Os dramas na prosa onírica de Artemidoro

The objective of this paper is to present a Portuguese translation, with notes and commentary, and the corresponding Greek text of a small excerpt of book I (Onir. I. 56.25 -45), of Artemidorus’ Interpretation of dreams, Oneirokritika, based on Pack’s edition (1963), and on Houlihan’s (1997a,b) reviews and of Bowersock (1994)’s. It is a particular and important passage, focused on dreams about tragedy, comedy, choruses and hymns. To this translation, which serves as the basis for the present study of the onirocritic text, other excerpts were added in order to examine the (re)configuration of the dramatic action or hypokrisis into dream interpretations, within the author’s model of analysis, and its relationship with truth and falseness on physis, ethos and tekhne levels; all on a common denominator, memory. A rhetoric basis for author’s onirocritic vision and the keys to onirocritics in the dramatic scenes are discussed.

Sobre graça, dignidade e beleza em Friedrich Schiller e Heinrich von Kleist

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Um conceito plural: a ἄτη na tragédia grega

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Mortalidade Materna: uma abordagem atualizada

Purpose: to review literature, highlighting current aspects of maternal mortality.  Method: research initiated through electronic data base PubMed [http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed], limited to the last 10 years. The selected cases which related to pre-defined aspects of interest to the study, such as vulnerable population, risk factors, causes, difficulties in obtaining data, preventive measures e new approaches to the problem, among them, ‘near misses’ and severe maternal morbidity.  Results: maternal death is directly related to the quality of life of the population, with relevant disparities among the different social economic areas. Although maternal mortality is the proper indicator to the female population health, its numbers are presented in unrealistic manners due to the difficulties in identifying the cases through death certificates. Preventive measures associated to early and adequate diagnose and treatment are benefic factors in decreasing those maternal deaths. Apart from these, identification and classification of ‘near misses’ and maternal morbidity are featured in the contemporary approach to the issue.  Final considerations: In spite of advanced technology and recognition of preventive measures, a large number of women die daily due to complications in the pregnancy and puerperal cycle. To decrease such tragedy political, social and economical commitment to Health is necessary, in order to promote the needed reforms in the assistance of such cycle.

Confluências entre mito, literatura e direito em Édipo Rei, de Sófocles

Pós-graduação em Letras - IBILCE

Representação jornalística do maior acidente da aviação comercial brasileira: grandezas e limitações

O objetivo desta análise é mostrar como os dois maiores diários da capital paulista – Folha de S.Paulo (FSP) e O Estado de S. Paulo (OESP) representaram em suas páginas o acidente com o Airbus 707-300 da TAM ocorrido no dia 17 de julho de 2007, fazendo 199 vítimas fatais e tornando-se a maior tragédia da aviação comercial na América Latina. O ensaio sobre a representação da tragédia de Congonhas nos jornais FSP e OESP questiona as grandezas e limitações da mídia na cobertura de assuntos complexos e procura avaliar o papel dos leitores/consumidores na orientação das pautas.

Ni una más. International cooperation against gender-based discrimination: the femicide case in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico

