Utilização de biossurfactante e surfactante químico para dessorção de óleo presente em vermiculita hidrofobizada: estudo comparativo

A number of methods and products have been developed in order to eliminate or reduce the negative effects that hydrocarbons cause to the environment, including hydrophobic expanded vermiculite, used in oil residue filtering systems at gas stations. However, upon adsorbing organic compounds, the vermiculite is no longer used and is sent to landfills. The aim of the present study was to wash granular and powdered vermiculite containing oil lubricant in its pores with distilled water and solutions of 0.1% SDS surfactant and rhamnolipids, with the aim of removing the lubricant and the possibility of reusing the mineral. The greatest amount of lubricant removal was obtained through washing with 0.1% SDS and both granulometric forms. This may be associated to the industrial purification received by the surfactant. However, the biosurfactant is ecologically more viable due to its low toxicity and ease of degradability. In the readsorption tests, greatest adsorption was obtained with the granular vermiculite washed in SDS solution. In order to enable the reuse of the mineral, further tests are needed to enhance desorption/adsorption efficiency.

A interferência da desmotivação no desempenho de atletas

A motivação pode ser considerada um dos mais importantes combustíveis do ser humano, e seu estudo é importante principalmente na compreensão da influência da motivação sobre o desempenho esportivo e o bem-estar dos atletas. Ela pode ser caracterizada por fatores pessoais (motivação intrínseca) e ambientais (motivação extrínseca). Dentre os fatores motivacionais, o técnico tem grande importância pois, na maioria das vezes, partirão destes o incentivo que poderá influenciar diretamente nos atletas um comportamento motivado. No caso de estar desmotivado, um esportista não desempenhará ou desempenhará mal sua tarefa. Por isso, 22 atletas de handebol masculino, categoria adulto, das equipes SEME Rio Claro e Handebol Itu, responderam um questionário, onde buscava-se investigar a falta de motivação e pensamentos de abandono. Foram encontrados resultados que corroboram com a literatura, nos quais as causas da desmotivação estão relacionadas, principalmente, às dificuldades de relacionamento com o técnico, monotonia dos treinamentos, decepção das expectativas, sentimento de isolamento diante da equipe técnica e carência de reforços positivos pelos resultados conseguidos. Esses mesmos motivos, além de outros, como lesões, são causas do abandono esportivo. Porém, os resultados obtidos sugerem que os atletas pesquisados, mesmo os que se mostraram desmotivados, não apresentaram, em sua maioria, propensão a parar de praticar handebol, mostrando que falta de motivação e pensamentos de abandono do esporte podem estar presentes entre atletas, em maior ou menor grau. Ainda que não se intensifiquem a ponto de resultar em abandono.

Análise dos limites de inflamabilidade a partir de uma visão de pressões parciais de biocombustível

In this work concepts of flammability limits of anhydrous and hydrated ethanol to pressures below atmospheric, using the Dalton model for gaseous mixtures. Theoretical and experimental methods for determining the boundaries and the influence of parameters such as concentration, temperature and pressure were introduced. Analyzes from partial pressures of fuel vapor and correlations with temperature and total pressure were made. Finally presents an overview of aviation fuels, their requisites and trends in the use of biofuels in commercial aviation industry

Sobre as considerações de uma concepção de um projeto de um forno cerâmico

The current competitiveness of the market has generated the need to minimize the cost of production companies in any field of activity, aimed at reducing the cost of production, the cost of purchasing and manufacturing processes interruption of manufacturing processes for possible maintenance. In this sense, companies are seeking methods to improve and streamline their production line. In ceramics industries, cooking the pieces is the portion of the production process that influences the total costs. The oven construction and maintenance represent a large portion embedded in the cost of the final ceramic product. The proposal for a type of oven for baking the parts that takes into account a better burning process, knowledge of the causes of disease and cost analysis of purchasing both of the constituent materials and labor for its construction, can be significant importance to the composition of final product costs or time analysis of ROI. It is proposed a streamlined design of an oven that takes into account the positive characteristics of the furnaces already built and that the experience has endorsed, and also others that are added at the end, lead to a reduction in production cost, the cost income and the number of pathologies arising from wear of the furnace along the lifespan. Therefore, according to the experiences gained over the years in the construction of furnaces and experience of manufacturing of ceramic, it is proposed a project that has an oven improvement over those now being built and that include, among other topics, economy in fuel burning, streamlining the building process

