Preparation and phytotoxicity of sorgoleone analogues

3,5-Dimethoxybenzylic alcohol was converted into the 2-acetoxy-5-methoxy-3-(pent-1-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone (12), in seven steps, with an overall yield of 14.6%. The natural quinone sorgoleone (1) was isolated from Sorghum bicolor and converted into the corresponding quinone (13) having a saturated side chain. The selective effects of these compounds (1, 12 and 13), at the dose of 5.6 mug of a.i./ g of substrate, on the growth of Cucumis sativus, Lactuca sativa, Desmodium tortuosum, Hyptis suaveolens and Euphorbia heterophylla were evaluated. All three compounds caused some inhibition on the root growth of the test plants (0.0-69.19%) with the aerial parts less affected. The results showed that the triene unit of the sorgoleone side chain is not essential for the phytotoxicity and also the synthetic quinone was as active as the natural product.

Síntese e avaliação da atividade fitotóxica de lactonas derivadas do 2,4-dimetil-8-oxabiciclo[3.2.1]-oct-6-en-3-ona

The alkene 2,4-dimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-6-en-3-one (3) was converted to 1,3,10-trimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[5.3.0]-dec-3-ene-2,9-dione (7) and 1,3-dimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[5.3.0]-dec-3-ene-2,9-dione (8) with a 55% overall yield in both cases. Lactones (7) and (8) were converted in two steps to 1,3,4-trimethyl-13-methylene-6-oxatricyclo[8.3.0.0(3,7)]-trideca-2,5,12-trione (12) (63%) and 1,3-dimethyl-13-methylene-6-oxatricycle[8.3.0.0(3,7)]-trideca-2,5,12-trione (13) (45% from 8). The effect of lactones (7), (8), (12), (13) and the intermediates (5) and (6), at the concentration of 250 mug mL-1, on the growth of Cucumis sativus L. and Sorghum bicolor L. was evaluated. The best results were observed for lactone (13) that caused 100% inhibition on the root growth of C. sativus and lactone (12) that inhibited 90% of the root growth for S. bicolor.

Henkilöstöresurssien hallintatyökalun vaatimukset asiantuntijaorganisaatiossa

Yrityksen organisaatiomallin pitää palvella tehokasta toimintaa. Tällä hetkellä tässä yrityksessä resurssipooleihin perustuva organisaatio on katsottu sopivaksi. Sen toivotaan mahdollistavan henkilöstöresurssien tehokas hyödyntäminen. Organisaation muutos vaatii myös toimintatapojen ja joissain tapauksissa tietojärjestelmien muutosta. Tässä tapauksessa siirtyminen uudenlaiseen organisaatioon loi tarpeen uudelle resurssien varaus- ja etsintätoiminnolle ja sitä tukeville tietovarastoille. Vaatimusmäärityksen tuloksena voidaan todeta, että nykyinen ERP-ohjelmisto ei ole paras mahdollinen yrityksen käyttöön, vaikka senkin kanssa yritys kyllä tulee toimeen. Tärkeimpinä vaatimuksina hyvälle hallintasovellukselle voidaan pitää mahdollisuutta seurata työntekijöiden osaamisen ja tietämyksen kehitystä sekä arvioida niiden tasoa, mahdollisuutta varata niin henkilöitä kuin osaamisia ja tehokasta ja muunneltavaa mekanismia henkilöiden valintaan projekteihin. Nykyisessä toteutuksessa henkilöstön osaamisten käsittely on hiukan rajoittunutta eikä mitään historiatietoja tallenneta tai käytetä hyödyksi missään vaiheessa. Myös resurssien haku projekteihin olisi mahdollista toteuttaa paremmin. Hakuihin pitäisi saada lisää hakuehtoja ja mahdollistaa yleisluontoisemmat ehdot yksityiskohtien sijaan, vaikka tiedot olisivatkin tarkemmalla tasolla. Näistä syistä uuden työkalun rakentamista henkilöstöresurssien paremman hyödyntämisen takaamiseksi voidaan pitää perusteltuna.

