores de distintos programas dos casos analisados, portanto a rotatividade funcional pode ser dependente do contexto e não se trata de em fenômeno aleatório ou mesmo atomístico. O presente trabalho também contribui para a sugestão de futuros trabalhos, como por exemplo, a rotatividade disfuncional além de outros descritos no final. Em todos os três casos PPGA UMESP, PPGA UPM e PPGA PUC-SP ocorreu mobilidade docente para instituições estatais e particulares, que segundo os coordenadores entrevistados representava um movimento desfavorável sob algum aspecto para os docentes que se demitiram. Neste sentido passa a ser necessário um trabalho específico, eventualmente uma avaliação empírica com base nos constructos de intenção em demitir-se fundamentada nos estudos de Comportamento Organizacional ou Psicologia I/O (Industrial e Organizacional) como Congruência Pessoa-Organização (ARGYRIS, 1973, KRISTOFF, 1996), Modelos de RH (ARTHUR, 1982; MOBLEY, 1982; BAUM, 1993), Modelo Steers e Mowday e outros. Porém contextualizado e estruturado.

ESTRUTURA E DINÂMICA DO FUNCIONAMENTO PSÍQUICO DE MULHERES ENVOLVIDAS EM VIOLÊNCIA CONJUGAL REITERADA

Apesar das campanhas de combate à violência de gênero e a legislação elaborada para promover o aumento da segurança de mulheres envolvidas pelo fenômeno, trabalhos realizados demonstram que muitas mulheres agredidas por seus companheiros, mesmo após tentativa de separação, retornam a conviver com os agressores. Com base nessas informações, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a estrutura e a dinâmica do funcionamento psíquico de cinco mulheres envolvidas em violência conjugal reiterada. Trata-se de um estudo clínico-qualitativo, cujas participantes foram selecionadas por conveniência e fazem parte de um grupo de mulheres vítimas de violência conjugal, atendidas por uma organização não governamental, com processos em trâmite numa Vara Criminal da Grande São Paulo. Utilizou-se como instrumentos de investigação um Roteiro de Entrevista semiestruturado; a Escala da Associação Brasileira de Institutos de Pesquisa de Mercado (ABIPEME); e o Teste de Relações Objetais de Phillipson (TRO). Os resultados apontam que as participantes apresentam ego fragilizado, pouco integrado e superego rígido, pouco indistinguível de seus impulsos destrutivos e de seus perseguidores internos, resultado de introjeções e deflexões para o exterior carentes. Essa dinâmica mental se desenvolveu a partir de processos primários de cisão muito violentos, com predominância de impulsos destrutivos e da pulsão de morte sobre a pulsão de vida. Ademais, percebeu-se que as participantes se mantém predominantemente na fase esquizo-paranóide do desenvolvimento, sem conseguir alcançar de forma adequada a posição depressiva de reparação, assim, elas utilizam de mecanismos primitivos de defesa para manterem o equilíbrio psíquico como: a identificação projetiva, a negação, a idealização e a paralização. Espera-se que os resultados desta pesquisa possam auxiliam na elaboração de propostas de atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência conjugal reiterada.

ESTRUTURA E DINÂMICA DO FUNCIONAMENTO PSÍQUICO DE HOMENS ENVOLVIDOS EM VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA

