Estructura salarial y segmentación en el mercado laboral de Colombia: un análisis de las siete principales ciudades, 2001-2005

Este documento se concentra en el estudio de las diferencias salariales mediante la comparación de las distribuciones de los salarios para las siete principales ciudades colombianas en el periodo 2001-2005 con datos de la Encuesta Continua de Hogares. Se detectan diferencias significativas que se explican a la luz de la teoría del capital humano y de segmentación laboral; mediante la estimación de ecuaciones de salarios a partir de las características socioeconómicas de los trabajadores junto con efectos particulares para región y rama de actividad económica que resultan significativos dando evidencia de segmentación del mercado laboralen Colombia. El componente de los salarios que es particular a la región y a la actividad económica se explica a partir de variables macroeconómicas como el crecimiento económico, la dotación sectorial de factores, el costo de vida y el desempleo a nivel regional.

Un marco analítico de la discriminación laboral. Teorias, modalidades y estudios para Colombia

Este documento presenta un resumen de las principales corrientes teóricas que han tratado de dar una explicación a la discriminación laboral, asi como una exposición pedagógica de las principales modalidades mediante las cuales dicha discriminación se manifiesta. Se realiza un particular análisis de las consecuencias que dicha discriminación tiene, en particular para el caso de los jóvenes de América Latina, y finalmente se realiza una revisión de los estudios que sobre el tema se han realizado en Colombia, sus aspectos metodológicos y las conclusiones a las que dichos estudios han llegado.

Mercado laboral calificado en Colombia: Estudio sobre el desequilibrio entre oferta y demanda de trabajo para los años 2020 y 2030

El propósito básico de esta investigación es identificar los desajustes (déficits o superávits) no estructurales entre la oferta y demanda de trabajo en Colombia para los años 2020 y 2030, así como interpretar los hallazgos y proponer elementos de estrategia para las empresas a fin de mitigar los efectos adversos del desajuste sobre su capacidad para atraer y retener talento. El argumento central del proyecto consiste en sostener que en un escenario no mayor a los 10 años la oferta de trabajo calificado en Colombia no será suficiente para (i) equilibrar el mercado y (ii) atender la demanda agregada de trabajo, debido a los cambios generacionales en la realidad demográfica del país, el bajo nivel de preparación de la fuerza laboral disponible y los altos índices de informalidad de los trabajadores y las empresas. Dentro de los resultados se presenta una proyección del comportamiento del mercado de trabajo, así como la magnitud del desequilibrio entre los agentes del mercado. Este estudio aplicado es una propuesta cuantitativa de aproximación a la crisis de talento que se revisa en otros estudios. Es un precedente sólido para profundizar con otros enfoques el futuro del trabajo en Colombia.

Natural resources, redistribution and Human capital formation

How do resource booms affect human capital accumulation? We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodity boom across local governments in Peru to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation. We explore the effect of both mining production and tax revenues on test scores, finding a substantial and statistically significant effect for the latter. Transfers to local governments from mining tax revenues are linked to an increase in math test scores of around 0.23 standard deviations. We find that the hiring of permanent teachers as well as the increases in parental employment and improvements in health outcomes of adults and children are plausible mechanisms for such large effect on learning. These findings suggest that redistributive policies could facilitate the accumulation of human capital in resource abundant developing countries as a way to avoid the natural resources curse.

Public policies impacts on Latin American labor structures, preparing for integration

One of the Main Subjects to Be Discussed, in Order to Adjust Latin American Economies to a Regional Integration Network, as Imposed By Mercosul or Other Economic Common Markets, is Related to the Employment and Other Labor Markets Public Policies. the Question to Be Posed Is: Having in Mind the Characteristics of Different Labor Markets and Labor Forces, What are the Impacts of Governmental Measures Presented in the Diverse Economic Conditions of Those Countries. Having in Mind These Impacts, This Paper Aims to Examine the Requisites to Adjust the Labor Structure Standards of Latin American Countries and What Would Be the Reforms to Be Performed By These Countries in Order to Prepare These Markets and Labor Forces to Adapt to Regional Integration Networks Represented By Mercosul, Alca or Other Common Markets. There are Evaluated the Impacts of the Globalization Process, Economic Stabilization and Reform Policies Undertaken By Some Selected Latin American Countries Since the Eighties on the Labor Structure Standards, Considering the Specific Adjustment Measures to Cope With the Negative Effects of These Policies. Next, Some Cases of Europe Union (Eu) Countries Measures to Prepare to Integration is Examined, in Order to Provide Some Elements to Better Understand the Possibilities to Handle With the Extensive Changes in External Conditions. in Sequence Some Statistical Indicatives of the Impacts of These Measures on the Occupational Structuring are Analyzed For a Group of Selected Latin American and Eu Countries.