The femicide in Ciudad Juárez is a story made of extreme violence against women for different reasons, by different actors, under different circumstances, and following different behavioural patterns. All within a gender discrimination frame based on the idea that women are inferior, interchangeable and disposable according to the patriarchal hierarchy still present in Mexico, but strongly reinforced by a sort of conspiracy of silence provoked either by the high impunity rate, the governmental incompetence to solve the crimes, or the general indifference of the population. It is the story of hundreds of kidnapped, raped, in many cases tortured, and murdered young women in the border between Mexico and the United States. The murders first came into light in 1993 and up to now young women continue to “disappear” without any hope of bringing the perpetrators to justice, stopping impunity, convicting the assassins, and bringing justice to the families of the deceased girls and women. The main questions about femicide in Ciudad Juárez seem to be: why were they brutally assassinated?, why most of the crimes have not been solved yet?, why and how is Ciudad Juárez different from other border cities with the same characteristics?, which powers are behind those crimes in a city that implies mainly women as its labor force, and which has the lowest unemployment rate in the whole country? But there are also many other questions dealing more with the context, the Juarences’ lifestyles, the eventual hidden powers behind the crimes, the possible murderers’ reasons, the response of the local civil society, or the international community actions to fight against femicide there, among many other things, that are still waiting for an answer and that this paper will ‘narrate’ in order to provide a holistic panorama for the readers. But above all there is the need to remember that every single woman or girl assassinated there had a name, an identity, a family, a story to be told time after time and as many times as necessary, in order to avoid accepting these crimes just as statistics, as cold numbers that might make us forget the human tragedy that has been flagellating the city since 1993. We must remember as well that their deaths express gender oppression, the inequality of the relations between what is male and what is female, a manifestation of domination, terror, social extermination, patriarchal hegemony, social class and impunity. The city is the perfect mirror where all the contradictions of globalization get reflected. It is there where all the globalization evils are present and survive by sucking their women’s blood. It is a city where some concepts such as gender, migration and power are closely related with a negative connotation.

L'altro eccezionalismo: William Appleman Williams tra storia, storiografia e impegno civile

La storiografia statunitense, a partire dagli anni Cinquanta, vide l’affermarsi di una nuova interpretazione della politica estera americana. Archiviata la storia diplomatica come storia dei trattati o storia delle interazioni delle élites dominanti, abbandonata una visione incentrata sull’equilibrio di potenza, il dibattito storiografico si arricchì della cosiddetta interpretazione «revisionista», antitetica rispetto a quella che, fino a quel momento, aveva predominato. Soggetto di analisi storica restava sempre lo Stato ma l’enfasi maggiore era posta sui fattori economici che ne influenzavano l’azione: si metteva in rilievo l’interazione tra l’interesse privato e il soggetto statale. Capofila di questa nuova scuola fu William Appleman Williams. Questa ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di delineare il contesto storiografico dal quale emersero gli studi di Williams e di cui egli ne roviesciò alcuni assunti fondamentali. Si intende tracciare il suo percorso intellettuale – storiografico e pubblico – al fine di restituire la complessità di un personaggio che divenne un vero e proprio «intellettuale pubblico». I quesiti, a cui questa ricerca vuole dar risposta riguardano l’evoluzione del percorso intellettuale di Williams tanto in ambito storiografico quanto, più in generale, in quello pubblico; il contributo alla ridefinizione dell’identità statunitense e del suo ruolo internazionale; il lascito della sua riflessione nella storiografia. Prendendo le mosse dall’idea di frontiera proposta da Turner, Williams sostenne che la fine dell’espansione territoriale «interna» aveva obbligato gli Stati Uniti a cercare nuovi mercati per il proprio surplus. Era stata tale necessità a catalizzare la Open Door Diplomacy, guidata da ragioni economiche, che presto identificarono l’interesse nazionale per trasformarsi in una vera e propria ideologia nel XX secolo.L’esito di tale politica estera fu la creazione di un impero non più territoriale ma frutto dell’espansione economica. E proprio questa riflessione sull’impero influenzò, negli anni Sessanta, la protesta studentesca che chiese un ripensamento del ruolo internazionale degli Stati Uniti.

"Weil eine Fremd’ ich bin, aus fernem Land ...“ – Fremdheit und Fremde im dramatischen Werk Franz Grillparzers und Friedrich Hebbels

