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Se analizan e interpretan las etapas m??s se??aladas de la historia cultural madrile??a comprendidas entre los siglos XVII y XX, como continuaci??n del anterior volumen que abarca desde Prehistoria hasta el final del Renacimiento. Se puede apreciar la importancia del barroco madrile??o y su evoluci??n neocl??sica, entender mejor las claves de los movimientos culturales del siglo XIX en Madrid y su repercusi??n en el arte y seguir los pasos de la modernidad y la vanguardia en la sociedad madrile??a, culminando con las caracter??sticas del legado patrimonial antes de la llegada de la democracia.

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This paper describes a new word hearing test in order to test the hearing of school age children.

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A partir del año 2009, la cooperación energética, en particular, ha ubicado al Ecuador entre los cuatro principales receptores de financiamiento e inversión de China en América Latina. La relación en términos políticos y económicos ha sido presentada por los gobiernos de ambos países como una relación de cooperación y “mutuos beneficios”, basada en principios de igualdad, no interferencia, y complementariedad energética. Sin embargo, mucho se ha cuestionado el actuar de China en Ecuador y los reales beneficios o desafíos que están detrás de estas relaciones de “cooperación”. Encausado en la misión de diversificar la matriz energética, el Ecuador se ha vuelto hacia China para obtener financiación a través del Eximbank de China y el Banco de Desarrollo de China. De entre los muchos proyectos emblemáticos financiados y construidos por China, en este estudio se analizarán a profundidad los tres más importantes hasta la fecha tanto por su magnitud como por la inversión requerida: Coca Codo Sinclair (1500MW), Sopladora (487 MW), y Minas San Francisco (270MW). La investigación girará en torno a los procesos de negociación y financiación, así como a la construcción de las centrales y las discusiones medioambientales, tecnológicas y laborales que se han presentado.

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Tidal Flats are important examples of extensive areas of natural environment that remain relatively unaffected by man. Monitoring of tidal flats is required for a variety of purposes. Remote sensing has become an established technique for the measurement of topography over tidal flats. A further requirement is to measure topographic changes in order to measure sediment budgets. To date there have been few attempts to make quantitative estimates of morphological change over tidal flat areas. This paper illustrates the use of remote sensing to measure quantitative and qualitative changes in the tidal flats of Morecambe Bay during the relatively long period 1991–2007. An understanding of the patterns of sediment transport within the Bay is of considerable interest for coastal management and defence purposes. Tidal asymmetry is considered to be the dominant cause of morphological change in the Bay, with the higher currents associated with the flood tide being the main agency moulding the channel system. Quantitative changes were measured by comparing a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the intertidal zone formed using the waterline technique applied to satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from 1991–1994, to a second DEM constructed from airborne laser altimetry data acquired in 2005. Qualitative changes were studied using additional SAR images acquired since 2003. A significant movement of sediment from below Mean Sea Level (MSL) to above MSL was detected by comparing the two Digital Elevation Models, though the proportion of this change that could be ascribed to seasonal effects was not clear. Between 1991 and 2004 there was a migration of the Ulverston channel of the river Leven north-east by about 5 km, followed by the development of a straighter channel to the west, leaving the previous channel decoupled from the river. This is thought to be due to independent tidal and fluvial forcing mechanisms acting on the channel. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of remote sensing for measurement of long-term morphological change in tidal flat areas. An alternative use of waterlines as partial bathymetry for assimilation into a morphodynamic model of the coastal zone is also discussed.

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Transgenic crops are now grown commercially on several million hectares, principally in North America. To date, the predominant crops are maize (corn), soybean, cotton, and potatoes. In addition, there have been field trials of transgenics from at least 52 species including all the major field crops, vegetables, and several herbaceous and woody species. This review summarizes recent data relating to such trials, particularly in terms of the trends away from simple, single gene traits such as herbicide and insect resistance towards more complex agronomic traits such as growth rate and increased photosynthetic efficiency. Much of the recent information is derived from inspection of patent databases, a useful source of information on commercial priorities. The review also discusses the time scale for the introduction of these transgenes into breeding populations and their eventual release as new varieties.

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This note presents a robust method for estimating response surfaces that consist of linear response regimes and a linear plateau. The linear response-and-plateau model has fascinated production scientists since von Liebig (1855) and, as Upton and Dalton indicated, some years ago in this Journal, the response-and-plateau model seems to fit the data in many empirical studies. The estimation algorithm evolves from Bayesian implementation of a switching-regression (finite mixtures) model and demonstrates routine application of Gibbs sampling and data augmentation-techniques that are now in widespread application in other disciplines.