Desenvolvimento e caracterização de biocompósito de látex (borracha natural) e fibra de carnaúba

The development of composite materials encompasses many different application areas. Among the composites, it is had, especially, the materials of organic origin, which have the greatest potential for biodegradability and so, have been bringing relevance and prominence in the contemporary setting of environmental preservation and sustainable development. Following this perspective of ecological appeal, it was developed a biocomposite material with natural inputs typically brazilian. This composite was made from latex (natural rubber) and carnauba fiber in different mass proportions. Formulations had varied by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fiber in relation the matrix. This material has been designed aiming at application in thermal insulation systems, which requirethermal protection surfaces and/or reduction of thermal energy loss. Therefore, the composite was characterized by thermal conductivity testing, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermogravimetry. As has also been characterized for their physical-mechanical, by testing density, moisture content, tensile strength, hardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization of the material revealed that the composite presents a potential of thermal insulation higher than the natural rubber, that was used as reference. And the formulation at 15% fiber in relation the matrix showed the best performance. Thus, the composite material in question presents itself as a viable and effective alternative for new thermal insulation material design.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de biocompósito de látex (borracha natural) e fibra de carnaúba

The development of composite materials encompasses many different application areas. Among the composites, it is had, especially, the materials of organic origin, which have the greatest potential for biodegradability and so, have been bringing relevance and prominence in the contemporary setting of environmental preservation and sustainable development. Following this perspective of ecological appeal, it was developed a biocomposite material with natural inputs typically brazilian. This composite was made from latex (natural rubber) and carnauba fiber in different mass proportions. Formulations had varied by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fiber in relation the matrix. This material has been designed aiming at application in thermal insulation systems, which requirethermal protection surfaces and/or reduction of thermal energy loss. Therefore, the composite was characterized by thermal conductivity testing, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermogravimetry. As has also been characterized for their physical-mechanical, by testing density, moisture content, tensile strength, hardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization of the material revealed that the composite presents a potential of thermal insulation higher than the natural rubber, that was used as reference. And the formulation at 15% fiber in relation the matrix showed the best performance. Thus, the composite material in question presents itself as a viable and effective alternative for new thermal insulation material design.

Avaliação da influência de surfactantes químico e biológico na hidrólise enzimática de casca de coco verde após pré-tratamento ácido/alcalino e com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino

In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

Avaliação da influência de surfactantes químico e biológico na hidrólise enzimática de casca de coco verde após pré-tratamento ácido/alcalino e com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino

In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

Un nuovo modello computazionale di fibra di Purkinje umana: dal modello medio alla popolazione di modelli e ritorno.

Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi è stato svolto presso il Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, durante il mio periodo all’estero nel Computational Biology Group. Scopo del presente lavoro è stato lo sviluppo di un modello matematico del potenziale d’azione per cellule umane cardiache di Purkinje. Tali cellule appartengono al sistema di conduzione elettrico del cuore, e sono considerate molto importanti nella genesi di aritmie. Il modello, elaborato in linguaggio Matlab, è stato progettato utilizzando la tecnica delle Popolazione di Modelli, un innovativo approccio alla modellazione cellulare sviluppato recentemente proprio dal Computational Biology Group. Tale modello è stato sviluppato in 3 fasi: • Inizialmente è stato sviluppato un nuovo modello matematico di cellula umana del Purkinje cardiaco, tenendo in considerazione i modelli precedenti disponibili in letteratura e le più recenti pubblicazioni in merito alle caratteristiche elettrofisiologiche proprie della cellula cardiaca umana di Purkinje. Tale modello è stato costruito a partire dall’attuale gold standard della modellazione cardiaca ventricolare umana, il modello pubblicato da T. O’Hara e Y. Rudy nel 2011, modificandone sia le specifiche correnti ioniche che la struttura interna cellulare. • Il modello così progettato è stato, poi, utilizzato come “modello di base” per la costruzione di una popolazione di 3000 modelli, tramite la variazione di alcuni parametri del modello all’interno di uno specifico range. La popolazione così generata è stata calibrata sui dati sperimentali di cellule umane del Purkinje. A valle del processo di calibrazione si è ottenuta una popolazione di 76 modelli. • A partire dalla popolazione rimanente, è stato ricavato un nuovo modello ai valori medi, che riproduce le principali caratteristiche del potenziale d’azione di una cellula di Purkinje cardiaca umana, e che rappresenta il dataset sperimentale utilizzato nel processo di calibrazione.

Substituição de fonte de amido por fibra solúvel em detergente neutro na dieta de vacas

v. 17, n .2, p. 164-174, abr./jun. 2016.