The effect of social security, demography and technology on retirement

This article investigates the causes in the reduction of labor force participation of the old. We argue that the changes in social security policy, in technology and in demography may account for most of the changes in retirement over the second part of the last century in the U.S. economy. We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model with endogenous retirement that embeds social security legislation. The model is able to match very closely the increase in the retirement rate of males aged 65 and older. It also quanti es the isolated impact on retirement and on the solvency of the social security system of the di¤erent factors. The model suggests that technological and demographic changes had a strong in uence on retirement, so that it would have increased signi cantly even if the social security rules had not changed. However, as the latter became much more generous in the past, changes in social security policy can account not only for a sizeable part of the expansion of retirement, but also for the most of the observed increase in the social security expenses as a share of GDP.

The effect of social security, demography and technology on retirement

This article investigates the causes in the reduction of labor force participation of the old. We argue that the changes in social security policy, in technology and in demography may account for most of the changes in retirement over the second part of the last century in the U.S. economy. We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model with endogenous retirement that embeds social security legislation. The model is able to match very closely the increase in the retirement rate of males aged 65 and older. It also quanti es the isolated impact on retirement and on the solvency of the social security system of the di¤erent factors. The model suggests that technological and demographic changes had a strong in uence on retirement, so that it would have increased signi cantly even if the social security rules had not changed. However, as the latter became much more generous in the past, changes in social security policy can account not only for a sizeable part of the expansion of retirement, but also for the most of the observed increase in the social security expenses as a share of GDP.

Informal wages in an economy with active labor courts

In most developing countries, job regulations and the justice branch interfere on several aspects of labor contracts. Inspired by this fact, we build a model that explores the role of labor courts in the determination of the di¤erence between formal and informal wages. We show that the presence of active labor courts in an environment where labor relations are subject to asymmetries of information reproduces features documented by the empirical literature. The main implications of our model are tested using Brazilian data.

Regulation and wage adjustment patterns : non parametric evidence from longitudinal data

This paper gives a first step toward a methodology to quantify the influences of regulation on short-run earnings dynamics. It also provides evidence on the patterns of wage adjustment adopted during the recent high inflationary experience in Brazil.The large variety of official wage indexation rules adopted in Brazil during the recent years combined with the availability of monthly surveys on labor markets makes the Brazilian case a good laboratory to test how regulation affects earnings dynamics. In particular, the combination of large sample sizes with the possibility of following the same worker through short periods of time allows to estimate the cross-sectional distribution of longitudinal statistics based on observed earnings (e.g., monthly and annual rates of change).The empirical strategy adopted here is to compare the distributions of longitudinal statistics extracted from actual earnings data with simulations generated from minimum adjustment requirements imposed by the Brazilian Wage Law. The analysis provides statistics on how binding were wage regulation schemes. The visual analysis of the distribution of wage adjustments proves useful to highlight stylized facts that may guide future empirical work.

“A gente tem uma vida lá fora...”: relações entre gestão de recursos humanos e sociabilidade das pessoas empregadas nos supermercados da Região Metropolitana de Belém