A violência, de qualquer tipo e natureza, é um fenômeno que acontece desde os primórdios. A Organização Mundial de Saúde define violência como o uso intencional da força física ou do poder, real ou por ameaça, contra a própria pessoa, contra outra pessoa, contra um grupo ou uma comunidade, que pode resultar em morte, lesão, dano psicológico, problemas de desenvolvimento ou privação. A violência doméstica é definida pela APA como qualquer ação que causa dano físico a um ou mais membros de sua unidade familiar e pode ocorrer a partir de um conflito de gerações e de gênero, configurando-se por agressão física, abuso sexual, abuso psicológico, negligência, dentro da família, perpetradas por um agressor em condições de superioridade (física, etária, social, psíquica e/ou hierárquica). Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a Estrutura e dinâmica do Funcionamento Psíquico de Homens Envolvidos em Violência Doméstica. Utilizou-se o método clínico-qualitativo, com quatro homens em situação de violência doméstica. Como forma de coleta de dados foi empregada uma entrevista e o Teste das Relações Objetais (TRO) de Phillipson. Ao analisar os resultados, pode-se observar que o ego fragilizado teme a solidão, as situações de perda, e os ataques destrutivos do id e o superego permissivo não os contêm, e para suportar os ataques persecutórios dos objetos, e em função da persecutoriedade e da culpa persecutória o ego recorre a identificação projetiva maciça e a idealização para proteger-se da destrutividade, permanecendo na posição esquizoparanóide. Conclui-se que a análise da estrutura e da dinâmica psíquica e o tratamento psicológico (individual ou em grupo) de homens envolvidos em violência doméstica, em conjunto com outras medidas judiciais e sociais são ações necessárias, pois, pode ser uma forma de ajudá-los a enfrentar suas limitações, lidar com suas angústias, entender e controlar os impulsos, rever e compreender suas crenças e trabalhar sua autoestima. Partindo-se do pressuposto que a violência doméstica ocorre na relação entre homem-mulher, o tratamento e o entendimento dos aspectos psicológicos de homens envolvidos em violência doméstica são de extrema importância para minimizar este fenômeno, e deve ser aliado às ações, já existentes dirigidas às mulheres.

Optic flow in human vision: MEG reveals a foveo-fugal bias in V1, specialization for spiral space in hMSTs, and global motion sensitivity in the IPS

Abstract We recorded MEG responses from 17 participants viewing random-dot patterns simulating global optic flow components (expansion, contraction, rotation, deformation, and translation) and a random motion control condition. Theta-band (3–7 Hz), MEG signal power was greater for expansion than the other optic flow components in a region concentrated along the calcarine sulcus, indicating an ecologically valid, foveo-fugal bias for unidirectional motion sensors in V1. When the responses to the optic flow components were combined, a decrease in MEG beta-band (17–23 Hz) power was found in regions extending beyond the calcarine sulcus to the posterior parietal lobe (inferior to IPS), indicating the importance of structured motion in this region. However, only one cortical area, within or near the V5/hMT+ complex, responded to all three spiral-space components (expansion, contraction, and rotation) and showed no selectivity for global translation or deformation: we term this area hMSTs. This is the first demonstration of an exclusive region for spiral space in the human brain and suggests a functional role better suited to preliminary analysis of ego-motion than surface pose, which would involve deformation. We also observed that the rotation condition activated the cerebellum, suggesting its involvement in visually mediated control of postural adjustment.

Die Verfemteste unter allen Geschwistern:Karin Anderts anregende Biografie über Monika Mann liegt jetzt als Taschenbuch vor

