876 resultados para carbohydrate source


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There is much evidence to support an age-related decline in source memory ability. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this decline are not well understood. The current study was carried out to determine the electrophysiological correlates of source memory discrimination in younger and older adults. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) data were collected from younger (M= 21 years) and older (M= 71 years) adults during a source memory task. Older adults were more likely to make source memory errors for recently repeated, non-target words than were younger adults. Moreover, their ERP records for correct trials showed an increased amplitude in the late positive (LP) component (400-800 msec) for the most recently presented, non-target stimuli relative to the LP noted for target items. Younger adults showed an opposite pattern, with a large LP component for target items, and a much smaller LP component for the recently repeated non-target items. Computation of parasympathetic activity in the vagus nerve was performed on the ECG data (Porges, 1985). The resulting measure, vagal tone, was used as an index of physiological responsivity. The vagal tone index of physiological responsivity was negatively related to the LP amplitude for the most recently repeated, non-target words in both groups, after accounting for age effects. The ERP data support the hypothesis that the tendency to make source memory errors on the part of older adults is related to the ability to selectively control attentional processes during task performance. Furthermore, the relationship between vagal tone and ERP reactivity suggests that there is a physiological basis to the heightened reactivity measured in the LP response to recently repeated non-target items such that, under decreased physiological resources, there is an impairment in the ability to selectively inhibit bottom-up, stimulus based properties in favour of task-related goals in older adults. The inconsistency of these results with other explanatory models of source memory deficits is discussed. It is concluded that the data are consistent with a physiological reactivity model requiring inhibition of reactivity to irrelevant, but perceptually-fluent, stimuli.

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Reduced capacity for executive cognitive function and for the autonomic control of cardiac responsivity are both concomitants of the aging process. These may be linked through their mutual dependence on medial prefrontal function, but the specifics ofthat linkage have not been well explored. Executive functions associated with medial prefrontal cortex involve various aspects ofperformance monitoring, whereas centrally mediated autonomic functions can be observed as heart rate variability (HRV), i.e., variability in the length of intervals between heart beats. The focus for this thesis was to examine the degree to which the capacity for phasic autonomic adjustments to heart rate relates to performance monitoring in younger and older adults, using measures of electrocortical and autonomic activity. Behavioural performance and attention allocation during two age-sensitive tasks could be predicted by various aspects of autonomic control. For young adults, greater influence of the parasympathetic system on HRV was beneficial for learning unfamiliar maze paths; for older adults, greater sympathetic influence was detrimental to these functions. Further, these relationships were primarily evoked when the task required the construction and use of internalized representations of mazes rather than passive responses to feedback. When memory for source was required, older adults made three times as many source errors as young adults. However, greater parasympathetic influence on HRV in the older group was conducive to avoiding source errors and to reduced electrocortical responses to irrelevant information. Higher sympathetic predominance, in contrast, was associated with higher rates of source error and greater electrocortical responses tq non-target information in both groups. These relations were not seen for 11 errors associated with a speeded perceptual task, irrespective of its difficulty level. Overall, autonomic modulation of cardiac activity was associated with higher levels of performance monitoring, but differentially across tasks and age groups. With respect to age, those older adults who had maintained higher levels of autonomic cardiac regulation appeared to have also maintained higher levels of executive control over task performance.

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This study investigated the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and glucose uptake through changes in skeletal muscle cell volume. Using an established invitro isolated whole muscle model, soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were dissected from male rats and incubated in an organ bath containing Sigma medium-199 with 8 mM D-glucose altered to target osmolality (hypo-osmotic: HYPO, iso-osmotic: ISO, hyper-osmotic: HYPER; 190, 290, 400 mmol/kg). Muscles were divided into two groups; metabolite (MM) and uptake (MU). MM (N=48) were incubated for 60 minutes and were then immediately flash frozen. MU (N=24) were incubated for 30 minutes and then the extracellular fluid was exchanged for media containing ^H-glucose and ^'*C-mannitol and incubated for another 30 minutes. After the incubation, the muscles were freeze clamped. Results demonstrated a relative water decrease and increase in HYPER and HYPO, respectively. EDL and SOL glucose uptakes were found to be significantly greater in HYPER conditions. The HYPER condition resulted in significant alterations in muscle metabolite concentrations (lower glycogen, elevated lactate, and G-6-P) suggesting a catabolic cell state, and an increase in glycogen synthase transformation when compared to the HYPO group. In conclusion, skeletal muscle cell volume alters rates of glucose uptake with further alterations in muscle metabolites and glycogen synthase transformation.

