Nitric oxide and KLF4 protein epigenetically modify class II transactivator to repress Major histocompatibility complex II expression during Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection

Pathogenic mycobacteria employ several immune evasion strategies such as inhibition of class II transactivator (CIITA) and MHC-II expression, to survive and persist in host macrophages. However, precise roles for specific signaling components executing down-regulation of CIITA/MHC-II have not been adequately addressed. Here, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-mediated TLR2 signaling-induced iNOS/NO expression is obligatory for the suppression of IFN-gamma-induced CIITA/MHC-II functions. Significantly, NOTCH/PKC/MAPK-triggered signaling cross-talk was found critical for iNOS/NO production. NO responsive recruitment of a bifunctional transcription factor, KLF4, to the promoter of CIITA during M. bovis BCG infection of macrophages was essential to orchestrate the epigenetic modifications mediated by histone methyltransferase EZH2 or miR-150 and thus calibrate CIITA/MHC-II expression. NO-dependent KLF4 regulated the processing and presentation of ovalbumin by infected macrophages to reactive T cells. Altogether, our study delineates a novel role for iNOS/NO/KLF4 in dictating the mycobacterial capacity to inhibit CIITA/MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation by infected macrophages and thereby elude immune surveillance.

In vitro and in vivo characterization of designed immunogens derived from the CD-helix of the stem of influenza hemagglutinin

The conserved stem domain of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a target for broadly neutralizing antibodies and a potential vaccine antigen for induction of hetero-subtypic protection. The epitope of 12D1, a previously reported bnAb neutralizing several H3 subtype influenza strains, was putatively mapped to residues 76-106 of the CD-helix, also referred to as long alpha helix (LAH) of the HA stem. A peptide derivative consisting of wt-LAH residues 76-130 conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin was previously shown to confer robust protection in mice against challenge with influenza strains of subtypes H3, H1, and H5 which motivated the present study. We report the design of multiple peptide derivatives of LAH with or without heterologous trimerization sequences and show that several of these are better folded than wt-LAH. However, in contrast to the previous study immunization of mice with wt-LAH resulted in negligible protection against a lethal homologous virus challenge, while some of the newly designed immunogens could confer weak protection. Combined with structural analysis of HA, our data suggest that in addition to LAH, other regions of HA are likely to significantly contribute to the epitope for 12D1 and will be required to elicit robust protection. In addition, a dynamic, flexible conformation of isolated LAH peptide may be required for eliciting a functional anti-viral response. Proteins 2013; 81:1759-1775. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Influenza hemagglutinin stem-fragment immunogen elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies and confers heterologous protection

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary target of the humoral response during infection/vaccination. Current influenza vaccines typically fail to elicit/boost broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), thereby limiting their efficacy. Although several bnAbs bind to the conserved stem domain of HA, focusing the immune response to this conserved stem in the presence of the immunodominant, variable head domain of HA is challenging. We report the design of a thermotolerant, disulfide-free, and trimeric HA stem-fragment immunogen which mimics the native, prefusion conformation of HA and binds conformation specific bnAbs with high affinity. The immunogen elicited bnAbs that neutralized highly divergent group 1 (H1 and H5 subtypes) and 2 (H3 subtype) influenza virus strains in vitro. Stem immunogens designed from unmatched, highly drifted influenza strains conferred robust protection against a lethal heterologous A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus challenge in vivo. Soluble, bacterial expression of such designed immunogens allows for rapid scale-up during pandemic outbreaks.

HupB, a Nucleoid-Associated Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Is Modified by Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases In Vivo