Análise da viabilidade de motorização elétrica do soprador no ciclo regenerativo da unidade de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado em uma refinaria

One of the biggest environmental problems of today is the climate change. Experts affirm that this global warming is related to the greenhouse effect. Its causes are directly related to human activity, especially the use of fossil fuels. In this context, companies around the world are challenged to improve energy efficiency in order to reduce the environmental impact and work toward the so-called tripod of sustainable development that focuses on the social, economic and environmental aspects of a business strategy. The first step a company can make in this regard is to conduct an inventory of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The reduction of GHG emissions in a refinery can be achieved by replacing steam turbines with electric motors to drive big machines, this reduction is achieved by relieving the steam consumption for electric power available or purchased. An important aspect associated with the reduction of GHG emissions is the best performance of the Energy Intensity Index (ERI). The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility of the blower motorization in the regenerative cycle of a fluidized catalytic cracking unit at a specific refinery. For development work, two methods were used, the initial screening and optimization scenarios with the help of software Butyl. The results indicate that after a certain cost of natural gas this substitution becomes favorable. In addition, there is a large reduction of CO2 emissions avoided by burning fuel

Avaliação do desempenho ambiental da produção canavieira com colheita mecanizada: contribuição à implantação de um sistema simplificado de gestão ambiental da propriedade

The consuming of the natural resources in the agricultural sector does not represent only one external factor of the productive process, but also it implies in a bigger cost for the production, justified for this environmental degradation. In view of the necessity of evaluating the sustainment of the agricultural businesses, the use of performance indicators if makes of extreme importance. The measurement of the support through environmentalindicators is one of the most accepted forms of performing the evaluation of one given agricultural activity. In this context, the Base System for Eco-certification of Agricultural Businesses (Eco-cert Rural) developed by the Embrapa Environment at Jaguariúna/SP, has for purpose to present a method of evaluation of the agricultural businesses, not only of the point of view of the ecological performance, as well as considering the social, economic and organizational aspects. Through the analysis of the performance of the activity and the regularization of the disconformities found, it makes possible the eco-certification of the activities in the varied existing protocols, offering technologies designed to the sustainable development of the agricultural businesses. Using Eco-cert.Rural, this work evaluated the contribution of the use of mechanized harvest in sugar cane handling, front to the traditional system of manual harvest, using the fire. In the Sugar Cane Activity General Performance Index, Agrícola Rio Claro scored 2,08 of a maximum of 15. Amongst all the indicators, those wich reached performance worse had been related to the Use of Energy and the Income, by increasing fossil fuel consumptiom, and implying income concentration due to resignations of rural workers. However, the improvements on the environment quality by supressing manual harvest through fire are very significant. Beyond the great reduction in...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Implementação de um sistema de informação para cartas de sensibilidade ambiental a derrames de óleo e elaboração de mapas de vulnerabilidade ambiental a derrames de óleo para o município de Caraguatatuba-SP

Fossil fuels are the main energy sources of the modern industrial age. Very sophisticated processes have been developed to extract these resources, due to increased demand on a global scale, as the extraction of oil. However, the complexity of these processes can cause accidents such as the release of oil to seas and oceans. In this context, this study proposes to carry out the implementation of a system of information to charts of environmental sensitivity to oil and prepare maps of vulnerability to oil for the city of Caraguatatuba-SP. The implementation of the database with geographical information of coastal environments was appropriate to be provided by the Internet, allowing wide access of data. The maps of vulnerability are important tool developed for the Individual Emergency Plans, because they were developed in operational scale, appropriate to actions to combat oil.