Review of Karin Andert: Monika Mann. Eine Biografie. Marebuchverlag, Hamburg 2010. Die „einzigartige FamilieMann“ (Marcel Reich-Ranicki) erregt seit langem ein biografisches Publikumsinteresse, das sich über die Schriftsteller Heinrich, Thomas und Klaus Mann hinaus auf alle Angehörigen erstreckt. Zu den zahlreichen neueren Studien über die Manns gehört auch Karin Anderts lesenswerte Biografie von Monika Mann. Erstmals 2010 zum hundertsten Geburtstag der Mann-Tochter erschienen, liegt das Buch jetzt bei Piper in einer ebenso attraktiv gestalteten wie preisgünstigen Taschenbuchausgabe vor. Bekanntlich gab es im Hause Mann Lieblingskinder und weniger beliebte Nachkommen. In der Hierarchie der drei „Ungeliebten“ nahm Monika Mann ganz eindeutig den untersten Platz ein. Zwar gelang es auch ihren Brüdern Golo und Michael nicht, die Gunst der Eltern Katia und Thomas nachhaltig zu gewinnen, aber die familiären Urteile über diese „Verfemteste unter allen Geschwistern“ (Frido Mann), zeugen von einer besonders starken Ablehnung, die sich sowohl auf Monikas Verhalten und ihre Persönlichkeit als auch auf ihre musikalischen und schriftstellerischen Versuche bezog. Karin Andert nähert sich dieser verschmähten Tochter und ihrem auf häufig tragische Weise faszinierenden Lebenslauf mit einem so starken Wohlwollen, als möchte sie die Kränkungen und Schicksalsschläge wiedergutmachen, die Monika im Laufe ihres Lebens widerfuhren. Mitunter schießt die Biografin in ihrem verständlichen Bemühen, eine Ehrenrettung für die von Thomas Mann als „minderwertig“ bezeichnete Monika zu erreichen, allerdings etwas über das Ziel hinaus. Das gilt besonders für Anderts Einschätzung von Monika Manns literarischer Tätigkeit. Es ist zweifellos bedauerlich, dass die Familie Mann der mittleren Tochter ihre kleinen schriftstellerischen Erfolge nicht gönnen mochte. Zumindest die Kritik an der mangelnden literarischen Qualität ihrer zumeist als Feuilletons veröffentlichten Werke hat jedoch einige Berechtigung, wie schon ein Blick in Monikas Buch „Vergangenes und Gegenwärtiges“ erkennen lässt, das ebenso stark von irritierenden stilistischen Unebenheiten wie von beeindruckend poetischen Kindheitsbeschreibungen gekennzeichnet ist Andert fügt ihrer Biografie zwei Texte hinzu. Da ist zum einen das von Katia Mann geführte „Monika-Büchlein“, in dem die Mutter in unterhaltsamer Weise über die ersten Lebensjahre ihrer Tochter berichtet und ein erstaunlich liebevolles Porträt von dem kleinen Mädchen entwirft, das in ihr späteren Jahren nur noch „muffig und unerfreulich“ erschien. Zum anderen enthält Anderts Buch auch das erst kürzlich aufgefundene „New Yorker Tagebuch“, das Monika Mann Mitte der 1940er-Jahre verfasste und das Andert, in wiederum großzügiger Bewertung, als „literarischen Fund digressiver Erzählkunst“ bezeichnet. Monika Mann verleiht in diesem Dokument ihrer Traumatisierung und allgemeinen Verunsicherung nach dem Tod ihres Mannes Ausdruck, der 1940 bei der gemeinsamen Flucht von England nach Amerika vor ihren Augen ertrank. Der Text ist deutlich geprägt von der psychologischen Ausnahmesituation, der er entsprang und ist zudem in einer Fremdsprache abgefasst, welche die Autorin nicht vollständig beherrschte. Das Ergebnis ist im englischen Original ein in weiten Strecken wirres, zum Teil sprachlich holpriges Dokument, das ein ergreifendes Zeugnis von Monika Manns damaliger Situation abgibt. Wahre literarische Qualität lässt sich jedoch allenfalls in der ebenfalls enthaltenen Übersetzung von Heiko Arntz’ erkennen, die