Free Fatty Acids Impair FGF21 Action in HepG2 Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key mediator of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the beneficial effects of exogenous FGF21 administration are attenuated in obese animals and humans with elevated levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA). METHODS: We investigated in vitro how FFA impact FGF21 effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS: In the absence of FFA, FGF21 reduced lipogenesis and increased lipid oxidation in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of lipogenesis was associated with a down regulation of SREBP-1c, FAS and SCD1. The lipid-lowering effect was associated with AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, and up regulation of CPT-1α expression. Further, FGF21 treatment reduced TNFα gene expression, suggesting a beneficial action of FGF21 on inflammation. In contrast, the addition of FFA abolished the positive effects of FGF21 on lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: In the absence of FFA, FGF21 improves lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells and reduces the inflammatory cytokine TNFα. However, under high levels of FFA, FGF21 action on lipid metabolism and TNFα gene expression is impaired. Therefore, FFA impair FGF21 action in HepG2 cells potentially through TNFα.

Assessing bovine babesiosis in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks and 3 to 9-month-old cattle in the middle Magdalena region, Colombia

Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.

Intensity and physiological responses to the 6-minute walk test in middle-aged and older adults: a comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing

The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a simple field test that is widely used in clinical settings to assess functional exercise capacity. However, studies with healthy subjects are scarce. We hypothesized that the 6MWT might be useful to assess exercise capacity in healthy subjects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 6MWT intensity in middle-aged and older adults, as well as to develop a simple equation to predict oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 ) from the 6-min walk distance (6MWD). Eighty-six participants, 40 men and 46 women, 40-74 years of age and with a mean body mass index of 28±6 kg/m2, performed the 6MWT according to American Thoracic Society guidelines. Physiological responses were evaluated during the 6MWT using a K4b2 Cosmed telemetry gas analyzer. On a different occasion, the subjects performed ramp protocol cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill. Peak V ˙ O 2 in the 6MWT corresponded to 78±13% of the peak V ˙ O 2 during CPET, and the maximum heart rate corresponded to 80±23% of that obtained in CPET. Peak V ˙ O 2 in CPET was adequately predicted by the 6MWD by a linear regression equation: V ˙ O 2 mL·min-1·kg-1 = -2.863 + (0.0563×6MWDm) (R2=0.76). The 6MWT represents a moderate-to-high intensity activity in middle-aged and older adults and proved to be useful for predicting cardiorespiratory fitness in the present study. Our results suggest that the 6MWT may also be useful in asymptomatic individuals, and its use in walk-based conditioning programs should be encouraged.

HIGH PRESSURE VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF PALM FATTY ACIDS DISTILLATES-CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM

Vapor-Liquid equilibria of palm fatty acids distillates/carbon dioxide system has been investigated experimentally at temperatures of 333, 353, and 373 K and pressures of 20, 23, 26, and 29 MPa using the static method. Experimental data for the quasi-binary system palm fatty acids distillates/carbon dioxide has been correlated with Redlich-Kwong-Aspen equation of state. Modeling shows good agreement with experimental data. Selectivity obtained indicates that supercritical carbon dioxide is a reasonable solvent for separating saturated (palmitic acid) and unsaturated (oleic+linoleic acids) fatty acids from palm fatty acids distillates in a continuous multistage countercurrent column.

Evaluation of quality of butter from different provenance

Butter samples were evaluated for free fatty acids, peroxide value, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition focusing on the trans isomer and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Sixty six samples were analyzed. Thirty six were collected in Brazil, eighteen in France, and twelve in Argentina. Samples were evaluated by free fatty acids, peroxide value, total lipid, cholesterol and fatty acid composition. The free fatty acid content varied from 0.16 to 0.46 g.100 g-1 and the peroxides value levels from 0.35 to 1.80 meq.kg-1. The cholesterol content varied from 192.8 to 226.3 g.100 g-1 and the total lipid content varied from 81.8 to 86.8 g.100 g-1. The levels of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids varied from 43.86 to 52.74, from 21.65 to 23.34, and from 2.11 to 2.89 g.100 g-1, respectively. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content varied from 0.56 to 0.86 g.100 g-1 and the levels of total trans isomer varied from 2.18 to 3.81 g.100 g-1.

