The study of Ti doped ZSM-5 particles and cavities inside them

The TEM study of titanium-containing ZSM-5 zeolite before and after hydrothermal treatment was performed. The use of different TEM techniques, such as conventional TEM, HRTEM and EDX-line scans provides important information about the microscopic structure of the zeolite catalyst consisting from several phases. The hydrothermal treatment of zeolite powder leads to strong changes in the morphology of the constituting particles. They are characterized by a homogeneous structure before hydrothermal treatment while the occurrence of holes after thermal treatment was observed, These changes lead to the enrichment of zeolite with titanium which obviously enhance its catalytic activity. Some of the titanium surplus precipitates as TiO2 anatase nanoparticles within the holes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Badania wartości ekonomicznej usług biblioteczno-informacyjnych i ich wpływu na otoczenie

Biblioteki pełnią różnorodne funkcje we współczesnym otoczeniu społecznym. Uczestniczą w tworzeniu kapitału intelektualnego i społecznego, wpływają na wzrost korzyści ekonomicznych użytkowników i całego społeczeństwa. W artykule omówiono główne podejścia i metody badawcze w zakresie oceny korzyści ekonomicznych płynących z funkcjonowania bibliotek. Skupiono się na metodzie analizy kosztów w stosunku do korzyści (ang. CBA – cost-benefit analysis), metodzie analizy warunkowej (ang. CVM – contigent valuation method), określaniu wartości dodanej dla użytkownika (ang. consumer surplus method) i metodologii oceny stopy wzrostu z inwestycji (ang. ROI – return of investment). Przeanalizowano również różne projekty badań prowadzone na świecie w tym zakresie.

Collocation Games and Their Application to Distributed Resource Management

We introduce Collocation Games as the basis of a general framework for modeling, analyzing, and facilitating the interactions between the various stakeholders in distributed systems in general, and in cloud computing environments in particular. Cloud computing enables fixed-capacity (processing, communication, and storage) resources to be offered by infrastructure providers as commodities for sale at a fixed cost in an open marketplace to independent, rational parties (players) interested in setting up their own applications over the Internet. Virtualization technologies enable the partitioning of such fixed-capacity resources so as to allow each player to dynamically acquire appropriate fractions of the resources for unencumbered use. In such a paradigm, the resource management problem reduces to that of partitioning the entire set of applications (players) into subsets, each of which is assigned to fixed-capacity cloud resources. If the infrastructure and the various applications are under a single administrative domain, this partitioning reduces to an optimization problem whose objective is to minimize the overall deployment cost. In a marketplace, in which the infrastructure provider is interested in maximizing its own profit, and in which each player is interested in minimizing its own cost, it should be evident that a global optimization is precisely the wrong framework. Rather, in this paper we use a game-theoretic framework in which the assignment of players to fixed-capacity resources is the outcome of a strategic "Collocation Game". Although we show that determining the existence of an equilibrium for collocation games in general is NP-hard, we present a number of simplified, practically-motivated variants of the collocation game for which we establish convergence to a Nash Equilibrium, and for which we derive convergence and price of anarchy bounds. In addition to these analytical results, we present an experimental evaluation of implementations of some of these variants for cloud infrastructures consisting of a collection of multidimensional resources of homogeneous or heterogeneous capacities. Experimental results using trace-driven simulations and synthetically generated datasets corroborate our analytical results and also illustrate how collocation games offer a feasible distributed resource management alternative for autonomic/self-organizing systems, in which the adoption of a global optimization approach (centralized or distributed) would be neither practical nor justifiable.

Biomethane production from grass silage: laboratory assessment to maximise yields

On-farm biogas production is typically associated with forage maize as the biomass source. Digesters are designed and operated with the focus of optimising the conditions for this feedstock. Thus, such systems may not be ideally suited to the digestion of grass. Ireland has ca. 3.85 million ha of grassland. Annual excess grass, surplus to livestock requirements, could potentially fuel an anaerobic digestion industry. Biomethane associated with biomass from 1.1 % of grassland in Ireland, could potentially generate over 10 % renewable energy supply in transport. This study aims to identify and optimise technologies for the production of biomethane from grass silage. Mono-digestion of grass silage and co-digestion with slurry, as would occur on Irish farms, is investigated in laboratory trials. Grass silage was shown to have 7 times greater methane potential than dairy slurry on a fresh weight basis (107 m3 t-1 v 16 m3 t-1). However, comprehensive trace element profiles indicated that cobalt, iron and nickel are deficient in mono-digestion of grass silage at a high organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.0 kg VS m-3 d-1. The addition of a slurry co-substrate was beneficial due to its wealth of essential trace elements. To stimulate hydrolysis of high lignocellulose grass silage, particle size reduction (physical) and rumen fluid addition (biological) were investigated. In a continuous trial, digestion of grass silage of <1 cm particle size achieved a specific methane yield of 371 L CH4 kg-1 VS when coupled with rumen fluid addition. The concept of demand driven biogas was also examined in a two-phase digestion system (leaching with UASB). When demand for electricity is low it is recommended to disconnect the UASB from the system and recirculate rumen fluid to increase volatile fatty acid (VFA) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) production whilst minimising volatile solids (VS) destruction. At times of high demand for electricity, connection of the UASB increases the destruction of volatiles and associated biogas production. The above experiments are intended to assess a range of biogas production options from grass silage with a specific focus on maximising methane yields and provide a guideline for feasible design and operation of on-farm digesters in Ireland.

