Time misalignments in fault detection and diagnosis

El desalineamiento temporal es la incorrespondencia de dos señales debido a una distorsión en el eje temporal. La Detección y Diagnóstico de Fallas (Fault Detection and Diagnosis-FDD) permite la detección, el diagnóstico y la corrección de fallos en un proceso. La metodología usada en FDD está dividida en dos categorías: técnicas basadas en modelos y no basadas en modelos. Esta tesis doctoral trata sobre el estudio del efecto del desalineamiento temporal en FDD. Nuestra atención se enfoca en el análisis y el diseño de sistemas FDD en caso de problemas de comunicación de datos, como retardos y pérdidas. Se proponen dos técnicas para reducir estos problemas: una basada en programación dinámica y la otra en optimización. Los métodos propuestos han sido validados sobre diferentes sistemas dinámicos: control de posición de un motor de corriente continua, una planta de laboratorio y un problema de sistemas eléctricos conocido como hueco de tensión.

Formação contínua de professores em contexto

A importância atribuída à formação contínua de professores justifica-se, em grande parte, pelas características da sociedade pós-moderna que colocam novas exigências ao «saber», ao «saber fazer» e, sobretudo, ao «saber como fazer» dos profissionais de educação. A formação contínua de professores deverá adquirir um sentido que valorize não só a aquisição de conhecimentos, mas sobretudo o desenvolvimento de competências e, nesse sentido, que as práticas formativas se articulem com os contextos profissionais dos docentes. A formação contínua deverá ser ajustada à realidade de cada escola e do seu grupo de professores, onde seja possível transformar o trabalho diário dos docentes em actividades formativas, onde essas práticas tenham de ser significativas e pertinentes para os profissionais. A formação contínua em contexto reúne um conjunto de características que potencializa a resolução e promoção do desenvolvimento profissional dos professores e o desenvolvimento da organização da Escola.

Severidade punitiva : penas severas: um factor de dissuasão de um crime?

A justiça e a Psicologia Forense movimentam-se no mesmo terreno, o das personalidades e comportamentos humanos, no entanto, operam em campos não tão complementares quanto o necessário. O berço da investigação respeita a História e evolução da penalidade, sobrevoando posteriormente nos caminhos (en) cruzilhados entre a Psicologia e o Direito. Particularizou-se os laços que envolvem a avaliação psicológica forense e a perícia de personalidade quando pedidas em tribunal, e deslizou-se superficialmente pela ética e deontologia. A sua máxime consiste na procura de conhecimentos sobre o nível de Severidade Punitiva, em processos de menores relativos à aplicação da Lei Tutelar Educativa, sendo a adolescência uma etapa da vida onde frequentemente se cometem algumas condutas transgressivas e onde as mesmas emergem Para isso, aplicou-se um instrumento psicológico construído para o efeito, o Índice de Severidade Penalizadora e Psicologização (Criminalização Secundária – Transgressionalidades e Delinquência Juvenil (ISPP-CS-TDJ). Finalmente ousa responder à pergunta “Penas severas como factor de dissuasão de um crime?”

Strial capillary permeability following noise exposure in mice

A study of strial capillary permeability using fluorescent microspheres and immunohistochemistry in mice that do or do not exhibit a reduction in endocochlear potential following a single, intense noise exposure.

La canonización de Raimundo de Peñafort en Quito. Un ritual barroco entre la exhibición y el ocultamiento (1603) [Estudios]

Tomando como caso de estudio los festejos en honor de la canonización de Raimundo de Peñafort en Quito, en 1603, el artículo ofrece una reflexión alrededor de la cultura barroca en Hispanoamérica desde el punto de vista de la soberanía. El texto muestra cómo las élites quiteñas se apropiaron de las festividades organizadas en Quito en honor al santo catalán. Los criollos utilizaron las celebraciones en honor a San Raimundo como una estrategia política para solicitar a la Corona que deroguen los castigos impuestos a la ciudad luego de la Rebelión de las Alcabalas (1593).