HU, a widely conserved bacterial histone-like protein, regulates many genes, including those involved in stress response and virulence. Whereas ample data are available on HU-DNA communication, the knowledge on how HU perceives a signal and transmit it to DNA remains limited. In this study, we identify HupB, the HU homolog of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as a component of serine/threonine protein kinase (STPK) signaling. HupB is extracted in its native state from the exponentially growing cells of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and is shown to be phosphorylated on both serine and threonine residues. The STPKs capable of modifying HupB are determined in vitro and the residues modified by the STPKs are identified for both in vivo and the in vitro proteins through mass spectrometry. Of the identified phosphosites, Thr(65) and Thr(74) in the DNA-embracing beta-strand of the N-terminal domain of HupB (N-HupB) are shown to be crucial for its interaction with DNA. In addition, Arg(55) is also identified as an important residue for N-HupB-DNA interaction. N-HupB is shown to have a diminished interaction with DNA after phosphorylation. Furthermore, hupB is shown to be maximally expressed during the stationary phase in M. tuberculosis H37Ra, while HupB kinases were found to be constitutively expressed (PknE and PknF) or most abundant during the exponential phase (PknB). In conclusion, HupB, a DNA-binding protein, with an ability to modulate chromatin structure is proposed to work in a growth-phase-dependent manner through its phosphorylation carried out by the mycobacterial STPKs.

Substitution-Modulated Anticancer Activity of Half-Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Heterocyclic Ancillary Ligands

Ten new organometallic half-sandwich ruthenium complexes with heterocyclic ligands have been synthesized (H1-H10). The substituents on the ancillary heterocyclic ligands were varied to understand the effect of substitution on anticancer activity. The crystallographic characterization of five complexes confirms that they adopt three-legged piano-stool structures and are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Complexes H2 and H3 also exhibit halogen bonding in the solid state. In aqueous media, the complexes form dinuclear ruthenium species. Complex H1 with a noncytotoxic heterocycle, 6-fluoro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and complex H11 with the unsubstituted 2-mercaptobenzothiazole are the most active against A2780 and KB cell lines. The substitution of the H atoms on the ancillary ligand with Cl or Br atoms leads to a decrease in the anticancer activity. With the exception of fluorine-substituted H5, the complexes with mercaptobenzoxazole (H6-H9) are inactive against all of the tested cell lines. Ruthenium complexes with mercaptonaphthimidazole (H10) and mercaptobenzimidazole (H13) do not show any anticancer activity. The active complexes show a biphasic melting curve when incubated with calf thymus (CT) DNA. These complexes only inhibit thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme activity to a small extent. The substitution of hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms in the aromatic heterocyclic ligands on organometallic half-sandwich ruthenium complexes has the most beneficial effect on their anticancer activity.

Catalytic pathway, substrate binding and stability in SAICAR synthetase: A structure and molecular dynamics study

The de novo purine biosynthesis is one of the highly conserved pathways among all organisms and is essential for the cell viability. A clear understanding of the enzymes in this pathway would pave way for the development of antimicrobial and anticancer drugs. Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocar boxamide (SAICAR) synthetase is one of the enzymes in this pathway that catalyzes ATP dependent ligation of carboxyaminoimidazole ribotide (CAIR) with L-aspartate (ASP). Here, we describe eight crystal structures of this enzyme, in C222(1) and H3 space groups, bound to various substrates and substrate mimics from a hyperthermophilic archaea Pyrococcus horikoshii along with molecular dynamics simulations of the structures with substrates. Complexes exhibit minimal deviation from its apo structure. The CAIR binding site displays a preference for pyrimidine nucleotides. In the ADP.TMP-ASP complex, the ASP binds at a position equivalent to that found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae structure (PDB: 2CNU) and thus, clears the ambiguity regarding ASP's position. A possible mode for the inhibition of the enzyme by CTP and UTP, observed earlier in the yeast enzyme, is clearly illustrated in the structures bound to CMP and UMP. The ADP.Mg2+.PO4.CD/MP complex having a phosphate ion between the ATP and CAIR sites strengthens one of the two probable pathways (proposed in Escherichia coli study) of catalytic mechanism and suggests the possibility of a phosphorylation taking place before the ASP's attack on CAIR. Molecular dynamic simulations of this enzyme along with its substrates at 90 degrees C reveal the relative strengths of substrate binding, possible antagonism and the role of Mg2+ ions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Disulfide Stabilized beta-Sandwich Defines the Structure of a New Cysteine Framework M-Superfamily Conotoxin