Depression and 'crises of meaninglessness' in the political-economic theology of the money-God

The thesis starts with a historical analysis of the development of depression as a concept. Through this inquiry, the controversies behind the apparent consensus about depression’s etiology and treatment are illuminated, suggesting that the understanding of the climbing rates of depression in contemporary Western civilization is still up for grabs. That’s what the thesis sets out to investigate. In order to accomplish this aim, the study builds upon the classical accounts of Georg Simmel, Émile Durkheim and the more contemporary ideas of Dany-Robert Dufour, in dialogue with an array of supplementary theoretical sources. Navigating through this ‘sea’ of extraordinary and different theories, a new avenue of reflections arises, contributing for the sophistication of the questions made about the phenomenon of depression’s rates. The fundamental argument emerging from this theoretical undertaking is that ‘crises of meaninglessness’ that pervade the collective body of Western contemporary societies have, as one of its consequences, the expansion of depression rates. Meaninglessness in contemporary times is the primary object of investigation of the thesis. The concept, in the context of this study, is not understood as merely an effect of the historical decline of shared social norms due to processes of individualization. Rather, it is claimed, it originates from and is reinforced by the ‘political-economic theology of neo-liberalism’ which becomes virtually generalized in the West, erecting money as a God. The study concludes that by undermining culturally established values, ideals, institutions and principles that may block the dissemination of commodities this new transcendence has been challenging the task of signifying life, potentializing – among other subjective difficulties – the diffusion of depression.

On the functional relationship between tariffs and welfare

This paper uses a model of trade in two commodities between two countries to establish the following proposition. If the foreign offer curve has no points of inflection and if for each home rate of duty the equilibrium most favorable to the home country is selected (or else there is only one equilibrium), then as the rate of duty increases from zero, home welfare first rises then declines while foreign welfare steadily falls. © 1975.

Can exchange rates forecast commodity prices?

We show that "commodity currency" exchange rates have surprisingly robust power in predicting global commodity prices, both in-sample and out-of-sample, and against a variety of alternative benchmarks. This result is of particular interest to policy makers, given the lack of deep forward markets in many individual commodities, and broad aggregate commodity indices in particular. We also explore the reverse relationship (commodity prices forecasting exchange rates) but find it to be notably less robust. We offer a theoretical resolution, based on the fact that exchange rates are strongly forward-looking, whereas commodity price fluctuations are typically more sensitive to short-term demand imbalances. © 2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Civil Rights on the Cell Block: Race, Reform, and Violence in Texas Prisons and the Nation, 1945-1990

This study, "Civil Rights on the Cell Block: Race, Reform, and Violence in Texas Prisons and the Nation, 1945-1990," offers a new perspective on the historical origins of the modern prison industrial complex, sexual violence in working-class culture, and the ways in which race shaped the prison experience. This study joins new scholarship that reperiodizes the Civil Rights era while also considering how violence and radicalism shaped the civil rights struggle. It places the criminal justice system at the heart of both an older racial order and within a prison-made civil rights movement that confronted the prison's power to deny citizenship and enforce racial hierarchies. By charting the trajectory of the civil rights movement in Texas prisons, my dissertation demonstrates how the internal struggle over rehabilitation and punishment shaped civil rights, racial formation, and the political contest between liberalism and conservatism. This dissertation offers a close case study of Texas, where the state prison system emerged as a national model for penal management. The dissertation begins with a hopeful story of reform marked by an apparently successful effort by the State of Texas to replace its notorious 1940s plantation/prison farm system with an efficient, business-oriented agricultural enterprise system. When this new system was fully operational in the 1960s, Texas garnered plaudits as a pioneering, modern, efficient, and business oriented Sun Belt state. But this reputation of competence and efficiency obfuscated the reality of a brutal system of internal prison management in which inmates acted as guards, employing coercive means to maintain control over the prisoner population. The inmates whom the prison system placed in charge also ran an internal prison economy in which money, food, human beings, reputations, favors, and sex all became commodities to be bought and sold. I analyze both how the Texas prison system managed to maintain its high external reputation for so long in the face of the internal reality and how that reputation collapsed when inmates, inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, revolted. My dissertation shows that this inmate Civil Rights rebellion was a success in forcing an end to the existing system but a failure in its attempts to make conditions in Texas prisons more humane. The new Texas prison regime, I conclude, utilized paramilitary practices, privatized prisons, and gang-related warfare to establish a new system that focused much more on law and order in the prisons than on the legal and human rights of prisoners. Placing the inmates and their struggle at the heart of the national debate over rights and "law and order" politics reveals an inter-racial social justice movement that asked the courts to reconsider how the state punished those who committed a crime while also reminding the public of the inmates' humanity and their constitutional rights.