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This study investigated the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism through changes in skeletal muscle cell volume immediately post contraction and during recovery. Using an established in vitro isolated muscle strip model, soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were dissected from male rats and incubated in an organ bath (perfused with 95% O2; 5% CO2, pH 7.4, temperature 25°C) containing medium- 199 altered to a target osmotic condition (iso-, hypo- or hyper-osmotic; 290, 1 80, 400 mmol/kg). Muscles were stimulated for 10 minutes (40 Hz SOL; 30 Hz EDL) and then either immediately flash frozen or allowed to recover for 20 minutes before subsequent metabolite and enzyme analysis. Results demonstrated a relative water decrease in HYPER vs. HYPOosmotic condition (n=8/group; p<0.05) regardless of muscle type. Specifically, the SOL HYPER condition had elevated metabolite concentrations after 10 minutes of stimulation in comparison to both HYPO and ISO (p<0.05), while EDL muscle did not show any significant difTerences between the HYPER or HYPO conditions. After 20 minutes of recovery, metabolic changes occurred in both SOL and EDL with the SOL HYPER condition showing greater relative changes in metabolite concentrations versus HYPO. The results of the current study have demonstrated that osmotic imbalance induces metabolic change within the skeletal muscle cell and muscle type may influence the mechanisms utilized for cell volume regulation.

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The time course for the reversal of the adaptive increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) activity following a 6d high fat diet (HP: 4.2 ± 0.2 % carbohydrate; 75.6 ± 0.4 % fat; 19.5 ± 0.8 % protein) was investigated in human skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis). HF feeding increased PDK activity by 44% (from 0.081 ± 0.025 min"' to 0.247 ± 0.025 mm\p < 0.05). Following carbohydrate re-feeding, (88% carbohydrate; 5% fat; 7% protein), PDK activity had returned to baseline (0.111 ± 0.014 min"') within 3h of re-feeding. The active fraction of pyruvate dehydrognease (PDHa) was depressed following 6d of the HF diet (from 0.89 ± 0.21 mmol/min/kg WW to 0.32 ± 0.05 mmol/min/kg ww,p <0.05) and increased to pre-HF levels by 45 min of post re-feeding (0.74 ±0.19 mmol/min/kg ww) and remained elevated for 3h. Western blotting analysis of the PDK isoforms, PDK4 and PDK2, revealed a 31% increase in PDK4 protein content following the HF diet, with no change in PDK2 protein. This adaptive increase in PDK4 protein content was reversed with carbohydrate re-feeding. It was concluded that the adaptive up-regulation in PDK activity and PDK4 protein content was fiilly reversed by 3h following carbohydrate re-feeding.

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An illustration from the "Canadian Illustrated News" that shows a group of individuals "gathering the fruit" and then a "scene in the vineyard".

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Article publié avec l'autorisation de la Chambre des notaires du Québec

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Yann Joly, étudiant au doctorat en droit à l'Université McGill (Montréal)