O zambê é nossa cultura: o coco de zambê e a emergência étnica em Sibaúma, Tibau do Sul-RN

The coco de zambê is a dance of which origin is credited to old slaves who inhabited the coastalregion of Rio Grande do Norte. The zambê appears intensely in the narratives related to the past and present of Sibaúma, a quilombola community located in the southern coast of the state. It is conceived as a sign of ethnicity linked to a local black ancestry. The group is known as "remnant of Quilombo," and is demanding the process of territorial settlement, as guaranteed through the Brazilian federal constitution. The coco de zambê, presented as a kind of "certificate of ancestry to the group, besides, after a long period of abandonment, the dance is beeing "revitalized" and exploited by a part of the group alongside the demands for recognition. In this process there are several interlinked actors: NGOs, state agencies to promote the culture, representatives of public authorities and local leaders. Here, I'm interested in understanding how this process of revival occurs with the coco de zambê in Sibaúma: how a "brincadeira" (play) of the ancients comes to be a "cultural reference" and a means of political mobilization concerning their recognition

Influencia de la fibra de vidrio en las propiedades mecánicas de mezclas de concreto

Este proyecto de grado tuvo como objetivo principal determinar las propiedades mecánicas que obtiene el concreto al adicionarle fibra de vidrio tipo AR, esto se logró mediante una serie de ensayos de resistencia a la compresión, a la tensión y módulo de elasticidad, realizando un trabajo comparativo con una mezcla de referencia, dichos ensayos fueron realizados en el laboratorio Construlab Ltda. y el laboratorio de Suelos, Concretos y Pavimentos de la Universidad EAFIT -- Se buscó trabajar con una mezcla de referencia la cual permitiera que al adicionarle la fibra de vidrio lograra una trabajabilidad de la mezcla aceptable, y que a la vez obtuviera valores de resistencia a la compresión, tensión y modulo elasticidad de las mezclas más comerciales en el medio de la construcción -- Los porcentajes de fibra que se usó durante la fase experimental fue de 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% y 2.5% del peso total de la mezcla realizada -- También se realizó un estudio conceptual recopilando toda la información existente en cuanto a adiciones y aditivos utilizados en el concreto, estudiando específicamente la fibra de vidrio, sus propiedades y la influencia que esta tiene en el concreto -- Durante el proyecto de grado se logró concluir que la fibra de vidrio como adición a las mezclas de concreto aporta de manera positiva en cuanto a los tres parámetros estudiados adicionándole un 1% de fibra de vidrio a la mezcla, si se usa menos cantidad de fibra que la indicada no afecta en nada a ningún parámetro de los estudiados a la mezcla de referencia, pero si se usa en exceso ya empieza a afectar la mezcla en varios aspectos, principalmente en la cuestión de resistencia a la compresión, módulo de elasticidad y trabajabilidad, pero de cierto modo también aporta de manera positiva en tensión, por ende se buscó objetar una mezcla con porcentaje de adición de fibra de vidrio balanceada la cual aportara de manera positiva a los parámetros analizados, en cuanto a resistencia a compresión logro una ganancia casi nula del 3%, en cuanto a tensión se logró una ganancia importante del 11.66%, y en cuanto a módulo de elasticidad un aumento del 16 %, todos estos valores comparados con la mezcla de referencia

Desempenho térmico de coberturas: Um estudo comparativo entre as telhas de material reciclado, de fibra e betume, fibrocimento e cerâmica

This study aims to compare the thermal performance of tiles made from recycled material (waste packaging cardboard with aluminized film) with the tiles of fiber and bitumen, fiber cement and red ceramic with the aim of verifying the suitability of tile to be used in hot and humid climate of low latitude. The samples were selected according to the availability from Natal - RN market, as they are sold to the consumers. The methodology was based on studies that used experimental apparatus composed of thermal chambers heated by banks of incandescent bulbs, to analyze the thermal performance of materials. The tiles in the study were submitted to analysis of thermal performance, thermophysical properties and absorptance, using chambers of thermal performance, measuring the thermophysical properties and portable spectrometer, respectively. Comparative analysis of thermal performance between two samples of the recycled material with dimple sizes and different amounts of aluminum were made, in order to verify, if these characteristics had some interference on the thermal performance of them; the results showed no significant performance differences between the samples. The data obtained in chambers of thermal performance and confirmed by statistical analysis, showed, that the tile of recycled material have similar thermal performance to the tile of fiber cement. In addition to these tests was carried out the automatic monitoring of a building covered with tiles of recycled material, to verify its thermal performance in a real situation. The results showed that recycled shingles must be used with technical criteria similar to those used for fiber cement tiles, with regard to the heat gain into the building. Within these criteria should be taken into account local characteristics, especially in regions with hot and humid climate, and its use must be associated, according to the literature, to elements of thermal insulation and use of passive techniques such as vented attics, ceilings and right foot higher

Efecto de dos técnicas físicas de captación de agua sobre el establecimiento de las especies Mangifera indica L, Citrus sinensis y Coco nucifera L, en la microcuenca Las Marías, municipio de Télica. León (2007 al 2008)