Strategic Development of Electricity Distribution Networks – Concept and Methods

Strategic development of distribution networks plays a key role in the asset management in electricity distribution companies. Owing to the capital-intensive nature of the field and longspan operations of companies, the significance of a strategy is emphasised. A well-devised strategy combines awareness of challenges posed by the operating environment and the future targets of the distribution company. Economic regulation, ageing infrastructure, scarcity of resources and tightening supply requirements with challenges created by the climate change put a pressure on the strategy work. On the other hand, technology development related to network automation and underground cabling assists in answering these challenges. This dissertation aims at developing process knowledge and establishing a methodological framework by which key issues related to network development can be addressed. Moreover, the work develops tools by which the effects of changes in the operating environment on the distribution business can be analysed in the strategy work. To this end, the work discusses certain characteristics of the distribution business and describes the strategy process at a principle level. Further, the work defines the subtasks in the strategy process and presents the key elements in the strategy work and long-term network planning. The work delineates the factors having either a direct or indirect effect on strategic planning and development needs in the networks; in particular, outage costs constitute an important part of the economic regulation of the distribution business, reliability being thus a key driver in network planning. The dissertation describes the methodology and tools applied to cost and reliability analyses in the strategy work. The work focuses on determination of the techno-economic feasibility of different network development technologies; these feasibility surveys are linked to the economic regulation model of the distribution business, in particular from the viewpoint of reliability of electricity supply and allowed return. The work introduces the asset management system developed for research purposes and to support the strategy work, the calculation elements of the system and initial data used in the network analysis. The key elements of this asset management system are utilised in the dissertation. Finally, the study addresses the stages of strategic decision-making and compilation of investment strategies. Further, the work illustrates implementation of strategic planning in an actual distribution company environment.

Síntese e avaliação da atividade fitotóxica de derivados da α-Santonina

Mixtures of α-Santonin and various solvents were irradiated by either high or low pressure mercury lamps. The photochemical reactions afforded lumisantonin (11) (76% in acetonitrile), (3S,3aS,9bS)-3,6,6-trimethyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydronafto[1,2-b]furan-2,7(6H,9bH)dione (12) (100% in acetonitrile), 10α-acetoxy-3-oxo-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (8) (26% in acetic acid), 10α-hydroxy-3-oxo-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (10) (32%) and (E)-3-((3S,3aS,7aS)-3-methyl-2-oxo-6-(propan-2-ylidene)hexahydrobenzofuran-7-(7aH)-ylidene)propanoic acid (9) (44%) (in water/ acetic acid 1:1, v/v). Lactone 12 was also prepared by irradiation of lumisantonin in diethyl ether. Lactones 8 and 10 were converted, respectively, into the 10α-acetoxy-3β-hydroxy-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (13) (87%) and 3β,10α-dihydroxy-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (14) (75%) by sodium borohydride reduction. The effects of the compounds on the development of radicle of Sorghum bicolor and Cucumis sativus were evaluated.

BIOFILMS BASED ON CANIHUA FLOUR (Chenopodium Pallidicaule): DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION

This work aims to (1) produce and characterize the flour obtained from two varieties of canihua, cupi and illpa-inia, and (2) evaluate the ability of these flours to form biofilms. The flours produced contain proteins, starches, lipids, organic substances containing phenol groups, and high percentages of unsaturated fatty acids. Films produced from the illpa variety presented lower water vapor permeability and larger Young’s modulus values than the films formed from the cupi variety. Both films were yellowish and displayed a high light blocking ability (as compared with polyethylene films), which can be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, they showed lesser solubility and water permeability than other polysaccharide films, which may be the result of the higher protein (12%–13.8%) and lipid (11%) contents in canihua flours, as well as the formation of a larger number of S–S bonds. On the other hand, these films presented a single vitreous transition temperature at low temperatures (< 0 °C), crystallization of the A and Vh types, and an additional diffraction peak at 2 = 7.5º, ascribed to the presence of essential fatty acids in canihua flour. Canihua flour can form films with adequate properties and shows promise for potential applications in food packaging, because it acts as a good barrier to incident ultraviolet light.

Aisti 1 b

Ilmestynyt alunperin Cinéa-lehden numeroissa 12 ja 13 (1921) ja teoksessa Jean Epstein: Bonjour Cinéma. Paris : Editions de la Siréne, 1921. Käännös: Antti Pönni.

Efeito da variação do ph e da temperatura de síntese no desempenho de adesivos à base de creosoto vegetal desmetilado-formaldeído