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Les principaux substrats oxydés à l’exercice, soit les glucides, les lipides et les pro- téines ne contribuent pas tous au même niveau à la fourniture d’énergie lors de l’effort prolongé. De plus, le glucose peut provenir de différentes sources endogènes (muscle, foie) et exogènes. Plusieurs facteurs peuvent influencer leur contribution respective incluant : la masse musculaire impliquée et l’entraînement préalable, le sexe, l’état nutritionnel et les conditions environnementales. L’utilisation d’isotopes stables, tels que le carbone 13 (13C), combinée à la calorimétrie indirecte respiratoire corrigée pour l’excrétion d’urée dans l’urine et la sueur, permet de différencier les substrats endogènes et exogènes et d’évaluer la contribution de leur oxydation à la fourniture d’énergie. Ces méthodes d’investigation permettant d’apprécier la sélection des substrats lors de l’exercice prolongé avec ingestion de glucose ont permis d’effectuer les comparaisons qui ont fait l’objet des trois études de cette thèse. Dans la première étude, la sélection des substrats au cours d’un effort prolongé effectué avec les membres inférieurs ou les membres supérieurs a été comparée avec et sans ingestion de glucose. Une différence modeste fut observée entre la sélection des substrats selon le mode d’exercice avec l’ingestion d’eau, celle-ci favorisant légèrement l’oxydation des glucides lors de l’effort avec les membres supérieurs. La quantité de glucose exogène oxydée était plus faible lors de l’exercice avec les membres supérieurs qu’avec les membres supérieurs, mais sa contribution plus importante, conséquence d’une dépense énergétique plus faible. Dans la deuxième étude, on a comparé la sélection des substrats chez des sujets mas- culins et féminins et les effets d’une alimentation enrichie en glucides ou de l’ingestion de glucose, au cours d’un exercice prolongé d’une durée de deux heures. On reconnaît généralement que, pour une même puissance relative, les femmes utilisent moins de glucides et davantage de lipides que les hommes. Les effets séparés d’une alimentation riche en glucides ou de l’ingestion de glucose pendant l’exercice sur la sélection des substrats furent pourtant similaires chez les deux sexes. L’effet combiné des deux procédures de supplémentation est toutefois plus important chez la femme que chez l’homme, soutenant l’hypothèse qu’un léger déficit en glucides soit présent chez les femmes. Dans la troisième étude, l’oxydation des substrats et particulièrement celle d’amidon exogène au cours d’une marche prolongée à une faible puissance de travail a été décrite. Les individus qui pratiquent des activités physiques prolongées à des intensités faibles (< 40 %VO2max) sont encouragés à ingérer des glucides et de l’eau pendant l’effort, mais la contribution de leur oxydation à la fourniture d’énergie est relativement peu connue. Nous avons montré que, contrairement aux observations précédemment effectuées à jeun sans ingestion de glucides pendant l’effort, les glucides (incluant de source exogène) peuvent fournir une très grande partie de l’énergie lorsqu’ils sont ingérés à des intervalles réguliers au cours de l’exercice prolongé. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats des études expérimentales présentées dans cette thèse montrent que les glucides ingérés peuvent fournir une grande proportion de l’énergie pendant l’exercice prolongé. Toutefois, le mode d’exercice, le sexe et la puissance de travail mènent à des variations qui sont en grande partie liées à une dépense énergétique variable selon les conditions et les groupes d’individus ayant des caractéristiques différentes.

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Les modèles de compréhension statistiques appliqués à des applications vocales nécessitent beaucoup de données pour être entraînés. Souvent, une même application doit pouvoir supporter plusieurs langues, c’est le cas avec les pays ayant plusieurs langues officielles. Il s’agit donc de gérer les mêmes requêtes des utilisateurs, lesquelles présentent une sémantique similaire, mais dans plusieurs langues différentes. Ce projet présente des techniques pour déployer automatiquement un modèle de compréhension statistique d’une langue source vers une langue cible. Ceci afin de réduire le nombre de données nécessaires ainsi que le temps relié au déploiement d’une application dans une nouvelle langue. Premièrement, une approche basée sur les techniques de traduction automatique est présentée. Ensuite une approche utilisant un espace sémantique commun pour comparer plusieurs langues a été développée. Ces deux méthodes sont comparées pour vérifier leurs limites et leurs faisabilités. L’apport de ce projet se situe dans l’amélioration d’un modèle de traduction grâce à l’ajout de données très proche de l’application ainsi que d’une nouvelle façon d’inférer un espace sémantique multilingue.