A gestão de recursos humanos (RH) representa teoricamente uma abordagem da gestão empresarial voltada à organização do trabalho visando seu melhor aproveitamento e, em particular, o envolvimento dos trabalhadores nos objetivos da empresa. As práticas de gestão incidem não somente sobre o trabalho em si, mas também de maneira complexa nas interações sociais ocorridas no ambiente de trabalho, bem como na vida pessoal dos trabalhadores, de acordo com as premissas e práticas do estilo de gestão predominante. O presente estudo procura conhecer a natureza das correlações entre gestão de recursos humanos e sociabilidade dos trabalhadores, isto é, sua capacidade de tecer e de manter laços sociais diversos, a partir dos pontos de vista dos trabalhadores. Tomaram-se como referência empírica quatro redes de supermercados na Região Metropolitana de Belém, Pará. O setor é grande empregador, vem se modernizando expressivamente nas duas últimas décadas, implementando alguns procedimentos de gestão de RH e se mantém ao abrigo da forte concorrência de grupos nacionais e internacionais que se observa em outras capitais do país. A metodologia incluiu observações sistemáticas, análise documental e entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas em profundidade, respectivamente com trezentos e oitenta e quatorze trabalhadores, estes últimos selecionados dentre os constantes da amostra maior. As entrevistas versaram sobre atributos sociais e demográficos, trajetória ocupacional e padrões de relacionamento pessoal e profissional. Abrangeram, também, as percepções sobre regras e atitudes no trabalho, com base nas normas constantes dos manuais de serviço das empresas. Incluem-se trinta e quatro itens em uma escala de Lickert. Esses itens foram dispostos em fatores, sendo dois sobre gestão – qualidade do trabalho (QT) e introjeção das normas organizacionais (IN) – e três sobre sociabilidade – confiança (CF), manutenção (MR) e utilidade das relações (UT) no trabalho. Os entrevistados respondiam aos itens, ajustando o grau de sua percepção sobre cada um deles. Tais dados foram submetidos à técnica estatística exploratória Análise de Correspondência (AC) de maneira a verificar a correlação entre os fatores da escala e as características dos entrevistados. Sobre as correlações entre gestão e sociabilidade, sobressaiu em primeiro lugar o regime de trabalho. Jornadas extensas, escalas variáveis, longos intervalos diários e a política de qualificação em serviço (on the job) absorvem quase integralmente o tempo do empregado e dificultam manter relações pessoais ou mesmo estender aquelas formadas no ambiente de trabalho para além deste espaço. Dificulta também investir nos estudos, outra esfera de sociabilidade, o que surpreende em uma amostra cuja faixa etária predominante não ultrapassava trinta anos e cuja ocupação tem poucas possibilidades de carreira. Nesse quadro geral de restrições, a condição de gênero e de família também foi relevante, pois as mulheres, em particular as mães, indicaram menos atividades de lazer, em grupos menores e com mínima presença de colegas de trabalho, em comparação aos homens. Por outro lado, encontraram-se alguns casos de pessoas que construíram relações de conteúdo afetivo no ambiente de trabalho, mesmo a convivência se restringindo à empresa. Outra característica marcante foi a dependência do apoio familiar para o exercício da atividade laboral e para o enfrentamento das vicissitudes do mercado de trabalho. A importância dos laços familiares foi reforçada pelo longo tempo de moradia no mesmo bairro e, em proporção significativa, na mesma residência, em muitos casos a moradia era próxima ou no mesmo domicílio dos pais ou sogros, o que facilitava a ajuda mútua. Outro aspecto que se destacou da gestão de RH foi a imprecisão percebida nos critérios de ascensão profissional e de aplicação das normas, contribuindo para a existência de conflitos velados. Ao estabelecer laços sociais, os empregados depositam uma confiança seletiva, expressa no pequeno número de pessoas em quem se confiava no trabalho. Vale notar aqui também uma pequena variação entre homens e mulheres, pois eles confiavam mais que elas nos colegas. A AC mostrou sensíveis diferenças de percepção sobre qualidade do trabalho e introjeção de normas entre os trabalhadores com primeiro registro em carteira e aqueles com experiência anterior de trabalho formal. Os primeiros notaram um controle (vigilância) mais incisivo da gestão e expressaram menor anuência às regras organizacionais, enquanto que os demais não percebiam o controle da mesma forma e se viam como cumpridores dessas regras. Esses resultados foram interpretados como decorrentes das diferentes trajetórias anteriores, em ocupações formais ou informais, ou por se tratar do primeiro emprego. Não se pode afirmar que as restrições à sociabilidade se devam exclusivamente às características da gestão nesse setor, tendo em vista a incidência de outros fatores, tais como a condição sócio-econômica da família ou o tempo do vinculo empregatício, em média de dois anos entre os entrevistados, que podem ter contribuído para esses resultados.