Desenvolvimento de kit para quantificação enzimática de etanol

A dosagem do etanol durante a produção de medicamentos, bebidas e combustíveis tem se mostrado bastante importante para o aumento de rendimento dos processos e qualidade dos produtos. Embora existam vários métodos para determinar a concentração do etanol, os enzimáticos são os mais interessantes por serem rápidos, precisos, de fácil manuseio e baixo custo. O objetivo geral desse trabalho foi a elaboração de um Kit de quantificação enzimática de etanol, utilizando a enzima álcool desidrogenase I recombinante de S. cerevisiae (Adh1). Para isso, o gene codificador da enzima álcool desidrogenase I (ADH1) de levedura foi clonado no vetor pET28a para expressão em E. coli (BL21). Em seguida, a produção e solubilidade da enzima álcool desidrogenase I foi determinada, sendo definida uma condição ideal de produção e purificação da proteína recombinante por cromatografia de afinidade. A atividade enzimática da álcool desidrogenase I purificada foi determinada através de ensaios já padronizados na literatura (UV), bem como sua estabilidade em diversas condições de tempo e temperatura. Os resultados obtidos aqui demonstraram que a enzima obtida apresentou boa atividade biológica in vitro, com sensibilidade na detecção de no mínimo 2,3 x 10–4 g/L de etanol em 2 minutos. Além disso, a proteína purificada teve sua atividade preservada quando estocada a - 20°C durante 120 dias, características que possibilitarão que a enzima álcool desidrogenase I recombinante, purificada pela metodologia apresentada nesse trabalho, seja utilizada em um kit de quantificação enzimática de etanol rápido, preciso e de baixo custo

Determinação de temperatura de chamas por espectroscopia de espécies quimioluminescentes

In a combustion process involving fossil fuels, there is the formation of species Chemiluminescent, especially CH*, C2* and OH*, whose spontaneous emission can be used as a diagnostic tool. In the present work, mapping and determination of the rotational temperature of the species CH* produced in flames on a burner fueled by Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was carried out. This study is part of a project involving the characterization of supersonic combustion in scramjets engines, whose study has been conducted in the hypersonic shock tunnel IEAv laboratories. The technique used was the natural emission spectroscopy, which has as main advantage of being non-intrusive. The rotational temperature determination was made using the Boltzmann method, whose principle is to relate the emission intensity of the species to the temperature by means of spectroscopic constants established.The temperature values were determined from the analysis of electronic bands AX and BX of the radical CH*. In order to confirm the results of flame temperatures obtained by the natural emission technique, was also used the technique of line reversal sodium. The results of both techniques showed that the temperature of the flames investigated is about 2500K a 2700K

Proposta de traçado de alcoolduto ligando a hidrovia Tietê Paraná à refinaria do planalto paulista com uso de avaliação multicritérios e geotecnologias

From the beginning of the century, with the advent of the flex fuel car, successor fluctuations in oil prices and the rise of awareness of the impending shortage of fossil fuels, the alcohol sector begins to reappear in the panorama of national economy making Brasill reaches the point of becoming a leading exporter of this product. Ethanol assumed the role of such importance in Brazilian exports, which Petrobras through the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) has made investments in the Brazilian pipeline network to better ensure the production of ethanol to major ports. The means of transport in pipelines are safe and inexpensive, but require careful evaluation in its implementation, they may lead to negative social and environmental impacts. Thus, the purpose of this project is to propose the best route for an ethanol pipeline connectin the Tietê-Paraná, leaving the municipality of Santa Maria da Serra (SP), to the Planalto Paulista Refinery (REPLAN), located in Paulinia (SP), belonging to the passage of ethanol export corridor, currently under revelopment. The technique used for the development of the stroke is the association of multicriteria evaluation, the geographical information system (SIG) and geotechnologies. This study presented three possible layouts for the ethanol pipeline, highlighting the best option, in addition, demonstrated the suitability of the area to receive projects of similar nature to a pipeline

Amostragem de poluentes particulados emitidos pela queima de biomassa em correntes confinadas

It is clear today the ever-accelerating search for new fuels that will eventually replace those that will survive in our society, which are fossil fuels. For this reason, a fuel used since the dawn of humanity and much studied since then, considered the generator of clean, renewable energy, can earn more and more space in the power generation sector, which is biomass. We performed two experiments with two different types of biomass, one from the Amazon rainforest and other pine and eucalyptus as waste from the sawmill UNESP Itapeva. In the first experiment, conducted at the Laboratory of Combustion and Propulsion INPE Cachoeira Paulista were conducted three tests in a chimney with a fan creating forced ventilation, where the biomass was burned and deposited on a support beneath the hood. In the second experiment was conducted to analyze the emission of particulate matter using biomass (waste) from the sawmill on the campus of UNESP experimental Itapeva the burning of it in a burner for heating water for a wood oven. In these experiments we used a particle called DATARAM4 sampler that is capable of sampling both outdoors and inside of pipelines, which is the focus of this work. With this equipment it was possible to measure the concentration of particulate matter in all the firings as above, and compare them to levels acceptable in the current law, always trying to analyze the so-called fine particles, which are those with diameters less than 2.5 μm. Using data obtained from the equipment was also possible to evaluate the diametral distribution of particulate matter in question, and verify which phases of the flares in the concentration and the diameters of the particles are the most critical. In this work we concluded that in all firings conducted concentrations of particulate matter were higher than that allowed by the law, and the diameters were found that are more harmful to human health