Influence of different cultivars on oil quality and chemical characteristics of avocado fruit

The objective of this paper was to determine the chemical composition of the avocado fruit of cultivars Fortuna, Collinson, and Barker and to carry out a detailed analysis of the fatty acid composition of the pulp, seed, and peel oils. The saturated fatty acid (SFA) of the pulp oils accounted for around 22.3, 29.4, and 41.3% of the total fatty acids in the Fortuna, Collinson and Barker cultivars, respectively, and these values indicate better quality of pulp oil of Fortuna and Collinson cultivars than that of the Barker cultivar. There was very little variation in the content monounsaturated fatty acids of the peel oils between the cultivars. However, the seed oil of the Collinson cultivar was the best since it contained the lowest (30.8% of total fatty acids) content of SFA, but it had very high concentrations of 9,12-octadecadienoic (23.9 to 29.4% of total fatty acids) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (9.9 to 18.3% of total fatty acids) acids.

Investigations on the production of long chain fatty acids in Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Rav.) Thaxte

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Brock University, 1979.

(ZZ, 6Z) -7 -metil -3 -propil -2, 6 - decadien -1 -01 (Metodología para su síntesis)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Qúimica Orgánica) UANL

Étude dans la cellule bêta pancréatique de voies inhibitrices de la sécrétion d'insuline liées au métabolisme des lipides

Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) est une maladie métabolique complexe causée par des facteurs génétiques mais aussi environnementaux, tels la sédentarité et le surpoids. La dysfonction de la cellule β pancréatique est maintenant reconnue comme l’élément déterminant dans le développement du DT2. Notre laboratoire s’intéresse à la sécrétion d’insuline par la cellule β en réponse aux nutriments calorigéniques et aux mécanismes qui la contrôle. Alors que la connaissance des mécanismes responsables de l’induction de la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse aux glucose et acides gras est assez avancée, les procédés d’inhibition de la sécrétion dans des contextes normaux ou pathologiques sont moins bien compris. L’objectif de la présente thèse était d’identifier quelques-uns de ces mécanismes de régulation négative de la sécrétion d’insuline dans la cellule β pancréatique, et ce en situation normale ou pathologique en lien avec le DT2. La première hypothèse testée était que l’enzyme mitochondriale hydroxyacyl-CoA déshydrogénase spécifique pour les molécules à chaîne courte (short-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, SCHAD) régule la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose (SIIG) par la modulation des concentrations d’acides gras ou leur dérivés tels les acyl-CoA ou acyl-carnitine dans la cellule β. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé la technologie des ARN interférants (ARNi) afin de diminuer l’expression de SCHAD dans la lignée cellulaire β pancréatique INS832/13. Nous avons par la suite vérifié chez la souris DIO (diet-induced obesity) si une exposition prolongée à une diète riche en gras activerait certaines voies métaboliques et signalétiques assurant une régulation négative de la sécrétion d’insuline et contribuerait au développement du DT2. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré la SIIG, le métabolisme intracellulaire des lipides, la fonction mitochondriale et l’activation de certaines voies signalétiques dans les îlots de Langerhans isolés des souris normales (ND, normal diet) ou nourries à la dière riche en gras (DIO) Nos résultats suggèrent que l’enzyme SCHAD est importante dans l’atténuation de la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose et les acides aminés. En effet, l’oxydation des acides gras par la protéine SCHAD préviendrait l’accumulation d’acyl-CoA ou de leurs dérivés carnitine à chaîne courtes potentialisatrices de la sécrétion d’insuline. De plus, SCHAD régule le métabolisme du glutamate par l’inhibition allostérique de l’enzyme glutamate déshydrogénase (GDH), prévenant ainsi une hyperinsulinémie causée par une sur-activité de GDH. L’étude de la dysfonction de la cellule β dans le modèle de souris DIO a démontré qu’il existe une grande hétérogénéité dans l’obésité et l’hyperglycémie développées suite à la diète riche en gras. L’orginialité de notre étude réside dans la stratification des souris DIO en deux groupes : les faibles et forts répondants à la diète (low diet responders (LDR) et high diet responder (HDR)) sur la base de leur gain de poids corporel. Nous avons mis en lumières divers mécanismes liés au métabolisme des acides gras impliqués dans la diminution de la SIIG. Une diminution du flux à travers le cycle TG/FFA accompagnée d’une augmentation de l’oxydation des acides gras et d’une accumulation intracellulaire de cholestérol contribuent à la diminution de la SIIG chez les souris DIO-HDR. De plus, l’altération de la signalisation par les voies AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) et PKC epsilon (protéine kinase C epsilon) pourrait expliquer certaines de ces modifications du métabolisme des îlots DIO et causer le défaut de sécrétion d’insuline. En résumé, nous avons mis en lumière des mécanismes importants pour la régulation négative de la sécrétion d’insuline dans la cellule β pancréatique saine ou en situation pathologique. Ces mécanismes pourraient permettre d’une part de limiter l’amplitude ou la durée de la sécrétion d’insuline suite à un repas chez la cellule saine, et d’autre part de préserver la fonction de la cellule β en retardant l’épuisement de celle-ci en situation pathologique. Certaines de ces voies peuvent expliquer l’altération de la sécrétion d’insuline dans le cadre du DT2 lié à l’obésité. À la lumière de nos recherches, le développement de thérapies ayant pour cible les mécanismes de régulation négative de la sécrétion d’insuline pourrait être bénéfique pour le traitement de patients diabétiques.

