La dimensi��n transnacional del movimiento feminista marroqu��: g��nesis, desarrollo e impacto social (1980-2008)

Esta monograf��a busca explicar c��mo han incidido el contexto internacional y las relaciones transnacionales en el movimiento feminista de Marruecos. De este modo, este estudio defiende que las Conferencias Mundiales sobre la Mujer de la ONU crearon una estructura de oportunidad pol��tica que favoreci�� el surgimiento y el desarrollo de este movimiento. Asimismo, dicho contexto construy�� un espacio para que las activistas feministas marroqu��es crearan y se insertaran en Redes de Defensa Transnacional, las cuales contribuyeron a cambiar la condici��n de la mujer en Marruecos, a trav��s de reformas a los C��digos de Familia y Nacionalidad y el levantamiento de las reservas a la CEDAW. Para esto se har�� un estudio interdisciplinario haciendo uso de la teor��a de los movimientos sociales y del activismo transnacional. Igualmente, se utilizar�� una metodolog��a cualitativa, principalmente a trav��s de las herramientas del an��lisis de contenido y el trabajo de campo de la autora.

��Existe una trampa de pobreza en el sector rural en Colombia?

A diferencia de la generalidad de trabajos sobre la pobreza rural en Colombia, este estudio emplea un enfoque de activos para indagar acerca de los determinantes de la pobreza rural. En particular se examinan la existencia de no convexidades locales en el proceso de generaci��n de ingresos, el grado de concentraci��n de los hogares en ciertos rangos de acumulaci��n de activos y la presencia de retornos marginales diferenciados a los activos. Con base en esto se proporciona evidencia prima facie acerca de la existencia de una trampa de pobreza en el sector rural, abriendo una l��nea promisoria de investigaci��n sobre el tema, que puede contribuir de forma importante a su comprensi��n y a un mejor dise��o de pol��tica social y sectorial.

Evoluci��n de la oruga o constre��imiento de la mariposa: una mirada al rol econ��mico de China en Sud��n. (1999- 2008)

La presente monograf��a tiene como prop��sito analizar el rol econ��mico de China en Sud��n de 1999 al 2008. Tras su crisis en la d��cada de 1990, se examina el efecto que el rol chino tuvo en los sectores productivos de la econom��a sudanesa: el textil, el agr��cola, el metal��rgico y el petrolero, aun c��mo la estabilidad pol��tica en el r��gimen de Omar Al-Bashir en el ��mbito pol��tico y el conflicto en Darfur como factor social. Como un ��ltimo objetivo esta investigaci��n, bas��ndose en el trabajo de Mohammed Ayoob, se reeval��a el estatus de Sud��n como Estado Tercermundista ilustr��ndolo a trav��s del uso de la analog��a de la metamorfosis de una mariposa.

La incidencia de la actualizaci��n del tratado de amistad India-But��n 2007 en las orientaciones en materia de pol��tica exterior de But��n. 2007-2014

El inter��s de este estudio de caso es analizar la incidencia de la actualizaci��n del Tratado de Amistad entre India y But��n firmado en 2007 en las disposiciones de pol��tica exterior de But��n en el periodo 2007-2014. Este trabajo se enmarca en los conceptos de identidad nacional, tomadores de decisiones, proceso de toma de decisi��n y an��lisis de pol��tica exterior, a partir de los cuales se pretende comprobar que el tratado de 2007 tuvo principalmente un efecto cristalizador en la pol��tica exterior de But��n, manifestado de manera significativa en materia de cooperaci��n internacional, moderada en materia de representaci��n pol��tica internacional y muy modesta en materia de apertura econ��mica y comercial.

Estrategia de intervenci��n militar de Estados Unidos en Medio Oriente: din��micas y consecuencias del uso de drones en Yemen y Pakist��n entre 2009 a 2013

Este es un estudio sobre la estrategia de guerra estadounidense en Medio Oriente basada en el uso sistem��tico de drones durante el periodo comprendido entre 2009 y 2013. Se busca explicar de qu�� manera puede considerarse el uso de este tipo de armamento como una pr��ctica basada en la proyecci��n de poder sin mayor vulnerabilidad. Los casos de Pakist��n y Yemen son abordados, ya que evidencian las caracter��sticas de las operaciones selectivas por las que ha abogado el Presidente Obama. El estudio se inscribe dentro del realismo ofensivo, haciendo tambi��n referencia a sus limitaciones explicativas. Empero, se afirma que las din��micas y consecuencias de la utilizaci��n de drones son intr��nsecas a la necesidad estadounidense de combatir actores no estatales mediante pr��cticas que garanticen su seguridad y pretensiones hegem��nicas a pesar de las implicaciones pol��ticas , legales y sociales en las que puede incurrir.