Executive Stock Ownership and Performance: Tracking Faint Traces

We examine the relation between managers' financial interests and firm performance. Since the relation could go in either direction, we cast the analysis in a simultaneous equations framework. For firms involved in acquisitions, we find that acquisition performance and Tobin's Q ratios affect the size of managers' stockholdings. We find no evidence, however, that larger stockholdings lead to better performance. Perhaps management is effectively disciplined by competition in product and labor markets. Alternatively, it may not be necessary for top executives to own stock to the residual claimants. And finally, higher ownership might multiply the opportunities to appropriate corporate wealth.

Political process and government growth: a theoretical and empirical investigation

A striking feature of virtually al western industrialized countries sice the middle of the past century has been the persistent growth of their government sector. From the beginning of the century to the late 1970's, the government expenditures' share of gross national product has increased from 7% to 36% in the U.S., 11% to 40% in the U.K., and 3% to 25% in Japan. In Germany, it went from 7% to 42% (1872-1978), while in France it soared from 11% to 59% (1872-1979). The evolution of the number of government employees followed a similar pattern. In the U.S., for instance, the average annual rate of growth of the government labor force over the period 1899-1974 has been 3.17%, compared to a 1.62% average annual growth rate of the working population. Less quantifiable aspects like the number and scope of regulations also refelct a growing public sector.

Occupational mobility chains and the role of job opportunities for upward, lateral and downward mobility in Switzerland

This paper addresses the rarely studied relationship between job vacancies and inter-firm upward, lateral, and downward status mobility in an occupationally segmented labor market, taking Switzerland as the example. To conceptualize mobility mechanisms in this type of labor market, we introduce the concept of “occupational mobility chains” and test its validity. This concept provides the backdrop for developing time-dependent measures of individual job opportunities based on Swiss Job Monitor data. We link these measures with career data taken from the Swiss Life History Study and employ event history analysis to test different propositions of the ways in which status mobility is contingent on the number and the status of vacant positions. Results support our assumption that in occupationally segmented labor markets vacant positions affect status mobility only to the degree that they are located within workers’ occupational mobility chains.

Schools and Housing Markets: An Examination of School Segregation and Performance in Connecticut

This paper examines the relationship between house price levels, school performance, and the racial and ethnic composition of Connecticut school districts between 1995 and 2000. A panel of Connecticut school districts over both time and labor market areas is used to estimate a simultaneous equations model describing the determinants of these variables. Specifically, school district changes in price level, school performance, and racial and ethnic compositions depend upon each other, labor market wide changes in these variables, and the deviation of each school district from the overall metropolitan area. The specification is based on the differencing of dependent variables, as opposed to the use of level or fixed effects models and lagging level variables beyond the period over which change is considered; as a result the model is robust to persistence in the sample. Identification of the simultaneous system arises from the presence of multiple labor market areas in the sample, and the assumption that labor market changes in a variable due not directly influence the allocation of households across towns within a labor market area. We find that towns in labor markets that experience an inflow of minority households have greater increases in percent minority if those towns already ahve a substantial minoritypopulation. We find evidence that this sorting proces is reflected in housing price changes in the low priced segment of the housing market, not in the middle and upper segments.

Migration and Wellbeing at the Lower Echelons of the Economy: A Study of Delhi Slums

This paper based on a primary survey of households (2004-05) in the slum clusters of Delhi examines whether migrants are likely to experience upward mobility in their place of destination or alternatively, if they merely transfer their poverty from rural areas to large cities. First, a simple bifurcation of population in terms of poor and non-poor sub-groups is examined along with the incidence of poverty across different categories of occupations and non-workers. Then, an explanation of the variations in per capita expenditure across households is provided, and a binomial logit model (poor/non-poor) is developed identifying the variables which raise (or reduce) the probability of being non-poor (or poor). Next, an estimate of the wellbeing (deprivation) index is derived from factor analysis of a large number of variables including demographic and economic aspects of households. Empirical findings suggest that while duration of migration and the wellbeing index do not have a definite relationship, migrant households who have been in the city for a very long time have a higher wellbeing index on average than those who migrated in the last ten years. This tends to support the view that migrants do not merely transfer rural poverty to urban areas, and further that population mobility yields improvement in the living standard, if only in the very long term. Implementation of "employment-cum-shelter" support schemes in the urban areas may contribute to their wellbeing.