Große Dramendichtung kann nur in historischen Umbruchszeiten wie der Antike, der Reformationszeit und im 19. Jahrhundert, also zu Lebzeiten Friedrich Hebbels, entstehen. Das schreibt Hebbel im Vorwort zu seinem bürgerlichen Trauerspiel „Maria Magdalena“. Die großen Zeiten der Tragödien sind Zeiten umwälzender Veränderungen. Im langen 19. Jahrhundert, zwischen Revolution und Restauration, zwischen Reformen und Reaktion, zwischen Hoffnungen auf Demokratie, Nationalstaatlichkeit, zwischen Josephinismus und Ära Metternich, waren die Voraussetzungen für ein Jahrhundert der Tragödie gegeben. Zwei der bedeutendsten Dramatiker des 19. Jahrhunderts, Franz Grillparzer und Friedrich Hebbel, sind Thema der Dissertation. Dabei hat die Arbeit mit der Diskursivierung von Fremdheit und Fremde eine Neuperspektivierung ausgewählter Dramen geleistet, die so in der Forschung noch nicht existiert, wobei diese Perspektive in der Forschung bereits angelegt war. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit hat das „Phänomen der Fremde“, wie Günther Häntzschel es in einem Aufsatz nennt, in den Dramen „Judith“, „Gyges und sein Ring“ und „Die Nibelungen“ von Hebbel und in den Dramen „Das goldene Vließ“, „Die Jüdin von Toledo“ und „Libussa“ von Grillparzer untersucht. Die zentralen Begriffe „Fremde“ und „Fremdheit“ wurden dabei als literarische Topoi, um methodisch besser mit ihnen operieren zu können, in verschiedene Dimensionen der Fremdheit unterteilt: Dabei wurde neben der „Fremdheit der Kulturen“ und der „Fremdheit zwischen den Geschlechtern“ auch die Fremdheit zwischen dem „mythischen Rand der Welt“ und dem „Horizont der Vernunft“ untersucht. Ferner widmete sich ein Kapitel dem Thema Entfremdung und Selbstentfremdung, eine Dimension der Fremdheit, die ebenfalls für die Dramenanalyse relevant ist.

Studies on the dual in Mycenaean, in the Homeric poetry and in the Attic Theatre of the 5th century — morphological, dialectal and stylistical variations

The present dissertation focuses on the dual number in Ancient Greek in a diachronical lapse stretching from the Mycenaean age to the Attic Drama and Comedy of the 5th century BC. In the first chapter morphological issues are addressed, chiefly in a comparative perspective. The Indo European evidence on the dual is hence gathered in order to sketch patterns of grammaticalisation and paradigmatisation of specific grams, growing increasingly functional within the Greek domain. In the second chapter syntactical problems are tackled. After a survey of scholarly literature on the Greek dual, we engage in a functional and typological approach, in order to disentangle some biased assessments on the dual, namely its alleged lack of regularity and intermittent agreement. Some recent frameworks in General Linguistics provide useful grounds for casting new light on the subject. Internal Reconstruction, for instance, supports the facultativity of the dual in each and every stage of its development; Typology and the Animacy Hierarcy add precious cross linguistical insight on the behaviour of the dual toward agreement. Glaring differences also arise as to the adoption — or avoidance — of the dual by different authors. Idiolectal varieties prove in fact conditioned by stylistical and register necessity. By means of a comparison among Epics, Tragedy and Comedy it is possible to enhance differences in the evaluation of the dual, which led sometimes to forms of ‘censure’ — thus triggering the onset of competing strategies to express duality. The last two chapters delve into the tantalising variety of the Homeric evidence, first of all in an account of the notorious issue of the Embassy of Iliad IX, and last in a commentary of all significant Homeric duals — mostly represented by archaisms, formulae, and ad hoc coinages.