O objetivo deste trabalho foi a produção de adesivos para madeira a partir de creosoto desmetilado. Para isto, foram sintetizadas diferentes formulações de adesivos para madeira a partir de creosoto desmetilado e paraformaldeído, variando-se o pH inicial da formulação (12,00, 12,25, 12,50, 12,75, 13,00, 13,25 e 13,50) e a temperatura de síntese (60 e 70 °C), para possibilitar a verificação dos melhores pHs e da melhor temperatura para elaboração do adesivo. Foi verificado, por meio da avaliação do gel time, que a melhor temperatura de síntese foi 70 °C. Foram realizadas, então, análises por DSC (calorimetria diferencial exploratória), para obtenção dos parâmetros cinéticos e caracterização das formulações adesivas de creosoto desmetilado sintetizadas a 70 °C. Os adesivos foram utilizados para colagem, a quente (160 °C) e sob pressão (12 kgf/cm²), de lâminas de Araucaria angustifolia. Após a colagem, foram realizados os ensaios de resistência mecânica ao cisalhamento por tração, para condição seca e úmida. Verificou-se que a resistência da linha de cola e a porcentagem de falha na madeira para os adesivos de creosoto desmetilado sintetizados a 70 °C foram inferiores às do adesivo de fenol-formaldeído sintetizado em laboratório, que foi utilizado como padrão.

Kirjastojen yhteiset palvelut

Annu Jauhiaisen esitys Erikoiskirjastojen neuvoston kokouksessa 9.11.2011

Growth, magnetic and transport properties of InSb and II-IV-As2 semiconductors doped with manganese

This thesis is devoted to growth and investigations of Mn-doped InSb and II-IV-As2 semiconductors, including Cd1-xZnxGeAs2:Mn, ZnSiAs2:Mn bulk crystals, ZnSiAs2:Mn/Si heterostructures. Bulk crystals were grown by direct melting of starting components followed by fast cooling. Mn-doped ZnSiAs2/Si heterostructures were grown by vacuum-thermal deposition of ZnAs2 and Mn layers on Si substrates followed by annealing. The compositional and structural properties of samples were investigated by different methods. The samples consist of micro- and nano- sizes clusters of an additional ferromagnetic Mn-X phases (X = Sb or As). Influence of magnetic precipitations on magnetic and electrical properties of the investigated materials was examined. With relatively high Mn concentration the main contribution to magnetization of samples is by MnSb or MnAs clusters. These clusters are responsible for high temperature behavior of magnetization and relatively high Curie temperature: up to 350 K for Mn-doped II-IV-As2 and about 600 K for InMnSb. The low-field magnetic properties of Mn-doped II-IV-As2 semiconductors and ZnSiAs2:Mn/Si heterostructures are connected to the nanosize MnAs particles. Also influence of nanosized MnSb clusters on low-field magnetic properties of InMnSb have been observed. The contribution of paramagnetic phase to magnetization rises at low temperatures or in samples with low Mn concentration. Source of this contribution is not only isolated Mn ions, but also small complexes, mainly dimmers and trimmers formed by Mn ions, substituting cation positions in crystal lattice. Resistivity, magnetoresistance and Hall resistivity properties in bulk Mn-doped II-IV-As2 and InSb crystals was analyzed. The interaction between delocalized holes and 3d shells of the Mn ions together with giant Zeeman splitting near the cluster interface are respond for negative magnetoresistance. Additionally to high temperature critical pointthe low-temperature ferromagnetic transition was observed Anomalous Hall effect was observed in Mn doped samples and analyzed for InMnSb. It was found that MnX clusters influence significantly on magnetic scattering of carriers.

Solution Business Model for Energy Efficiency

This study examined solution business models and how they could be applied into energy efficiency business. The target of this study was to find out, what a functional solution business model applied to energy efficiency improvement projects is like. The term “functionality” was used to refer not only to the economic viability but to environmental and legal aspects and also to the implement of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and the ability to overcome the most important market barriers and risks. This thesis is based on a comprehensive literature study on solution business, business models and energy efficiency business. This literature review was used as a foundation to an energy efficiency solution business model scheme. The created scheme was tested in a case study which studied two different energy efficiency improvement projects, illustrated the functionality of the created business model and evaluated their potential as customer targets. Solution approach was found to be suitable for energy efficiency business. The most important characteristics of a good solution business model were identified to be the relationship between the supplier and customer, a proper network, knowledge on the customer’s process and supreme technological expertise. Thus the energy efficiency solution business was recognized to be particularly suitable for example for energy suppliers or technological equipment suppliers. Because the case study was not executed from a certain company’s point of view, the most important factors such as relationships and the availability of funding could not be evaluated. Although the energy efficiency business is recognized to be economically viable, the most important factors influencing the profitability and the success of energy efficiency solution business model were identified to be the proper risk management, the ability to overcome market barriers and the realization of CSFs.

