Effects of fou8/fry1 mutation on sulfur metabolism: is decreased internal sulfate the trigger of sulfate starvation response?

The fou8 loss of function allele of adenosine bisphosphate phosphatase FIERY1 results in numerous phenotypes including the increased enzymatic oxygenation of fatty acids and increased jasmonate synthesis. Here we show that the mutation causes also profound alterations of sulfur metabolism. The fou8 mutants possess lower levels of sulfated secondary compounds, glucosinolates, and accumulate the desulfo-precursors similar to previously described mutants in adenosine 5'phosphosulfate kinase. Transcript levels of genes involved in sulfate assimilation differ in fou8 compared to wild type Col-0 plants and are similar to plants subjected to sulfate deficiency. Indeed, independent microarray analyses of various alleles of mutants in FIERY1 showed similar patterns of gene expression as in sulfate deficient plants. This was not caused by alterations in signalling, as the fou8 mutants contained significantly lower levels of sulfate and glutathione and, consequently, of total elemental sulfur. Analysis of mutants with altered levels of sulfate and glutathione confirmed the correlation of sulfate deficiency-like gene expression pattern with low internal sulfate but not low glutathione. The changes in sulfur metabolism in fou8 correlated with massive increases in 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate levels. The analysis of fou8 thus revealed that sulfate starvation response is triggered by a decrease in internal sulfate as opposed to external sulfate availability and that the presence of desulfo-glucosinolates does not induce the glucosinolate synthesis network. However, as well as resolving these important questions on the regulation of sulfate assimilation in plants, fou8 has also opened an array of new questions on the links between jasmonate synthesis and sulfur metabolism.

La teoría de los códigos: una entrevista a Basil Bernstein

En el contexto de esta monografía dedicada a la obra del profesor Bernstein pareció oportuno contar con alguna aportación Original del propio autor. Su obra clásica principal estando a punto de publicarse en castellano (ya aparecida al editarse este número de Temps d'Educació), surgió la idea de una entrevista -de una entrevista 'epistolar' en este caso.

Pieces of Iowa’s Past, February 1, 2012

Pieces of Iowa’s Past, published by the Iowa State Capitol Tour Guides weekly during the legislative session, features historical facts about Iowa, the Capitol, and the early workings of state government. All historical publications are reproduced here with the actual spelling, punctuation, and grammar retained. February 1, 2012 THIS WEEK: A Different Oath for Senator Vale BACKGROUND: Senator Jacob G. Vale was born July 7, 1821, in York County, Pennsylvania. In 1847, he married Anne Rex, and they moved to Iowa in 1850. Vale farmed in Lee County, and in 1853, he ran on an independent ticket for the legislature but was defeated. He moved to Van Buren County in 1856. In 1861, he was solicited by both parties to become a candidate for the state Senate. He was elected and served as the only independent senator in the 13th General Assembly. Vale also served in the 14th General Assembly in 1872. In 1873, Vale was the Anti-Monopoly candidate for governor of Iowa. Vale died February 17, 1875. His son, B.R. Vale, served in the Iowa Senate from 1888-1896

A cryptic heterogametic transition revealed by sex-linked DNA markers in Palearctic green toads.

In sharp contrast to birds and mammals, most cold-blooded vertebrates have homomorphic (morphologically undifferentiated) sex chromosomes. This might result either from recurrent X-Y recombination (occurring e.g. during occasional events of sex reversal) or from frequent turnovers (during which sex-determining genes are overthrown by new autosomal mutations). Evidence for turnovers is indeed mounting in fish, but very few have so far been documented in amphibians, possibly because of practical difficulties in identifying sex chromosomes. Female heterogamety (ZW) has long been established in Bufo bufo, based on sex reversal and crossing experiments. Here, we investigate a sex-linked marker identified from a laboratory cross between Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup). The F(1) offspring produced by a female Bufo balearicus and a male Bufo siculus were phenotypically sexed, displaying an even sex ratio. A sex-specific marker detected in highly reproducible AFLP genotypes was cloned. Sequencing revealed a noncoding, microsatellite-containing fragment. Reamplification and genotyping of families of this and a reciprocal cross showed B. siculus to be male heterogametic (XY) and suggested the same system for B. balearicus. Our results thus reveal a cryptic heterogametic transition within bufonid frogs and help explain patterns of hybrid fitness within the B. viridis subgroup. Turnovers of genetic sex-determination systems may be more frequent in amphibians than previously thought and thus contribute to the prevalence of homomorphic sex chromosomes in this group.