The structure of a new cysteine framework (-C-CC-C-C-C) ``M''-superfamily conotoxin, Mo3964, shows it to have a beta-sandwich structure that is stabilized by inter-sheet cross disulfide bonds. Mo3964 decreases outward K+ currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and increases the reversal potential of the Na(V)1.2 channels. The structure of Mo3964 (PDB ID: 2MW7) is constructed from the disulfide connectivity pattern, i.e., 1-3, 2-5, and 4-6, that is hitherto undescribed for the ``M''-superfamily conotoxins. The tertiary structural fold has not been described for any of the known conus peptides. NOE (549), dihedral angle (84), and hydrogen bond (28) restraints, obtained by measurement of (h3)J(NC') scalar couplings, were used as input for structure calculation. The ensemble of structures showed a backbone root mean square deviation of 0.68 +/- 0.18 angstrom, with 87% and 13% of the backbone dihedral (phi, psi) angles lying in the most favored and additional allowed regions of the Ramachandran map. The conotoxin Mo3964 represents a new bioactive peptide fold that is stabilized by disulfide bonds and adds to the existing repertoire of scaffolds that can be used to design stable bioactive peptide molecules.

DNA Elasticity from Short DNA to Nucleosomal DNA

Active biological processes like transcription, replication, recombination, DNA repair, and DNA packaging encounter bent DNA. Machineries associated with these processes interact with the DNA at short length (<100 base pair) scale. Thus, the study of elasticity of DNA at such length scale is very important. We use fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations along with various theoretical methods to determine elastic properties of dsDNA of different lengths and base sequences. We also study DNA elasticity in nucleosome core particle (NCP) both in the presence and the absence of salt. We determine stretch modulus and persistence length of short dsDNA and nucleosomal DNA from contour length distribution and bend angle distribution, respectively. For short dsDNA, we find that stretch modulus increases with ionic strength while persistence length decreases. Calculated values of stretch modulus and persistence length for DNA are in quantitative agreement with available experimental data. The trend is opposite for NCP DNA. We find that the presence of histone core makes the DNA stiffer and thus making the persistence length 3-4 times higher than the bare DNA. Similarly, we also find an increase in the stretch modulus for the NCP DNA. Our study for the first time reports the elastic properties of DNA when it is wrapped around the histone core in NCP. We further show that the WLC model is inadequate to describe DNA elasticity at short length scale. Our results provide a deeper understanding of DNA mechanics and the methods are applicable to most protein-DNA complexes.

Systematic Analysis of Mycobacterial Acylation Reveals First Example of Acylation-mediated Regulation of Enzyme Activity of a Bacterial Phosphatase

Protein lysine acetylation is known to regulate multiple aspects of bacterial metabolism. However, its presence in mycobacterial signal transduction and virulence-associated proteins has not been studied. In this study, analysis of mycobacterial proteins from different cellular fractions indicated dynamic and widespread occurrence of lysine acetylation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins regulating diverse physiological processes were then selected and expressed in the surrogate host Mycobacterium smegmatis. The purified proteins were analyzed for the presence of lysine acetylation, leading to the identification of 24 acetylated proteins. In addition, novel lysine succinylation and propionylation events were found to co-occur with acetylation on several proteins. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase B (PtpB), a secretory phosphatase that regulates phosphorylation of host proteins and plays a critical role in Mycobacterium infection, is modified by acetylation and succinylation at Lys-224. This residue is situated in a lid region that covers the enzyme's active site. Consequently, acetylation and succinylation negatively regulate the activity of PtpB.

The mycobacterial iron-dependent regulator IdeR induces ferritin (bfrB) by alleviating Lsr2 repression

Emerging evidence indicates that precise regulation of iron (Fe) metabolism and maintenance of Fe homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are essential for its survival and proliferation in the host. IdeR is a central transcriptional regulator of Mtb genes involved in Fe metabolism. While it is well understood how IdeR functions as a repressor, how it induces transcription of a subset of its targets is still unclear. We investigated the molecular mechanism of IdeR-mediated positive regulation of bfrB, the gene encoding the major Fe-storage protein of Mtb. We found that bfrB induction by Fe required direct interaction of IdeR with a DNA sequence containing four tandem IdeR-binding boxes located upstream of the bfrB promoter. Results of in vivo and in vitro transcription assays identified a direct repressor of bfrB, the histone-like protein Lsr2. IdeR counteracted Lsr2-mediated repression in vitro, suggesting that IdeR induces bfrB transcription by antagonizing the repressor activity of Lsr2. Together, these results elucidate the main mechanism of bfrB positive regulation by IdeR and identify Lsr2 as a new factor contributing to Fe homeostasis in mycobacteria.