Medeae Medea forem! : zur Euripidesrezeption Ovids in den Heroides

In den Briefen 4, 6, 11 und 12 der Heroides hat Ovid direkt oder indirekt Figuren des Mythos zum Gegenstand seiner Dichtung gemacht, die den zeitgenössischen wie auch den heutigen Rezipienten insbesondere durch Tragödien des Euripides bekannt sind. Die zu Beginn dieser Arbeit dazu durchgeführte historische Analyse der grundsätzlichen Bedingungen der Rezeption der Tragödien des Euripides in der Zeit Ovids zeigt, dass der römische Dichter für ein intertextuelles Dichten in den Heroides die Werke des griechischen Tragikers als Prätexte nutzen konnte, da die Rezipienten über die theoretische und praktische Kompetenz verfügten, entsprechende Verweisungen zu identifizieren, diese in einem Prozess der intertextuellen Lektüre zu dekodieren und den Text auf diese Weise zu interpretieren. Eine Beschreibung dieses antiken literarischen Kommunikationsprozesses zwischen Ovid und seinen Rezipienten erfolgt dabei mit den Mitteln einer für die Euripidesrezeption Ovids konkretisierten Intertextualitätstheorie (Kapitel A.I und II). Die ausführlichen Interpretationen zu den Heroides-Briefen 12, 6, 4 und 11 sowie zur Rezeption des Medea-Prologs in verschiedenen Gedichten Ovids (Kapitel B.I bis V) zeigen, dass der römische Dichter verschiedene Formen intertextueller Verweisungen nutzt, um in den bekannten Geschichten von Medea, Hypsipyle, Phaedra und Canace bislang ungenutztes narratives Potential zu entdecken und auf dieser Grundlage eine alte Geschichte neu zu erzählen. Das in der Forschung bereits vielfach beschriebene Prinzip Ovids des idem aliter referre ist in den untersuchten Texten konkret darauf ausgerichtet, die aus den Tragödien bekannten Heroinen in einer bestimmten Phase ihrer Geschichte zu Figuren einer elegischen Welt werden zu lassen. Diese neu geschaffene elegische Dimension einer ursprünglich tragischen Geschichte dient dabei nicht einer umwertenden Neuinterpretation der bekannten tragischen Figur. Vielmehr lässt Ovid seine Briefe zu einem Teil des Mythos werden, zu einem elegischen Vorspiel der Tragödie, die einen durch Euripides vorgegebenen Rahmen des Mythos erweitern und damit zugleich zentrale Motive der tragischen Prätexte vorbereiten. Ovid gestaltet aus, was in dem von Euripides initiierten Mythos angelegt ist, und nutzt das elegische Potential der tragischen Erzählung, um das Geschehen und vor allem die Heroine selbst in seinem Brief zur Tragödie hinzuführen. Damit bereitet Ovid in den Heroides die weitere Entwicklung der äußeren tragischen Handlung vor, indem er vor allem eine innere Entwicklung der von ihm geschaffenen Briefschreiberin aufzeigt und auf diese Weise jeweils aus einer von ihm geschaffenen elegischen Frau jene tragische Heldin werden lässt, die den Rezipienten aus der jeweiligen Tragödie des Euripides bekannt ist. Die sich daraus notwendigerweise ergebenden Spannungen und Interferenzen zwischen den Erwartungen der Rezipienten und der Realität der von Ovid neu gestalteten Figur in ihrem elegischen Kontext werden von dem römischen Dichter produktiv genutzt und durch die im Text initiierte Entwicklung aufgehoben. So scheinen dann letztlich aus den Elegien Ovids die Tragödien des Euripides hervorzugehen.

La strage di Ustica nell'opinione pubblica italiana (1980-1992): analisi di un caso politico e mediatico

Questa ricerca indaga come il “caso Ustica” si è articolato nell’opinione pubblica italiana negli anni compresi tra il 1980 e il 1992. Con l'espressione “caso Ustica” ci si riferisce al problema politico determinato dalle vicende legate all’abbattimento dell’aereo civile DC-9 dell’Itavia, avvenuto il 27 giugno 1980 in circostanze che, come noto, furono chiarite solamente a distanza di molti anni dal fatto. L’analisi intende cogliere le specificità del processo che ha portato la vicenda di Ustica ad acquisire rilevanza politica nell’ambito della sfera pubblica italiana, in particolare prendendo in considerazione il ruolo svolto dall’opinione pubblica in un decennio, quale quello degli anni ’80 e dei primi anni ’90 italiani, caratterizzato da una nuova centralità dei media rispetto alla sfera politica. Attraverso l’analisi di un’ampia selezione di fonti a stampa (circa 1500 articoli dei principali quotidiani italiani e circa 700 articoli tratti dagli organi dei partiti politici italiani) si sono pertanto messe in luce le dinamiche mediatiche e politiche che hanno portato alla tematizzazione di una vicenda che era rimasta fino al 1986 totalmente assente dall’agenda politica nazionale. L’analisi delle fonti giudiziarie ha permesso inoltre di verificare come la politicizzazione del caso Ustica, costruita intorno alla tensione opacità/trasparenza del potere politico e all’efficace quanto banalizzante paradigma delle “stragi di Stato”, sia risultata funzionale al raggiungimento, dopo il 1990, dei primi elementi di verità sulla tragedia e all’ampiamento del caso a una dimensione internazionale.

