Coreferentiality: A New Method for the Hypothesis-Based Analysis of Phenotypes Characterized by Multivariate Data

Many multifactorial biologic effects, particularly in the context of complex human diseases, are still poorly understood. At the same time, the systematic acquisition of multivariate data has become increasingly easy. The use of such data to analyze and model complex phenotypes, however, remains a challenge. Here, a new analytic approach is described, termed coreferentiality, together with an appropriate statistical test. Coreferentiality is the indirect relation of two variables of functional interest in respect to whether they parallel each other in their respective relatedness to multivariate reference data, which can be informative for a complex effect or phenotype. It is shown that the power of coreferentiality testing is comparable to multiple regression analysis, sufficient even when reference data are informative only to a relatively small extent of 2.5%, and clearly exceeding the power of simple bivariate correlation testing. Thus, coreferentiality testing uses the increased power of multivariate analysis, however, in order to address a more straightforward interpretable bivariate relatedness. Systematic application of this approach could substantially improve the analysis and modeling of complex phenotypes, particularly in the context of human study where addressing functional hypotheses by direct experimentation is often difficult.

Failure or Voluntary Exit? Reassessing the Female Underperformance Hypothesis

We reevaluate the female underperformance hypothesis by challenging the assumption that female-owned ventures are more likely to fail. Instead of equating exit with failure, we draw on exit literature and feminist theories to argue that female entrepreneurs are actually more likely than males to exit voluntarily. We argue for further gender differences by using an even more fine-grained conceptualization of entrepreneurial exit (failure, exit for personal reasons, and exit for other professional/financial opportunities). Post-hoc analyses also point to withingender heterogeneity depending on family status. A sample probe of 219 Spanish entrepreneurs who had exited their business supports our overall reasoning.

Tri-level study: modification. Task 6: a final report on supplemental causation assessments through hypothesis testing.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Irritation and counterirritation, a hypothesis about the autoamputative property of the nervous system; a scientific excursion into theoretical medicine.

Mode of access: Internet.

The morphologic aspect of intelligence

"Columbia University, Contributions to Philosophy and Psychology, vol. XXVII, no. 2."

Port Sunlight : a record of its artistic & pictorial aspect /

Mode of access: Internet.

The moon, her motions, aspect, scenery, and physical condition,

Mode of access: Internet.

Testing the expectations hypothesis when interest rates are near integrated /

Mode of access: Internet.

Trouble shooting electronic equipment; an empirical approach to the identification of certain requirements of a maintenance occupation. A report of an aspect of a research project under Air Force Contract no.33 (038)-13236, Project no. 507-007-0001,

Bibliography: p. 100-102.

Essai sur la nature du papier monnaie envisagé sous son aspect historique et économico-monétaire /

"Travail présenté au 4me Congrès scientifique (1er Pan-Américain) tenu à Santiago du Chili."

The finite aspect ratio jet flap.

"Project No. 9-38-01-000 Task 902. Contract No. DA 44-177-TC-439. U.S. Army Transportation Research and Development Command, Transportation Corps, Fort Eustis, Virginia. NSA TRECOM Control No. CRD 1759."

The decline of British industry: its cause and remedy. Being an essay on a neglected aspect of the fiscal question.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the Mexican railway; wealth of Mexico, in the region extending from the Gulf to the capital of the republic, considered in its geological, agricultural, manufacturing and commercial aspect: with scientific, historical and statistical notes,

On cover: Scientific, historical and statistical notes on Mexico.

Rayos de la luz practica con que Don Feliz Pacheco Ortiz ... desvanece las sombras con que el Doctor Don Francisco Sanz ... intento obscurecer la Hypothesis de fiebres del Doctor Don Martin Martinez ... y haze resplandecer la particular Hypothesis y debida curacion de la fiebres intermitentes del Doctor Don Luis Enriquez ...

Discurso previo apologetico sobre el constitutivo de la calentura, a favor de ... Martin Martinez y contra ... Francisco Saenz de los Rios ... escrito por ... Francisco Valles de p. 2¶2 a 4¶3.

The scientific aspect of entomology /

Mode of access: Internet.