Stalking influenza by vaccination with pre-fusion headless HA mini-stem

Inaccuracies in prediction of circulating viral strain genotypes and the possibility of novel reassortants causing a pandemic outbreak necessitate the development of an anti-influenza vaccine with increased breadth of protection and potential for rapid production and deployment. The hemagglutinin (HA) stem is a promising target for universal influenza vaccine as stem-specific antibodies have the potential to be broadly cross-reactive towards different HA subtypes. Here, we report the design of a bacterially expressed polypeptide that mimics a H5 HA stem by protein minimization to focus the antibody response towards the HA stem. The HA mini-stem folds as a trimer mimicking the HA prefusion conformation. It is resistant to thermal/chemical stress, and it binds to conformation-specific, HA stem-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies with high affinity. Mice vaccinated with the group 1 HA mini-stems are protected from morbidity and mortality against lethal challenge by both group 1 (H5 and H1) and group 2 (H3) influenza viruses, the first report of cross-group protection. Passive transfer of immune serum demonstrates the protection is mediated by stem-specific antibodies. Furthermore, antibodies indudced by these HA stems have broad HA reactivity, yet they do not have antibody-dependent enhancement activity.

Efecto de diferentes niveles de aplicación de fertilizante nitrogenado sobre la producción de semilla del Andropogon gayanus kunth var. CIAT 621 (Gamba), en la zona de Carazo

El estudio se desarrollo de junio a diciembre de 1994, en la finca "El Pastor" municipio de Santa Teresa, Departamento de Carazo. Ubicada a una elevación de 367 msnm. y entre las latitudes 1301' y 1302'. La zona registró tamperaturas promedios de 24°C y unos 1550 mm de precipitación media por año; por lo cual es posible considerar la zona agroecológica como trópico seco. Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes niveles de fertilizante nitrogenado sobre la producción de semilla de Andropogon gayanus Kunth, para ello se utilizó un diseño experimental de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) y se estudió el efecto de un solo factor (Niveles de fertilizante) con cuatro repeticiones formándose un total de veinte tratamientos 2 El ensayo se realizó en un área total de 875 m en la toma de muestras se empleó el método del metro cuadrado para la evaluación de- MS y forraje verde. En cambio, para evaluar la producción de semilla cruda se evaluó el área útil (3x4 m) de parcela. No se realizó poda de control, a causa del mal invierno. Se procedió a aplicar de una sola vez los diferentes niveles de fertilizante. El estudio estadístico contempló el uso del análisis de la varianza (ANDEVA) y se hizo una separación de medias por la prueba de Duncan. Se midió la influencia porcentual de cinco niveles de fertilizante (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 Kg de Urea, 46% N2/h3.), sobre la producción de semilla cruda de la parcela útil l (SCPU), también el Porcentaje de semilla pura ajustada (PSPA), kilogramos de forraje verde por m 2 (KGFV), porcentaje de materia seca (%MS) y• porcent.aje de viabilidad de la semilla (% VIAB>. Las variables% MS y Semilla cruda evaluadas resultaron con valores significativos para los bloques, a excepción del % SPA, % VIAB y Forraje verde. Para los tratamientos resultó significativ solamente la variable Forraje verde al (P<0.05>. Al evaluar los resultados obtenido sometiendo las variables en estudio al análisis estadístico y considerando el factor costo de producción- rentabilidad y rendimiento productivo en el campo; seleccionamos el tratamiento 50 Kg urea 146%/N,)/ha como el mas idóneo para la producción de semilla del Andropogon gayanus para la zona evaluada.