zum Teil sehr frei mit dem Text umgeht und sich als lesenswerte poetische Nachdichtung präsentiert. Monika wandte sich in diesem privaten Tagebuch auch gegen die Vorwürfe ihrer Familie, die, ohne ihre schwierige psychische Lage ausreichend zu berücksichtigen, in ihr zunehmend eine „nutzlose Schwester“ (Erika Mann) sah. Nachdem sie in den 1950er-Jahren in einer neuen Partnerschaft ihr inneres Gleichgewicht wiedergefunden hatte, trat Monika als Autorin an die Öffentlichkeit – sehr zum Missfallen der Familie. Präzise Ursachen für die Abneigung, die alle Familienmitglieder Monika entgegenbrachten und die nicht erst mit ihrer Übersiedelung nach Amerika und den damit verbundenen tragischen Ereignissen begann, sind nur schwer ausfindig zu machen. Andert lässt sich vorsichtigerweise wenig auf Spekulationen ein und betont nur mehrfach vage, wie beliebt Monika außerhalb des Elternhauses gewesen sei. Die Dynamik innerhalb der Familie bleibt so leider enttäuschend blass – obwohl ihr ein ganzes Kapitel gewidmet ist. Wie Andert auf Äußerungen in den Briefen und Tagebüchern von Katia, Thomas und Erika Mann gestützt darlegt, scheint Monikas mangelnde Bereitschaft einen Beruf zu ergreifen und ihr Angewiesensein auf elterliche finanzielle Unterstützung ein zentraler Streitpunkt gewesen zu sein. Finanziell unabhängig waren die meisten anderen Mann-Kinder jedoch auch nicht, so dass dies kaum der Hauptgrund für Monikas schweren Stand in der Familie gewesen sein dürfte. Eher wird, wie auch Andert vermutet, Monikas schwieriges Verhältnis zum Vater und zu seinem Bild in der Öffentlichkeit eine Rolle gespielt haben. Wenige Monate nach Thomas Manns Tod veröffentlichte Monika ihr Erinnerungsbuch, das vom Kindler Verlag mit dem eindeutigen Hinweis auf „persönliche und unmittelbare“ Einblicke in das Leben des berühmten Vaters vermarktet wurde. Damit begab sie sich auf ein Territorium, das ihre ältere Schwester Erika als ihr Gebiet abgesteckt hatte. Von den Eltern zur literarischen Nachlassverwalterin des Vaters bestimmt, betrieb Erika auch Imagepflege für Thomas Mann und entschied unter anderem, welche seiner Briefe veröffentlicht wurden. Durch Monikas freimütige Darstellung eines emotional extrem distanzierten Vaters, der an hübschen Jünglingen Gefallen fand, sah Erika den mühsam gehegten Mythos vom Großschriftsteller Thomas Mann gefährdet, in dem persönliche Schwächen und die geheimgehaltene homosexuelle Veranlagung ihres Vaters bewusst ausgeblendet wurden. Zudem trat Monika mit ihren Memoiren in unerwünschte Konkurrenz zu Erikas eigenem Erinnerungsbuch, das fast zeitgleich erschien und in der Öffentlichkeit das von ihr gepägte Thomas-Mann-Bild zementieren sollte. Diese Zusammenhänge schildert Andert mit viel Sympathie für die zu Unrecht stiefmütterlich behandelte Monika, die dennoch den Kontakt zur Familie stets aufrecht erhielt und bis zum Tod der Mutter jeden Sommer bei ihr verbrachte. Die ungünstig gewählte Struktur des Buches, das in thematische Abschnitte gegliedert ist, anstatt eine chronologische Reihung zu wählen, führt jedoch leider zu unnötigen Wiederholungen, die das Lesevergnügen deutlich mindern. Hinzu kommt die streckenweise immer wieder recht oberflächliche Analyse, die manche Fragen offen lässt. Diesen Schwächen zum Trotz sind dem Buch viele Leser zu wünschen. Es stellt uns ein zu Unrecht vergessenes Mitglied der Familie Mann vor und bietet aus der Außenseiterperspektive des „dumpf-wunderlichen Mönle“ (Katia Mann) zugleich einen frischen Blick auf diese „amazing family“ (Harold Nicolson).