El cluster del azúcar en el valle geográfico del Río Cauca, Colombia

El azúcar es un commodity específico y uno de los mayores contribuyentes al producto interno bruto agrícola de los países en desarrollo para el consumo interno y el comercio internacional. A nivel mundial, el azúcar es obtenido industrialmente a partir de remolacha azucarera (Beta vulgaris) y de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) como las únicas fuentes importantes para el comercio (...). El mercado internacional del azúcar es uno de los mercados de commodities agrícolas más altamente distorsionado. El comercio del azúcar crudo y refinado se caracteriza en general, por la ayuda interna significativa y generalizada, y algunas políticas que distorsionan el mercado como: pagos mínimos garantizados a productores, controles de producción y comercialización, regulación de precios, aranceles, cuotas de importación y subvenciones a la exportación (...). A nivel general, se pueden distinguir, básicamente, dos tipos de mercados de azúcar: el mercado protegido y el mercado libre. El mercado protegido consiste en acuerdos preferenciales y contratos de largo plazo que incluyen el sistema de cuotas entre diferentes países. En general, los precios del azúcar presentan fuertes fluctuaciones que obedecen a factores económicos, especulaciones, cambios políticos, recesiones y efectos climáticos (...). No obstante lo anterior, en los últimos años se ha observado una clara tendencia a la globalización de los mercados, y mercado del azúcar no es la excepción. Recientemente, se han centrado esfuerzos para liberalizar parcialmente algunos de los mercados más importantes, como es el caso de EEUU, la UE, Brasil y Australia (...). La creciente demanda de fuentes de energía renovable, entre las cuales se destacan los biocombustibles, también ha afectado significativamente la dinámica comercial y productiva de algunos sectores, en particular el sector azucarero. La caña de azúcar, se ha constituido en la principal materia prima para la elaboración de bioetanol, por lo cual, los países productores han experimentado un reciente cambio en su estructura productiva y comercial, buscando productos de mayor valor agregado, a fin de mejorar su posición competitiva. Bajo este esquema, las industrias productoras de azúcar, sobretodo en países en desarrollo enfrenta enormes retos para convertir sus ventajas comparativas en ventajas competitivas. La estructura de los costos de producción y el rendimiento de cada industria azucarera domestica son unos de los principales impulsores de su competitividad, la determinación de los futuros centros de la producción y el crecimiento de las exportaciones. En medio de este contexto, el presente estudio aborda los principales determinantes de la competitividad de la industria azucarera en Colombia, concentrada en un 98,07 por ciento en el cluster del valle geográfico del rio Cauca.

Impacto de la inversión tecnológica y de la demanda externa sobre la producción y competitividad de la uva en el Perú : período 1961-2011