生物力学导论

在我国生物力学是门新兴学科，它既是医学和生物医学工程发展的需要，也是力学学科发展的必然生物力学以医学、生理学、生物学的学要为出发点和归宿，把力学的和生物学的方法有机地结合起来，去解决这些学科工程中所需解决的问题
本书详细介绍了这方面的有关知识和研究成果
附录与关键词: 生物力学 概论 生物力学 <h3>目录h3>第一节 历史的源流
第一章 生物力学概说
目录
第二节 背景和需要
第三节 全景鸟瞰
第二章 生物力学的力学基础
第一节 运动和力
2、1、1质点系动力学和刚体动力学基础
2、1、2刚体动力学在生物力学中的应用
2、1、3量纲和单位
2、2、1连续性假说
第二节 连续介质力学基本知识
2、2、2描述连续介质运动的两种方法
2、2、3应力
2、2、4应变·应变率
2、2、5变形功和应变能
2、2、6弹性和粘弹性
2、3、1流变学的方法学的一般原理
第三节 本构关系——流变学的主题
2、3、2Hooke（胡克）弹性体
2、3、3牛顿流体和非牛顿流体
2、3、4线性粘弹性体
2、4、1生命现象和流体运动
第四节 生物流体力学基础
2、4、2不同层次和不同系统中的生理流动问题
2、4、3流体力学的基本原理
2、4、4流体力学的基本方程
2、4、5量纲分析·相似参数
2、4、6生物流体力学的相似性问题
第五节 生物传质及其热力学基础
2、5、1热力学的基础定律
2、5、2扩散
2、5、3渗透·滤过
2、5、4组织间质中的渗流
2、5、5通过细胞膜的物质输运
结语：符号和语法
第三章 活组织的力学性质
第一节 骨的力学性质
3、2、1软组织的结构要素
第二节 软组织的力学性质
3、2、2软组织力学性质的实验方法
3、2、3软组织力学行为的一般特点
3、2、4软组织的本构方程
3、3、1血管壁的构造
第三节 血管的力学性质
3、3、2动脉血管的力学性质
3、3、3静脉血管的力学性质
3、3、4微血管的力学性质
第四节 关节 软骨的力学性质
3、4、1准线性粘弹性本构关系
3、4、2关节软骨的两相模型
3、5、1流体的粘弹性
第五节 生物粘弹性流体
3、5、2关节滑液的粘弹性
结语：生物流变学的理论和实践意义
第四章 肌肉力学基础
第一节 骨胳肌、心肌和平滑肌
第二节 骨胳肌的微结构和收缩机理
第三节 Hill方程和Hill模型
4、3、1Hill模型（双元素）
4、3、2三元素模型
4、4、1静息状态下心肌的力学性质
第四节 心肌的力学性质
4、4、2Hill模型应用于心肌
第五节 平滑肌的力学性质
结语：需要新概念、新技术
第五章 血液流变学导论
第一节 血液的流变特性
5、1、1宏观血液流变学的方法学原理
5、1、2血浆的粘度
5、1、3血液的粘性
5、1、4血液的粘弹性
第二节 血液非牛顿特性的细观和微观说明
第三节 红细胞的运动和变形
5、3、1红细胞的几何形状
5、3、2红细胞沉降——血沉
5、3、3红细胞的可变形性
5、3、4红细胞膜的力学性质
5、3、5红细胞聚集
5、4、1Fahreus—Lindqvist效应和Fahraeus效应
第四节 血液在微血管里的流变特性
5、4、2毛细血管内红细胞的运动和阻力
5、4、3毛细血管和毛细血管网络内红细胞的分布（比积的变化）
5、4、4表观粘度和相对粘度
5、5、1白细胞的力学性质
第五节 白细胞的流变行为
5、5、2白细胞在微血管里的流变行为
5、6、1血小板的活性与流变学因素
第六节 血小板功能行为的流变学问题
5、6、2凝血过程中血液的粘弹性
第七节 血液的本构方程
5、7、1几类粘弹性本构方程的述评
5、7、2可能的选择
结语：愿望和现实
第六章 心脏力学
第一节 心脏的构造和功能
第二节 心脏和心瓣的液体力学问题
6、2、1心脏和心瓣流体力学的若干基本问题
6、2、2二尖瓣的运动及其流场
6、2、3主动脉瓣的运动及其流场
6、3、1左心室的压力—容积关系
第三节 心脏的力学模型和泵功能
6、3、2左心室的应力和应变
6、3、3心脏的泵功能
6、4、1左心与动脉系统的相互作用
第四节 心脏与血管系统的相互作用
6、4、2左心系统和右心系统之间的相互作用
第五节 人造心脏瓣膜的生物力学问题
6、5、1人工心瓣的流体力学性能的检测和评价
6、5、2人工心瓣的疲劳寿命问题
结语：生物力学在生物医学工程中的位置
第七章 血液循环的力学规律
7、1、1分枝血管系统的阻力分布
第一节 动脉系统的阻力分布和分枝形态-Poiseuille定律的应用
7、1、2血管分枝形态的优化分析
7、2、1弹性直圆柱管里的定常层流
第二节 可变形管道内的定常流动