The Trauma Towers: Dimensions of Trauma in 9/11 Literature

The topic of this dissertation is the aspects of trauma and reaction to the traumatic experience that can be found in 9/11 literature. The research engages in a comparative analysis of five books that can be categorised as 9/11 literature, which means that the events of 9/11 are central in the novels and are a recurrent theme. The books have been written by authors of different nationalities: "Extremely Loud & Incredibily Close" by J. S. Foer, "Falling Man" by D. DeLillo, "Windows on the World" by F. Beigbeder, "Saturday" by I. McEwan and "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by M. Hamid. The characters have either experienced the attacks personally or their lives have been largely influenced by the event. In either case, the protagonist has been traumatised by the tragedy. Therefore, in this study two different fields are fused together – the field of comparative literature and that of trauma studies.

SEARCHING FOR HOPE IN SAMUEL BECKETT, EDWARD ALBEE, AND SAM SHEPARD

Reading absurdist plays as hopeful is rare because they are filled with portrayals of horror and despair. However, the tragedy of these plays can allow the audience to experience an atypical kind of hope, often during the final moments of the play. Though the conclusions of the plays are usually ambiguous, this ambiguity and lack of resolutiondoes not preclude hope. The characters persist through their suffering and react in ways that can allow a hopeful affect on the audience. The three absurdist playwrights, Samuel Beckett, Edward Albee, and Sam Shepard, express differing views of the tragic nature of the human condition. However, persistent through all of their work is the ability to view tragedy as having a hopeful affect on the audience. Though the plays do not necessitate a reading of hopefulness, their plays do not preclude this. These absurdist plays do not force the audience into despair, but instead leave open the option of experiencing an expectation and determination for life.

Mending The Mind With Dharma

Anxiety, depression, and tragedy are all unavoidable aspects of existence that we find ourselves grappling with at some point in our lives. In those darker moments we often look beyond ourselves for a means to cope with our struggles in the hopes of transcending into enhanced states of being. The world¿s religions have provided various answers to problems of mental and physical affliction. Across cultures and throughout history, numerous techniques for ¿mending the mind¿ have emerged, conditioned by a number of factors, including the normative values of a society as well as the scientific advances and technologies available for therapeutic application. Buddhism encompasses a broad tradition of beliefs, practices, and philosophies that, taken together, aim at eliminating suffering from the human experience. It is suggested that anyone who comes to understand and practice Buddhist teachings¿Dharma¿will rise out of the life of suffering and into a condition of awakening or nirvana. With this as an intended goal, a person who is unfulfilled in their life or who is experiencing feelings of depression will, it might be assumed, find great potential in turning to Buddhism as means for alleviation of these states. In contemporary western society, however, the most common route for eliminating emotional distress is to take antidepressant medication, which aims for immediate relief of the negative feelings and experiences that arise from depression. As I will argue, while this may be a successful approach to masking unwanted feelings, it in fact fails to treat the actual roots or cause of the undesirable experiences. Moreover, such a ¿therapeutic¿ approach lacks any aspect geared towards developing a consistently rewarding lifestyle. I will argue that the incorporation of Dharma¿both a set of ideas and as a form of practices¿into daily routines and modes of thinking provides the means for a balanced lifestyle, allowing the individual to relieve suffering and depression in a manner that the narrow scope of western medicine cannot provide.