NATO GOP:n soveltuvuus taktisen tason suunnitteluun kriisinhallintaoperaatiossa

Tutkimuksen aihe perustuu tutkijan kokemuksiin ISAF-operaatiosta, jossa operaation esikunnissa oli käytössä Nato GOP:n mukainen suunnitteluprosessi. Myös Puolustusvoimissa on siirrytty Naton GOP-ohjeeseen perustuvan FINGOP-suunnitteluohjeen mukaisen suunnitteluprosessin käyttöön operatiivisessa suunnittelussa. Lisäksi suomalaisissa sotilasalan lehdissä on käyty keskustelua siitä pitäisikö FINGOP ylettää aina taktiselle tasolle asti. Tämä tutkimus ei kosketa suoraan FINGOP-ohjetta ja tuloksia ei suoraan voida soveltaa FINGOP:iin, mutta selviä yhtymäkohtia on havaittavissa tai tulkittavissa. Näin ollen tiettyjä johtopäätöksiä voidaan soveltaa myös kansallisella tasolla. GOP:n soveltamista ei Suomessa ole tutkittu, varsinkaan sen soveltuvuutta taktisen tason suunnitteluun tai sitä kuinka kriisinhallintaoperaation toimintaympäristö vaikuttaa prosessin vaiheisiin. Tutkimuksen näkökulmana on tarkastella GOP-suunnitteluohjeen perustalta suunnitteluprosessin eri vaiheita ja prosessiaskelia valitussa toimintaympäristössä ja tapauksessa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kuvata ja selittää miten GOP:a on käytetty tapauskohtaisesti ISAF-operaation taktisen tason operaation suunnittelussa. Tutkimuksen päätutkimuskysymys on: 1. Miten GOP soveltuu taktisen tason suunnittelutyökaluksi kriisinhallintaoperaatiossa? Tutkimuksen alakysymyksiä ovat: 1. Miten kriisinhallintaoperaation toimintaympäristö vaikuttaa prosessin läpivientiin taktisella tasolla ja korostaako se mahdollisesti jonkin suunnittelun osakokonaisuuden merkitystä? 2. Mitkä prosessin vaiheet soveltuvat, eivät sovellu tai korostuvat ja miksi? 3. Miten eri vaiheita on valitussa tapauksessa ja toimintaympäristössä sovellettu kriisinhallintaoperaatiossa taktisen tason suunnittelussa? 4. Miten GOP:n periaatteita voidaan hyödyntää yleisesti kriisinhallintatehtävissä taktisella tasolla? 2 Tutkimus on tapaustutkimus, jossa Afganistanissa toimivan PRT Mazar-e-Sharifin taktisen operaation suunnittelua tutkitaan suhteessa valittuun teoriapohjaan ja eri lähteistä kerättyyn informaatioon. Aineistonkeruumenetelmänä tutkimuksessa on käytetty tapaustutkimukseen liittyvää aineistotriangulaatiota, jossa kirjallisuuteen ja dokumentteihin perustuvaa aineistoa täydennetään kyselyaineistolla, sekä tutkijan omilla havainnoilla ja kokemuksilla. Tutkimuksen ote, lähestymistapa ja metodit hyödyntävät laadullisen tutkimuksen menetelmiä. Tutkimuskohdetta lähestytään hermeneuttisen lähestymistavan kautta, jossa tutkijan tietämyksen pohjalta aineistosta rajataan oleellinen tutkimusaineisto, tulkitaan, luokitellaan ja esitellään sitä, sekä kehitetään tämän perusteella vastaukset asetettuihin ongelmiin. Kriisinhallinnan moniulotteinen toimintaympäristö korostaa toimintaympäristön analysoinnin eli suunnitteluperusteiden määrittämisen tärkeyttä. Prosessin käyttö helpottaa monitasoisten ja moniulotteisten ongelmien hahmottamisessa, koska kaikilla on yhteinen pohja ja lähestymistapa käsitellä asioita. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että PRT:n operatiivinen viikkorytmi ja siihen liittyvät kokoukset ja tapaamiset vaikuttavat enemmän prosessin läpiviemiseen ja soveltamiseen kuin itse toimintaympäristö. Vaikka tiettyjä prosessin vaiheita tai prosessiaskelia ei sellaisenaan ole toteutunut, niin tapausoperaation suunnittelussa rinnakkainen suunnittelu tuli hyvin selkeästi esille. PRT:n toiminnan luonteen vuoksi osa GOP:n määrittämistä prosessin vaiheista ja tuotteista on toteutunut sovelletusti pitemmällä aikajänteellä ja eri muodossa kuin GOP:ssa on tarkoitettu. GOP-prosessin mukaista suunnittelun ensimmäistä vaihetta sellaisenaan taktisella tasolla on vaikea erottaa. Tässäkin tapauksessa suunnittelun ensimmäinen ja toinen vaihe menevät päällekkäin ja tilanteenarviointi on ollut jatkuvaa. Taktisella tasolla GOP:n operatiivisen suunnittelun periaatteet vaikuttavat taustalla, mutta samalla joidenkin periaatteiden sisällön merkitys muuttuu. Keskeisimpänä johtopäätöksenä koko tutkimuksessa on, että GOP sopii teoriatasolla kriisinhallintaoperaatiossa myös taktiselle tasolle. Mikään suunnittelun vaihe ei ole täysin soveltumaton, kun siinä olevat asiat ja tehtävät suhteutetaan taktiselle tasolle. Strategiselle ja operatiiviselle tasolle tehty terminologia tulisi yksinkertaistaa ja sovittaa taktiselle tasolle. Prosessissa ja sen soveltamisessa on huomioitava toiminnan taso, sekä organisaation rakenne ja toiminnan luonne. Lisäksi esikunnan henkilöstön suunnitteluprosessin osaamisella on merkittävä vaikutus siihen kuinka prosessia voidaan hyödyntää.