7、2、2血管的应力状态和弹性不稳定性
7、2、3可瘪管流动
7、2、4可变形管道内小扰动的传播
7、2、5三种流动的比较
7、2、6可变形管定常流动的稳定性问题
第三节 动脉血管里的脉动流和脉搏波
7、3、1脉搏波
7、3、2直圆柱管内的振荡流
第四节 脉搏波在动脉血管系统里的传播
7、4、1传输线理论——线性模型
7、4、2非线性数值模型
7、4、3中医脉象与脉搏波
7、5、1大动脉中流动的一般特点
第五节 大动脉里的流动
7、5、2动脉粥样硬化与血液流动的动力特性
7、5、3弯曲对大血管流动的影响
7、5、4分枝管道的流动
7、5、5动脉狭窄的流体力学问题
7、5、6血管分枝、弯曲、截面积突变部位红细胞和血小板的运动
第六节 静脉血管里的流动
7、6、1静脉血管的力学性质
7、6、2静脉中的脉动流和波动
7、6、3瓣膜对静脉血流的影响
第七节 微循环力学
7、7、1微循环的几种构造模式
7、7、2微循环力学参数的在体观测
7、7、3微循环力学问题概述
7、7、4毛细血流与周围组织之间的物质输运
第八节 肺血流的力学规律
7、8、1肺血管系统的几何形态
7、8、2肺血管力学性质
7、8、3肺毛细血管组织内的流动——片流模型
7、8、4肺毛细血管组织中血液的表观粘度
7、8、5肺血流的阻力
7、8、6理论的实验检验
结语：一个必然的趋势
第八章 呼吸力学
第一节 呼吸道内的空气流动
8、1、1呼吸道的阻力
8、1、2上呼吸道里的流动
8、1、3呼吸系统的动力学行为
第二节 支气管里的对流扩散
第三节 肺泡内气体的扩散
第四节 肺泡和毛细血流之间的气体交换
8、4、1通过膜的气体扩散
8、4、2肺泡—红细胞之间的气体交换
8、4、3扩散容量的实验测定
8、4、4肺通气量与血流量的关系
第五节 肺功能的宏观评价
第六节 肺呼气流量极限
第九章 器官力学的几个不同方面
第一节 耳蜗力学
9、1、1耳蜗的解剖特点和超微结构
9、1、2耳蜗管内的波传播
9、1、3小振幅下的非线性响应
第二节 脊柱力学
9、2、1脊柱的力学性质
9、2、2腰椎的受力分析
9、2、3脊柱的冲击损伤
9、3、1冲击和弹性波
第三节 肺的冲击损伤
9、3、2冲击载荷引起的肺水肿
9、3、3关于冲击损伤引起肺水肿的机理
结语：方法·概念·诀窃
第十章 应力和生长
第一节 从零应力状态到应力——生长假说
10、2、1心脏肥大
10、2、2肺的重建
第二节 软组织和器官的重建
10、2、3血管的重建
第三节 结构—功能适应性原理在骨生物力学中的体现
10、3、1骨折的愈合
10、3、2骨组织的重建
10、4、1血液流动对血管内皮细胞的影响
第四节 流体动力对细胞生长的影响
10、4、2流体动力对离体培养的血管内皮细胞生长的影响
结语：未来的新天地

Floating zone convection

The microgravity research, as a branch of the advanced sciences and a spe- cialized field of high technology, has been made in China since the late 1980's. The research group investigating microgravity fluid physics consisted of our col- leagues and the authors in the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and we pay special attention to the floating zone convection as our first research priority. Now, the research group has expanded and is a part of the National Microgravity Laboratory of the CAS, and the research fields have been extended to include more subjects related to microgravity science. Howev- er, the floating zone convection is still an important topic that greatly holds our research interests.