Imaging the ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering distribution with grating interferometry.

X-ray imaging with grating interferometry has previously been regarded as a technique providing information only in direct space. It delivers absorption, phase, and dark-field contrast, which can be viewed as parameters of the underlying but unresolved scattering distribution. Here, we present a method that provides the ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering distribution and, thus, allows simultaneous access to direct and reciprocal space information.

Comparative genomic and phylogeographic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae.

Reductive evolution and massive pseudogene formation have shaped the 3.31-Mb genome of Mycobacterium leprae, an unculturable obligate pathogen that causes leprosy in humans. The complete genome sequence of M. leprae strain Br4923 from Brazil was obtained by conventional methods (6x coverage), and Illumina resequencing technology was used to obtain the sequences of strains Thai53 (38x coverage) and NHDP63 (46x coverage) from Thailand and the United States, respectively. Whole-genome comparisons with the previously sequenced TN strain from India revealed that the four strains share 99.995% sequence identity and differ only in 215 polymorphic sites, mainly SNPs, and by 5 pseudogenes. Sixteen interrelated SNP subtypes were defined by genotyping both extant and extinct strains of M. leprae from around the world. The 16 SNP subtypes showed a strong geographical association that reflects the migration patterns of early humans and trade routes, with the Silk Road linking Europe to China having contributed to the spread of leprosy.

An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome.

The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research.

A genomewide scan for early-onset coronary artery disease in 438 families: the GENECARD Study.

A family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), especially when the disease occurs at a young age, is a potent risk factor for CAD. DNA collection in families in which two or more siblings are affected at an early age allows identification of genetic factors for CAD by linkage analysis. We performed a genomewide scan in 1,168 individuals from 438 families, including 493 affected sibling pairs with documented onset of CAD before 51 years of age in men and before 56 years of age in women. We prospectively defined three phenotypic subsets of families: (1) acute coronary syndrome in two or more siblings; (2) absence of type 2 diabetes in all affected siblings; and (3) atherogenic dyslipidemia in any one sibling. Genotypes were analyzed for 395 microsatellite markers. Regions were defined as providing evidence for linkage if they provided parametric two-point LOD scores >1.5, together with nonparametric multipoint LOD scores >1.0. Regions on chromosomes 3q13 (multipoint LOD = 3.3; empirical P value <.001) and 5q31 (multipoint LOD = 1.4; empirical P value <.081) met these criteria in the entire data set, and regions on chromosomes 1q25, 3q13, 7p14, and 19p13 met these criteria in one or more of the subsets. Two regions, 3q13 and 1q25, met the criteria for genomewide significance. We have identified a region on chromosome 3q13 that is linked to early-onset CAD, as well as additional regions of interest that will require further analysis. These data provide initial areas of the human genome where further investigation may reveal susceptibility genes for early-onset CAD.

Le régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers au Cameroun face à l'impératif du développement