Las mejoras en la tecnología, se logran a partir de la innovación tecnológica, aplicando los productos del sistema científico tecnológico para desarrollar nuevos procesos y productos en una cadena agroalimentaria. La construcción de competitividad requiere de la combinación de ventajas comparativas y competitivas, siendo la innovación un elemento indispensable para la creación de ventajas competitivas y competitividad genuina. El sector de la uva en el Perú viene experimentando un crecimiento sostenido de sus exportaciones del mismo modo que lo vienen haciendo otros commodities agropecuarios. Sin embargo, se desconoce si este crecimiento se sostiene sobre la creación de ventajas competitivas del sector a partir de procesos de innovación o si el crecimiento responde principalmente a factores heredados. En base a esto el objetivo de la investigación consistió en determinar la relación del impacto de la inversión tecnológica y demanda externa sobre la producción y la competitividad del sector de la uva en el Perú, periodo 1961 - 2011. Para el logro del objetivo se utilizó una combinación de metodologías cualitativas (Diamante de Porter y Matriz FODA) y cuantitativa mediante el Índice de Ventajas Comparativas Rebeladas y dos modelos econométricos. Mediante un enfoque sistémico se registró la ventaja competitiva del sector de la uva encontrando las principales características del ambiente externo y ambiente interno que determinan la condición de productor y exportador del sector de la uva peruana. Mediante el índice de Ventaja Comparativa Revelada se observó la ventaja comparativa como exportador que presenta Perú en el periodo analizado. Las ventajas comparativas que presenta la uva peruana se basan en el clima de las zonas productoras, en el relativamente bajo costo de la mano de obra y su ubicación en América del Sur, que le permite entrar en contraestación a los mercados del Hemisferio Norte. Respecto a las ventajas competitivas, se observa un desarrollo incipiente a partir de la inversión tecnológica que impacta en el rendimiento del cultivo y en la buena calidad de la uva y se destacó la importancia de la política comercial de Perú basada en la apertura externa, razón por la cual los principales bienes de capital e insumos son importados. Los modelos econométricos uniecuacionales mostraron una relación positiva entre las variables inversión en tecnología y demanda externa respecto a la producción y la competitividad para el periodo analizado. El sector se encuentra en un camino hacia la construcción de la competitividad del sector, situándose en las etapas 1 y 2 que se corresponde con: la competitividad impulsada por los factores, y la etapa de competitividad impulsada por la inversión. Se advierte un bajo nivel de innovación que podría poner en juego la competitividad en el largo plazo, teniendo en cuenta las exigencias crecientes de los mercados que demandan el producto.

Dinámica y consecuencias del cambio en la cobertura y el uso del suelo en el Chaco semi-árido

La deforestación en Sudamérica afecta principalmente a tres ecosistemas: El Cerrado en Brasil, la selva de Chiquitanos en Bolivia y el Gran Chaco en Bolivia, Paraguay y Argentina, siendo en estos dos últimos países en donde ocurren las mayores transformaciones del paisaje para la producción de commodities para exportación. En la presente tesis, para la porción Noroeste del Chaco Argentino, se analizó la dinámica de cambios de los últimos 30 años; se evaluó la ocurrencia del modelo cambio de uso del suelo denominado "Transición Forestal"; se estudió la influencia de factores locales que controlan la localización de desmontes; y se cuantificó el impacto de dicha transformación sobre el nivel de provisión de servicios ecosistémicos intermedios relativos a la dinámica del C. En el período 1977-2007 ocurrieron cambios que alcanzaron más del 26 por ciento del área de estudio. Los desmontes para actividad agropecuaria alcanzaron un total de 4,5 millones ha, de los cuales el 53 por ciento ocurrieron en el último período (1997-07), siendo los bosques secos y los pastizales las coberturas más afectadas. De continuar con esta tendencia, ocurrirá una inversión del paisaje en un periodo comprendido entre 40 y 100 años, en donde la actividad agropecuaria comenzaría a ser dominante en el paisaje chaqueño. No están ocurriendo ninguno de los modelos de cambios de uso del suelo de compatibilización de producción-conservación discutidos en esta tesis: (a) "Transición Forestal" (Forest Transition), (b) "separación-territorial" (land-sparing); o (c) "integración-territorial" (land-sharing). Se propone un nuevo modelo de cambio de uso de suelo que probablemente se verifica en otras regiones del Gran Chaco Americano, al que se denominó "modelo tipo Tsunami" por sus características de avance en forma de ola, que a su paso homogeniza el paisaje bajo el punto de vista estructural y funcional.

Dinámica y consecuencias del cambio en la cobertura y el uso del suelo en el Chaco semi-árido