Representing the assessment process for psychodynamic psychotherapy within a computerized model of human classification

This research describes a computerized model of human classification which has been constructed to represent the process by which assessments are made for psychodynamic psychotherapy. The model assigns membership grades (MGs) to clients so that the most suitable ones have high values in the therapy category. Categories consist of a hierarchy of components, one of which, ego strength, is analysed in detail to demonstrate the way it has captured the psychotherapist's knowledge. The bottom of the hierarchy represents the measurable factors being assessed during an interview. A questionnaire was created to gather the identified information and was completed by the psychotherapist after each assessment. The results were fed into the computerized model, demonstrating a high correlation between the model MGs and the suitability ratings of the psychotherapist (r = .825 for 24 clients). The model has successfully identified the relevant data involved in assessment and simulated the decision-making process of the expert. Its cognitive validity enables decisions to be explained, which means that it has potential for therapist training and also for enhancing the referral process, with benefits in cost effectiveness as well as in the reduction of trauma to clients. An adapted version measuring client improvement would give quantitative evidence for the benefit of therapy, thereby supporting auditing and accountability. © 1997 The British Psychological Society.

Understanding inter-firm networks and types of innovation in SMEs:a social network perspective

Innovation is one of the key drivers for gaining competitive advantages in any firms. Understanding knowledge transfer through inter-firm networks and its effects on types of innovation in SMEs is very important in improving SMEs innovation. This study examines relationships between characteristics of inter-firm knowledge transfer networks and types of innovation in SMEs. To achieve this, social network perspective is adopted to understand inter-firm knowledge transfer networks and its impact on innovation by investigating how and to what extend ego network characteristics are affecting types of innovation. Therefore, managers can develop the firms'network according to their strategies and requirements. First, a conceptual model and research hypotheses are proposed to establish the possible relationship between network properties and types of innovation. Three aspects of ego network are identified and adopted for hypotheses development: 1) structural properties which address the potential for resources and the context for the flow of resources, 2) relational properties which reflect the quality of resource flows, and 3) nodal properties which are about quality and variety of resources and capabilities of the ego partners. A questionnaire has been designed based on the hypotheses. Second, semistructured interviews with managers of five SMEs have been carried out, and a thematic qualitative analysis of these interviews has been performed. The interviews helped to revise the questionnaire and provided preliminary evidence to support the hypotheses. Insights from the preliminary investigation also helped to develop research plan for the next stage of this research.

Fostering the development of identity and intimacy during late adolescence

This dissertation tested the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention, the Personal Development in the Context of Relationships (PDCR) program. The aim of the PDCR seeks to foster the development (or enhancement) of a sense of identity and intimacy among adolescents who participate in the program. The PDCR is a psychosocial group intervention which utilizes interpersonal relationship issues as a context to foster personal development in identity formation and facilitate the development of an individual's capacity for intimacy. The PDCR uses intervention strategies which include skills and knowledge development, experiential group exercises, and exploration for insight. Participants consisted of 110 late adolescents. A mixed-subjects design (pre-post-follow up) was used to assess the effectiveness, efficacy and utility of the PDCR on the experimental condition relative to a content/social contact control group and a time control condition. Identity exploration and identity commitment were measured by the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ). Total intimacy and identity role satisfaction were measured by the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI). Relationship quality and closeness were measured by the Relationship Quality Scale (RQS) and the Relationship Closeness Inventory (RCI) in an effort to assess whether any potential impact on interpersonal relationships occurs. Mixed MANOVAs were used to analyze the data with results yielding significant values for increased total identity exploration from pre to post test and decreases in total identity commitment from pre to post to follow-up test in the experimental group relative to the control conditions on the EIPQ. Further results indicated increases in total intimacy from pre to post to follow-up test in the experimental group relative to the control conditions on the EPSI. No clear trends emerged from pre to post to follow-up test for the Relationship measures. Results are discussed in terms of both practical and theoretical implications. ^