Smart Grid e Carros Elétricos - Influência da Carga de Carros Elétricos Sobre o Sistema Elétrico

The technologies are advancing at a pace so expressive that allow the increase of the power quality from generation until the distribution to end customers. This improvement has been made possible through the automation of the energy that follows to a better quality of the energy provided, a lower energy supply disruptions and a very short recovery time. The trend of today and the near future is the distributed energy generation. To keep the automated control of the chain, the presence of Smart Grids is needed and that will be the most efficient and economical way to manage the entire system. Within this theme, is going to be necessary analyze the electric cars that promise to promote a more sustainable transport because it doesn’t uses fossil fuels, and more healthy because it does not emit pollutants into the atmosphere. The popularization of this type of vehicle is estimated to happen in a few decades and the case study analyzing its influence on the demand of the electrical system is something that will be very important in the near future. This paper presents a study of the influence of the inclusion of charges refering to electric cars

Comércio internacional e desenvolvimento econômico: relações bilaterais Brasil-China, no período 2000-2011

Atualmente a China é um ator essencial do cenário econômico mundial, sendo também um grande demandante de matérias primas para manter seu acelerado crescimento, resultando assim em importante e estratégico para a região latinoamericana, sobretudo, por ser um grande comprador. Por sua importância econômica, estratégica e demográfica a China se destaca em relação à maioria dos países do mundo sendo não apenas um ator chave, responsável por grandes mudanças ocorridas no nível e estrutura da demanda mundial, mas também importante fonte de recursos financeiros para manter os equilíbrios internacionais. Através da discussão das relações de comércio entre Brasil e China buscamos analisar os principais resultados em termos econômicos e sociais, principalmente a atuação do Brasil enquanto ator global dado sua importância crescente na dinâmica mundial. A intenção desta pesquisa é entender as dimensões da relação com o país asiático, a partir do posicionamento do Brasil como um dos principais parceiros comerciais de China, sobretudo como exportador de produtos primários. Em termos de exportações realizadas por setores desde o Brasil para a China existe uma grande concentração nos recursos naturais de matérias primas, particularmente os minérios, alimentos, e combustíveis; trata-se de um pequeno hall de produtos com baixo nível de processamento

Estudo da adsorção e oxidação do monóxido de carbono sobre as fases intermetálicas ordenadas AuIn, AuSb2, AuSn, PdSb e PdSn

Aiming to reduce the cost of electrocatalysts and a greater resistance to CO poisoning this work was to study the adsorption and oxidation of carbon monoxide on ordered intermetallic phases AuIn, AuSb2, AuSn, PdSb and PdSn using voltammetric techniques in alkaline electrolyte solution. The results suggest that the AuSn and PdSn intermetallics has some form of resistance to CO poisoning. It is assumed that this behavior is a result of electronic effect and the effect of the third body has been achieved by adding a second metal to Au and Pd. However, further studies should be conducted to confirm this hypothesis as to test these materials as electrocatalysts in the reaction of oxidation of fuels

Microalgas na Produção de Biodiesel: Extração e Composição Lipídica

The uninterrupted rise in emission of greenhouse gases open way to the use of biofuels, due to politics that focus on fuel safe, clean and renewable. The use of microalgae for biodiesel production has been described as one of the most promising sources of biomass for biofuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction and lipid profile of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta, Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselsim gracilis. The extractions were performed with solvents chloroform /methanol and petroleum ether. The lipid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography after transesterification.The petroleum ether showed more efficiency in the extraction, the best result obtained was in the microalgae D. tertiolecta with 19.52% of lipid. The lipid profile analysis indicated a biodiesel stable to oxidation and elevated viscosity