Avant-propos: Selon les données disponibles, le Cameroun, à l'instar de nombreux pays en développement, ne constitue qu'une destination marginale de l'investissement direct étranger (IDE), à l'exception de ceux destinés aux secteurs minier et pétrolier. Déterminer les causes de cette situation peu satisfaisante n'aurait en soi qu'un intérêt théorique si ce pays n'avait pas adopté une réglementation visant à encadrer et à promouvoir ce type d'investissements et n'avait pas, par ailleurs, signé et ratifié divers instruments bilatéraux et multilatéraux se rapportant à cet objet. Ce sont donc des considérations très pratiques qui l'emportent et rendent nécessaire une étude plus détaillée sur le sujet. Ce travail a pour objet l'étude du régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers analysé comme facteur pouvant Favoriser le développement économique et social du Cameroun. Dans ces conditions, il eût été impossible de s'en tenir à l'analyse des seules dispositions ayant trait spécifiquement au régime juridique des investissements d'origine étrangère. L'examen des obstacles et des contraintes ayant un impact aussi bien sur les politiques d'incitation que sur les effets attendus de ce type d'investissement s'est avéré indispensable pour appréhender la question dans sa globalité. Au risque de sacrifier quelque peu l'exigence de concision nécessaire à la rédaction d'une thèse, nous avons donc opté pour un exposé aussi complet que possible des questions avant tout juridiques, mais aussi politiques et économiques, auxquelles peuvent être confrontés, non seulement le juriste averti, mais aussi le praticien ou tout simplement l'étranger désireux d'investir au Cameroun. Pour ce faire, nous avons divisé notre étude en deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous nous efforçons de présenter et d'analyser les normes coutumières, conventionnelles, légales ou contractuelles constitutives du régime juridique des investissements au Cameroun. Et parce que le système juridique camerounais est complexe, et aussi méconnu ou inconnu, il nous a paru indispensable, à chaque fois, d'en rappeler les spécificités de manière à familiariser le lecteur avec les réalités institutionnelles et juridiques du pays qui illustre notre étude. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons tenté de démontrer la nécessité d'adopter des politiques complémentaires visant à améliorer l'incidence de l'IDE sur le développement en proposant des mesures d'ordre politique et juridique pouvant contribuer à l'amélioration de la compétitivité de l'économie camerounaise, d'une part, et, d'autre part, viser à atténuer les effets néfastes des IDE et des politiques d'incitation. En élargissant ainsi le champ de notre analyse, nous espérons rendre service à la fois aux juristes et aux praticiens, plus sensibles aux solutions concrètes qu'à leur explication doctrinale. C'est ainsi que nous avons mis en commun les connaissances juridiques théoriques et les analyses et opinions émises par différents observateurs des faits économiques et sociaux du Cameroun, conscient qu'en Afrique plus qu'ailleurs, les juristes désireux de faire oeuvre utile ne sauraient s'enfermer dans la tour d'ivoire des Facultés. Nos conclusions, loin de faire l'inventaire de tous les résultats auxquels nous sommes parvenu, se limitent aux enseignements majeurs que nous tirons de notre recherche et aux propositions que nous formulons.

Meta-analysis identifies multiple loci associated with kidney function-related traits in east Asian populations.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), impairment of kidney function, is a serious public health problem, and the assessment of genetic factors influencing kidney function has substantial clinical relevance. Here, we report a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for kidney function-related traits, including 71,149 east Asian individuals from 18 studies in 11 population-, hospital- or family-based cohorts, conducted as part of the Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network (AGEN). Our meta-analysis identified 17 loci newly associated with kidney function-related traits, including the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine levels (eGFRcrea) (P < 5.0 × 10(-8)). We further examined these loci with in silico replication in individuals of European ancestry from the KidneyGen, CKDGen and GUGC consortia, including a combined total of ∼110,347 individuals. We identify pleiotropic associations among these loci with kidney function-related traits and risk of CKD. These findings provide new insights into the genetics of kidney function.

Análise de imagem para determinação do teor de saponina em quinoa

Um grupo de sementes lavadas e 35 acessos de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) foram avaliados pelo método de coluna de espuma e sua coloração foi decomposta pelo modelo RGB (R, vermelho; G, verde; B, azul) com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do teor de saponina na cor do grão. Sementes amarelas apresentaram alto teor de saponina. Houve correlação negativa (p£0,05) entre o teste de coluna de espuma e as bandas R (r = -0,751), G (r = -0,660) e B (r = -0,594). Estabeleceram-se quatro grupos de similaridade. Foram considerados amargos os acessos do grupo 4 (sementes amarelas) e doces os acessos do grupo 1 (sementes brancas). A dispersão observada representa provável diferença na freqüência gênica, refletida pela cor e teor de saponina.