A phenomenology of crack abuse

The aim of this dissertation is to identify, describe, and explain the common experiences defining the crack abuser's life-world. Its method is phenomenological. Using basic cybernetic premises, a neurophysiologically oriented phenomenological framework concerning the constitution of thoughts, memories, and perceptions is first written. The framework is designed to hypothetically represent the neuropathology of crack abuse within a perspective that prescinds and describes the constitution, flow, and interdependence of experience. After the framework is written, the dissertation outlines the neuro-psychopharmacology of crack abuse and delimits crack abusers as a specific group within the more general population of cocaine users. It then represents the neuropathology of crack abuse within its phenomenological framework and uses the first-person accounts of forty-two crack dependents to actualize a phenomenological sketch of the crack abuser's life-world. The ethnographies afford the possibility of writing a “thick” description of the crack abuser's daily life—one that communicates the substance, order, and subjective and cultural dimensions of the dependent's defining experiences. ^ The dissertation's goals are successfully realized. The framework written and the ethnographies recorded and transcribed, the dissertation is able to identify, describe, and to a certain extent explain some of the common experiences defining the crack abusers life-world. The dissertation concludes that the crack abuser's life-world is organized around three primary and four secondary experiences. His primary experiences include: (1) an almost complete, yet fleeting, satisfaction of the ego's innate insufficiency and sublime, erotic-like stimulation of its core, (2) a fundamental inclination and expansion of the uniquely oriented euphoria-dysphoria dynamic that vivifies and orients the flow of consciousness, and (3) a change in the ego's innate structure. His secondary experiences include: (a) a characteristic aiming of projects, actions, and conduct toward the procurement and consumption of crack, (b) a denigration in the hold of legitimations and institutionalizations on the thematic field, (c) a strict alignment and a contraction in the scope of logical types pointing to the salient experiences within the stock of knowledge, and (d) for some crack abusers, ontological insecurity, despair, and exhaustion. ^

Teoría y práctica del neobarroco en Severo Sarduy

This dissertation analyzes the theory and practice of the Cuban postmodern writer Severo Sarduy (1937–1993) from his early adult years in Cuba to his exile period in Paris, France, where he lived until his death. By studying his narrative through the light of his theoretical essays, this paper demonstrates that the author created his own type of reading model—from and for Sarduy. His literary work is influenced by three major elements: (post)structuralism, psychoanalysis, and Buddhism, which combined form what Sarduy himself called the Neobarroque style. The Sarduyan writing is a transgressive exercise expressed through his concept of simulación. This style breaks with the traditional art concept of mimesis (the representation of reality in the western world), and therefore with the correspondence between the signifier and the signified. Sarduy does not intend to represent reality but to go beyond it, achieving by his technique of signifying exhaustion to represent absence itself. The Neobarroque of Severo Sarduy is an aesthetic of the empty signifier based on the reckless expenditure, and ultimately exhaustion, of the artifices of language that precipitates in a signifier chain towards the infinite. His language does not transmit a message but it signifies itself, that is, a means without an end. Paradoxically, this signifier chain produces an excess of metaphors beyond the material limits of language and its support, the page. The space beyond language is the hipertelic technique inherited by Sarduy from his literary master, José Lezama Lima. This is also the empty space of no signification or nonsense in which occurs the depersonalization of the speaking subject; in Buddhist terminology this becomes the dissolution of the ego. The Sarduyan language is determined by a Lacanian psychoanalytic erotic drive (pulsion) known as the Barroquean desire, a death drive which directly relates to the exile condition of the author. But the genesis of this desire lies in a primordial desire of encounter with his origin: mother, maternal language, paradise, God. That is the reason why Sarduy not only poses an aesthetic question but also an ontological one. This other dimension of the Sarduyan writing is based on a liberating drive that permeates all his work—an ontological liberation expressed through language. The empty space created in the text provides the subject with the possibility of fusion with the all. Ultimately, Sarduy strives for a language that goes beyond the symbolic limits towards a place of constant dissolution, evanesce, and death-horror vacui. This corroborates the Sarduyan statement: “la simulación enuncia el vacío y la muerte.”