Detergent compatible alkaline lipase produced by marine Bacillus smithii BTMS 11

Bacillus smithii BTMS 11, isolated from marine sediment, produced alkaline and thermostable lipase. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography which resulted in 0.51 % final yield and a 4.33 fold of purification. The purified enzyme was found to have a specific activity of 360 IU/mg protein. SDS-PAGE analyses, under non-reducing and reducing conditions, yielded a single band of 45 kDa indicating the single polypeptide nature of the enzyme and zymogram analysis using methylumbelliferyl butyrate as substrate confirmed the lipolytic activity of the protein band. The enzyme was found to have 50 C and pH 8.0 as optimum conditions for maximal activity. However, the enzyme was active over wide range of temperatures (30–80 C) and pH (7.0–10.0). Effect of a number of metal salts, solvents, surfactants, and other typical enzyme inhibitors on lipase activity was studied to determine the novel characteristics of the enzyme. More than 90 % of the enzyme activity was observed even after 3 h of incubation in the presence of commercial detergents Surf, Sunlight, Ariel, Henko, Tide and Ujala indicating the detergent compatibility of B. smithii lipase. The enzyme was also found to be efficient in stain removal from cotton cloths. Further it was observed that the enzyme could catalyse ester synthesis between fatty acids of varying carbon chain lengths and methanol with high preference for medium to long chain fatty acids showing 70 % of esterification. Results of the study indicated scope for application of this marine bacterial lipase in various industries

COMP3016 Web Technology - Strand 3 "History" Lecture 6

Lecture 6: Where are all the links taking us: Web Science Contains Powerpoint Lecture slides and Hypertext Research Papers: The Literati (The Cyberspace and critical theory website) (Eastgate website); Pervasive Hypertext at Southampton and at Aarhus; Adaptive Hypertext - The Next Big Thing: (De Bra & Chepegin, 2004); Web Science: Creating a Science of the Web (Berners-Lee, Hall, Hendler, Shadbolt & Weitzner, 2006).

Los juegos en la motricidad infantil y de los 3 a los 6 años : segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil.

Este libro completa una serie temática acerca de los juegos en la educación básica que abarca de los 3 a los 14 años de edad. Los juegos se clasifican por áreas, lo que permite que se vaya más allá de la aplicación al desarrollo motor del niño en beneficio de una dimensión mucho más globalizadora. Recoge 390 propuestas, en cada una de las cuales se indica la edad a la que va dirigida, el material, la organización, los objetivos, las áreas o ámbitos de experiencia, el desarrollo, las reglas y posibles variantes.