Arginase II Promotes Macrophage Inflammatory Responses Through Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species, Contributing to Insulin Resistance and Atherogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation is mechanistically linked to insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Although arginase I is considered antiinflammatory, the role of arginase II (Arg-II) in macrophage function remains elusive. This study characterizes the role of Arg-II in macrophage inflammatory responses and its impact on obesity-linked type II diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: In human monocytes, silencing Arg-II decreases the monocytes' adhesion to endothelial cells and their production of proinflammatory mediators stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein or lipopolysaccharides, as evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Macrophages differentiated from bone marrow cells of Arg-II-deficient (Arg-II(-/-)) mice express lower levels of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory mediators than do macrophages of wild-type mice. Importantly, reintroducing Arg-II cDNA into Arg-II(-/-) macrophages restores the inflammatory responses, with concomitant enhancement of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by N-acetylcysteine prevents the Arg-II-mediated inflammatory responses. Moreover, high-fat diet-induced infiltration of macrophages in various organs and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue are blunted in Arg-II(-/-) mice. Accordingly, Arg-II(-/-) mice reveal lower fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice with Arg-II deficiency (ApoE(-/-)Arg-II(-/-)) display reduced lesion size with characteristics of stable plaques, such as decreased macrophage inflammation and necrotic core. In vivo adoptive transfer experiments reveal that fewer donor ApoE(-/-)Arg-II(-/-) than ApoE(-/-)Arg-II(+/+) monocytes infiltrate into the plaque of ApoE(-/-)Arg-II(+/+) mice. Conversely, recipient ApoE(-/-)Arg-II(-/-) mice accumulate fewer donor monocytes than do recipient ApoE(-/-)Arg-II(+/+) animals. CONCLUSIONS: Arg-II promotes macrophage proinflammatory responses through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, contributing to insulin resistance and atherogenesis. Targeting Arg-II represents a potential therapeutic strategy in type II diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e000992 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.000992.).

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk for fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Data on the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and fractures conflict. PURPOSE: To assess the risk for hip and nonspine fractures associated with subclinical thyroid dysfunction among prospective cohorts. DATA SOURCES: Search of MEDLINE and EMBASE (1946 to 16 March 2014) and reference lists of retrieved articles without language restriction. STUDY SELECTION: Two physicians screened and identified prospective cohorts that measured thyroid function and followed participants to assess fracture outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION: One reviewer extracted data using a standardized protocol, and another verified data. Both reviewers independently assessed methodological quality of the studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 7 population-based cohorts of heterogeneous quality included 50,245 participants with 1966 hip and 3281 nonspine fractures. In random-effects models that included the 5 higher-quality studies, the pooled adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of participants with subclinical hyperthyroidism versus euthyrodism were 1.38 (95% CI, 0.92 to 2.07) for hip fractures and 1.20 (CI, 0.83 to 1.72) for nonspine fractures without statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.82 and 0.52, respectively; I2= 0%). Pooled estimates for the 7 cohorts were 1.26 (CI, 0.96 to 1.65) for hip fractures and 1.16 (CI, 0.95 to 1.42) for nonspine fractures. When thyroxine recipients were excluded, the HRs for participants with subclinical hyperthyroidism were 2.16 (CI, 0.87 to 5.37) for hip fractures and 1.43 (CI, 0.73 to 2.78) for nonspine fractures. For participants with subclinical hypothyroidism, HRs from higher-quality studies were 1.12 (CI, 0.83 to 1.51) for hip fractures and 1.04 (CI, 0.76 to 1.42) for nonspine fractures (P for heterogeneity = 0.69 and 0.88, respectively; I2 = 0%). LIMITATIONS: Selective reporting cannot be excluded. Adjustment for potential common confounders varied and was not adequately done across all studies. CONCLUSION: Subclinical hyperthyroidism might be associated with an increased risk for hip and nonspine fractures, but additional large, high-quality studies are needed. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Swiss National Science Foundation.