Pancreatectomia distal no trauma: estudo multicêntrico

No período de cinco anos, 87 doentes com trauma pancreático foram tratados por pancreatectomia corpo-caudal em cinco serviços de emergência. A idade variou de 7 a 64 anos (média de 28), sendo que 73 (84%) eram do sexo masculino. O principal mecanismo de trauma foi o ferimento penetrante em 72,5%, com ferimentos por projéteis de arma de fogo em 3/4 dos casos. Lesões associadas ocorreram em 96% dos doentes. A extensão da ressecção pancreática correspondeu de 30% a 70%, em 62% dos casos. O baço foi preservado em 45,6% dos 57 doentes que se apresentaram sem lesão esplênica. A taxa de complicações foi de 40,2%, sendo a fístula pancreática e a pancreatite pós-operatória as mais freqüentes. A mortalidade total foi de 12 doentes (13,7%). As conclusões deste estudo foram as seguintes: a) há relação nas taxas de morbidade com o mecanismo de lesão; b) a morbidade é mais freqüente em doentes com trauma fechado; c) não há diferença na incidência de complicações com o método de fechamento do pâncreas remanescente nem com a extensão da ressecção; d) não há relação da mortalidade com o mecanismo de trauma; e) há uma tendência no aumento da taxa de mortalidade no trauma fechado com presença de lesões associadas.

Câncer do reto médio: avaliação do procedimento cirúrgico

A conduta no tratamento cirúrgico do câncer do reto médio é ainda controversa. Vários procedimentos cirúrgicos foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, em noventa doentes operados durante o período de fevereiro de 1990 a junho de 1997. Deste total, 43 (47,7%) doentes eram do sexo feminino e 47 (52,3%) do masculino. A idade variou entre 20 e 90 anos, com média de 60,2 anos. Os principais sintomas e sinais foram puxo e tenesmo, hematoquesia e emagrecimento. O tempo decorrido desde o início dos sintomas até o diagnóstico variou de dois a 24 meses, com média de 7,5 meses. A amputação abdômino-perineal do reto foi realizada em 17 doentes (18,8%) e a complicação mais freqüente foi a deiscência da ferida perineal, em 47% dos casos. Um doente (1,1 %) foi submetido a proctocolectomia total, evoluindo sem intercorrências. A operação de Hartmann foi feita em 26 doentes (28,8%), ocorrendo 7,6% de morbidade e 7,6% de mortalidade, em virtude de complicações clínicas. Em 26 doentes (28,8%), foi realizada ressecção anterior seguida de anastomose. Em dez (11,1%), foi realizada anastomose manual e não houve complicações. Nos outros 16 (17,7%) foi feita anastomose mecânica, havendo três deiscências e um óbito, relacionado a complicações clínicas. Em oito doentes (8,8%), foi realizada ressecção com abaixamento coloanal, ocorrendo 50% de complicações, devido à necrose e à retração do cólon abaixado. Houve apenas um óbito relacionado à complicação cirúrgica. Em 12 doentes (13,3%) não foi efetuada a ressecção do tumor, em decorrência de precárias condições clínicas dos mesmos e falta de critérios de ressecabilidade da lesão. Concluímos que o procedimento cirúrgico adequado no tratamento do câncer do reto médio depende de estadiamento criterioso, considerando o grau de diferenciação celular, a presença de metástase, a condição local do tumor, a situação clínica do doente e a experiência da equipe cirúrgica.