En la investigación realizada en la micro cuenca Las Marías se propuso conocer el efecto de dos técnicas físicas de captación de agua sobre el establecimiento de las especies Mangifera indica L, Citrus sinensis y Coco nucifera L. Para desarrollar el proceso de recolección de información se establecieron diseños experimentales de Bloques Completos Aleatorizados, con dos repeticiones (finca Montoya parte baja y finca Miguel parte media), dentro de cada ensayo experimental se establecieron técnicas de captación de agua (cáseo y bordes) y un testigo. En cada finca se establecieron de forma azarizada 36 plántulas de Mangifera indica L, Citrus sinensis y Coco nucifera L (12 de cada especie). A cada especie se monitorearon variables de sobrevivencias, crecimiento en diámetro y altura y humedad de suelo. De igual forma se realizaron muestreos de suelo para conocer el porcentaje de humedad, infiltración y calidad física y química. El periodo de evaluación consistió de Junio 2007 a Enero 2008. Al finalizar la investigación se encontró que la especie Coco nucifera fue la que obtuvo mayor sobrevivencia (100 %), con un incremento corriente mensual (ICM) en diámetro (0.33 cm) y altura (7.73 cm), en comparación con las especies Mangifera indica y Citrus sinencis. El ICM en diámetro y altura fue similar en los tratamientos (cáseo y bordes) y el testigo (no se encontró diferencias significativa). En el tratamiento cáseo fue donde se encontró el mayor porcentaje de humedad del suelo (22.25 %) en comparación con el tratamiento bordes y el testigo. Se encontró una correlación positiva en la finca Miguel entre los porcentajes de humedad del suelo y el ICM en diámetro y altura de las especies frutales, lo cual podría estar relacionado a la calidad física y química de los suelos.

Caracterização in vitro de um dosímetro de fibra ótica para braquiterapia de HDR

Recentemente foi desenvolvido um dosímetro baseado em fibras cintilantes (BCF-12 da companhia Saint Gobain Crystals com 1 e 0,5 mm de diâmetro e 5 mm de comprimento) para braquiterapia de baixa taxa de dose, em particular a braquiterapia direcionada para o tratamento do cancro da próstata. Este utiliza um novo fotomultiplicador de estado sólido dado pelo nome de MPPC - MultiPixel Photon Counter da companhia Hamamatsu Photonics (Japão). Nesta dissertação é estudado o mesmo dosímetro para a modalidade de braquiterapia de elevada taxa de dose (HDR). A informação sobre a dose neste tipo de dosímetros é obtida a partir de sinais óticos (em vez de sinais elétricos), que são imunes a interferências elétricas e eletromagnéticas. Adicionalmente as pequenas dimensões das fibras oferecem uma excelente resolução espacial e uma invasão mínima para uso em dosimetria in vivo, permitindo medir a dose diretamente ou próximo ao tumor e em tempo real. A sua utilização em braquiterapia para o cancro da próstata constitui-se assim como uma vantagem, uma vez que as fibras podem ser inseridas diretamente nos aplicadores utilizados neste tipo de tratamentos. Apesar de tudo, este tipo de dosímetros possui algumas desvantagens, como por exemplo a luz de Cherenkov e a fluorescência (forma de ruído dada pelo nome de stem effect) que, e a contrário da luz produzida pela fibra cintilante, não são diretamente proporcionais à energia depositada. Contudo, e para energias praticadas em braquiterapia de HDR, nesta dissertação, mostrou-se que este problema é pouco significativo dado que a percentagem de contribuição destes efeitos para o sinal medido é menor que 1% (ou 5% para distâncias menores que 25 mm). Ao longo desta dissertação é feita a caraterização do dosímetro (em modo corrente e impulso) e das suas várias partes em ambiente de laboratório e clínico. Nestes estudos o dosímetro, além de exibir uma boa reprodutibilidade (variação máxima de 3% entre medidas), mostrou uma alta linearidade para uma ampla gama de doses, assim como uma sensibilidade (µGy) semelhante à de uma câmara de ionização, tornando-o adequado para braquiterapia de HDR (tratamento que envolve altos gradientes de dose). Complementarmente, a sua grande versatilidade e simples utilização possibilita a sua aplicação prática em outras modalidades radioterapêuticas.

APROVEITAMENTO DA CASCA DO COCO-VERDE ( Cocos nucifera L.) PARA PRODUÇÃO DE POLPA CELULÓSICA

A casca do coco-verde é um resíduo do consumo da água de coco. Em cidades litorâneas este resíduo já tem se tornado um grande problema, pois é de difícil decomposição. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a casca do coco-verde ( Cocos nucifera L.) para a produção de celulose kraft. A matéria-prima foi caracterizada com relação à densidade básica, composição química, dimensão das fibras e proporção de elementos anatômicos. Foram realizados três cozimentos-teste sendo que um deles foi escolhido para repetição. Em cada um deles variou-se a carga alcalina visando à elaboração de curvas de cozimento. Nos resultados do processo de polpação foram encontrados valores altos de número kappa, baixos rendimentos e baixos teores de rejeito. As seguintes características do material, baixa densidade básica (0,128 g/cm³), alta quantidade de extrativos (33,68%) e baixa proporção de fibras (22,11%), corroboraram para estes resultados. Assim, a produção de polpa celulósica a partir da casca do coco-verde pelo processo kraft, não se mostrou como uma alternativa viável tecnicamente.