Food-chain transfer of zinc from contaminated Urtica dioica and Acer pseudoplatanus L. to Microlophium carnosum and Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank

This study examines the food-chain transfer of Zn from two plant species, Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) and Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), into their corresponding aphid species, Microlophium carnosum and Drepanosiphum platanoidis. The plants were grown in a hydroponic system using solutions with increasing concentrations of Zn from 0.02 to 41.9 mg Zn/l. Above-ground tissue concentrations in U. dioica and M. carnosum increased with increasing Zn exposure (p < 0.001). Zn concentrations in A. pseudoplatanus also increased with solution concentration from the control to the 9.8 mg Zn/l solution, above which concentrations remained constant. Zn concentrations in both D. platanoidis and the phloem tissue of A. pseudoplatanus were not affected by the Zn concentration in the watering solution. It appears that A. pseudoplatanus was able to limit Zn transport in the phloem, resulting in constant Zn exposure to the aphids. Zn concentrations in D. platanoidis were around three times those in M. carnosum. Concentrations of Zn in two aphid species are dependant on species and exposure.

Studying the Human Gut Microbiota in the Trans-Omics Era - Focus on Metagenomics and Metabonomics

The human gut microbiota comprises a diverse microbial consortium closely co-evolved with the human genome and diet. The importance of the gut microbiota in regulating human health and disease has however been largely overlooked due to the inaccessibility of the intestinal habitat, the complexity of the gut microbiota itself and the fact that many of its members resist cultivation and are in fact new to science. However, with the emergence of 16S rRNA molecular tools and "post-genomics" high resolution technologies for examining microorganisms as they occur in nature without the need for prior laboratory culture, this limited view of the gut microbiota is rapidly changing. This review will discuss the application of molecular microbiological tools to study the human gut microbiota in a culture independent manner. Genomics or metagenomics approaches have a tremendous capability to generate compositional data and to measure the metabolic potential encoded by the combined genomes of the gut microbiota. Another post-genomics approach, metabonomics, has the capacity to measure the metabolic kinetic or flux of metabolites through an ecosystem at a particular point in time or over a time course. Metabonomics thus derives data on the function of the gut microbiota in situ and how it responds to different environmental stimuli e. g. substrates like prebiotics, antibiotics and other drugs and in response to disease. Recently these two culture independent, high resolution approaches have been combined into a single "transgenomic" approach which allows correlation of changes in metabolite profiles within human biofluids with microbiota compositional metagenomic data. Such approaches are providing novel insight into the composition, function and evolution of our gut microbiota.

How well does the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System predict blocking?

Forecasting atmospheric blocking is one of the main problems facing medium-range weather forecasters in the extratropics. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) provides an excellent basis for medium-range forecasting as it provides a number of different possible realizations of the meteorological future. This ensemble of forecasts attempts to account for uncertainties in both the initial conditions and the model formulation. Since 18 July 2000, routine output from the EPS has included the field of potential temperature on the potential vorticity (PV) D 2 PV units (PVU) surface, the dynamical tropopause. This has enabled the objective identification of blocking using an index based on the reversal of the meridional potential-temperature gradient. A year of EPS probability forecasts of Euro-Atlantic and Pacific blocking have been produced and are assessed in this paper, concentrating on the Euro-Atlantic sector. Standard verification techniques such as Brier scores, Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and reliability diagrams are used. It is shown that Euro-Atlantic sector-blocking forecasts are skilful relative to climatology out to 10 days, and are more skilful than the deterministic control forecast at all lead times. The EPS is also more skilful than a probabilistic version of this deterministic forecast, though the difference is smaller. In addition, it is shown that the onset of a sector-blocking episode is less well predicted than its decay. As the lead time increases, the probability forecasts tend towards a model climatology with slightly less blocking than is seen in the real atmosphere. This small under-forecasting bias in the blocking forecasts is possibly related to a westerly bias in the ECMWF model. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society