La deforestación en Sudamérica afecta principalmente a tres ecosistemas: El Cerrado en Brasil, la selva de Chiquitanos en Bolivia y el Gran Chaco en Bolivia, Paraguay y Argentina, siendo en estos dos últimos países en donde ocurren las mayores transformaciones del paisaje para la producción de commodities para exportación. En la presente tesis, para la porción Noroeste del Chaco Argentino, se analizó la dinámica de cambios de los últimos 30 años; se evaluó la ocurrencia del modelo cambio de uso del suelo denominado "Transición Forestal"; se estudió la influencia de factores locales que controlan la localización de desmontes; y se cuantificó el impacto de dicha transformación sobre el nivel de provisión de servicios ecosistémicos intermedios relativos a la dinámica del C. En el período 1977-2007 ocurrieron cambios que alcanzaron más del 26 por ciento del área de estudio. Los desmontes para actividad agropecuaria alcanzaron un total de 4,5 millones ha, de los cuales el 53 por ciento ocurrieron en el último período (1997-07), siendo los bosques secos y los pastizales las coberturas más afectadas. De continuar con esta tendencia, ocurrirá una inversión del paisaje en un periodo comprendido entre 40 y 100 años, en donde la actividad agropecuaria comenzaría a ser dominante en el paisaje chaqueño. No están ocurriendo ninguno de los modelos de cambios de uso del suelo de compatibilización de producción-conservación discutidos en esta tesis: (a)"Transición Forestal" (Forest Transition), (b)"separación-territorial" (land-sparing); o (c)"integración-territorial" (land-sharing). Se propone un nuevo modelo de cambio de uso de suelo que probablemente se verifica en otras regiones del Gran Chaco Americano, al que se denominó "modelo tipo Tsunami" por sus características de avance en forma de ola, que a su paso homogeniza el paisaje bajo el punto de vista estructural y funcional.

Economic restructuring in New Zealand: A classical account

New Zealand's recent experiment with radical neoliberalism is well rehearsed in international policy circles. Yet, given the economic restructuring premise for the reforms, there has been little assessment of their structural impact. In this paper I take up this challenge, utilising [Shaikh, A., Tonak, E. Measuring the wealth of nations: the political economy of national accounts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994] methodology for deriving classical value categories from official national accounts data but extending this to the industry level. This approach allows changes to the production and appropriation of surplus value in different industries during the period to be identified, underpinning a Marxian interpretation of restructuring. Beyond the methodology, the research makes four contributions. First, conventional analysis is found limited by its concentration on changes to the distribution of value rather than its creation. Second, land rents are significant. Third, the role of financial capital is found more complex than traditionally argued. Finally, the approach provides a firm grounding for the unfashionable concept of class fraction.

Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem production in societies dependent on fisheries

Growing human populations and changing dietary preferences are increasing global demands for fish, adding pressure to concerns over fisheries sustainability. Here we develop and link models of physical, biological and human responses to climate change in 67 marine national exclusive economic zones, which yield approximately 60% of global fish catches, to project climate change yield impacts in countries with different dependencies on marine fisheries. Predicted changes in fish production indicate increased productivity at high latitudes and decreased productivity at low/mid latitudes, with considerable regional variations. With few exceptions, increases and decreases in fish production potential by 2050 are estimated to be <10% (mean C3.4%) from present yields. Among the nations showing a high dependency on fisheries, climate change is predicted to increase productive potential in West Africa and decrease it in South and Southeast Asia. Despite projected human population increases and assuming that per capita fish consumption rates will be maintained1, ongoing technological development in the aquaculture industry suggests that projected global fish demands in 2050 could be met, thus challenging existing predictions of inevitable shortfalls in fish supply by the mid-twenty-first century. This conclusion, however, is contingent on successful implementation of strategies for sustainable harvesting and effective distribution of wild fish products from nations and regions with a surplus to those with a deficit. Changes in management effectiveness2 and trade practices5 will remain the main influence on realized gains or losses in global fish production.

Energy systems and their impacts on marine ecosystem services

Global warming and its link to the burning of fossil fuels has prompted many governments around the world to set legally binding greenhouse gas reduction targets which are to be partially realised through a stronger reliance on renewable (e.g. wind) and other lower carbon (i.e. natural gas and nuclear) energy commodities. The marine environment will play a key role in hosting or supporting these new energy strategies. However, it is unclear how the construction, operation and eventual decommissioning of these energy systems, and their related infrastructure, will impact the marine environment, the ecosystem services (i.e. cultural, regulating, provisioning and supporting) and in turn the benefits it provides for human well-being. This uncertainty stems from a lack of research that has synthesised into a common currency the various effects of each energy sector on marine ecosystems and the benefits humans derive from it. To address this gap, the present study reviews existing ecosystem impact studies for offshore components of nuclear, offshore wind, offshore gas and offshore oil sectors and translates them into the common language of ecosystem service impacts that can be used to evaluate current policies. The results suggest that differences exist in the way in which energy systems impact ecosystem services, with the nuclear sector having a predominantly negative impact on cultural ecosystem services; oil and gas a predominately negative impact on cultural, provisioning, regulating and supporting ecosystem services; while wind has a mix of impacts on cultural, provisioning and supporting services and an absence of studies for regulating services. This study suggests that information is still missing with regard to the full impact of these energy sectors on specific types of benefits that humans derive from the marine environment and proposes possible areas of targeted research.