La pol��tica comercial de Estados Unidos en el marco de la Organizaci��n Mundial del Comercio. Discurso vs. comportamiento con relaci��n a pr��cticas anticompetitivas

El objetivo principal de esta monograf��a es identificar cu��les son las razones que justifican las contradicciones entre el discurso y el comportamiento de Estados Unidos en el marco de la Organizaci��n Mundial del Comercio, particularmente con relaci��n a pr��cticas anticompetitivas derivadas del programa de protecci��n a la agricultura del pa��s. Para ello se analizan el inter��s nacional y los elementos de la seguridad nacional a partir de los cuales ��ste se ha construido. Tambi��n se eval��an los procesos de formulaci��n de pol��tica comercial y las interacciones entre los representantes pol��ticos, las asociaciones de productores y el sector privado para mostrar como este comportamiento contradictorio corresponde a la legitimizaci��n de un inter��s particular.

Preservar e desenvolver em museologia, contributo para o estudo do objecto e do processo museol��gico

Este trabalho procurou uma resposta para a aparente contradi����o entre os actos de preservar e de desenvolver no trabalho museol��gico. E desejava, com essa resposta, obter uma compreens��o mais profunda sobre a Museologia. Utilizando a metodologia de investiga����o ���Grounded Theory��� (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Ellen, 1992; Mark, 1996; Marshall & Rossman, 1999) adoptou a defini����o de museu dos Estatutos do ICOM (2001) como ponto de partida conceptual para o desenrolar da pesquisa. A - Com o esfor��o necess��rio �� obten����o da resposta inicial o trabalho p��de alcan��ar os seguintes resultados: i) Discerniu as fases e a racionalidade do processo museol��gico, atrav��s do qual os objectos adquirem a ���identidade patrimonial���. ii) Formulou o conceito de ���objecto museol��gico��� numa acep����o distinta do de Patrim��nio ou de ���objecto patrimonial���, permitindo confirmar que a contradi����o formulada na hip��tese inicial s�� poderia desaparecer, ou ser conciliada, num paradigma de trabalho museol��gico concebido como um acto de comunica����o. iii) Prop��s, em consequ��ncia, um diferente Programa para a orienta����o do trabalho museol��gico, demonstrando que garantiria ao patrim��nio uma maior perenidade e transmissibilidade, sendo ainda capaz de incluir o patrim��nio referente �� materialidade, �� iconicidade, �� oralidade e �� gestualidade dos objectos. iv) Prop��s um L��xico de Conceitos capaz de justificar essas novas propostas. v) Sugeriu um ��ndice de desenvolvimento museal (IDM = �� ���� [IP.ID.IC] / CT.CR) para ser poss��vel avaliar e quantificar o trabalho museol��gico. B ��� Para o objectivo de uma compreens��o mais profunda da Museologia o trabalho alcan��aria os seguintes resultados: vi) Verificou a necessidade de se dominarem compet��ncias de Gest��o, para o trabalho museol��gico n��o se restringir apenas a um tipo de colec����es ou de patrim��nio. vii) Sugeriu, para ser poss��vel continuar a investigar a Museologia como um novo ramo ou disciplina do saber, a necessidade estrat��gica de a ligar ao estudo mais vasto da Mem��ria, apontando dois caminhos: Por um lado, considerar a heran��a filogen��tica dos ���modos de guardar informa����es��� entre os diferentes organismos e sistemas (Lecointre & Le Guyader, 2001). Por outro lado, considerar os constrangimentos ocorridos durante a ontogenia e a matura����o individual que obrigam a ter em considera����o, no processamento da mem��ria e do patrim��nio (codifica����o, armazenamento, evoca����o e recupera����o, esquecimento), a biologia molecular da cogni����o (Squire & Kandel, 2002).

Purpose built teaching equipment for a laboratory based course in three phase machines and drives

The hazards associated with high voltage three phase inverters and the rotating shafts of large electrical machines have resulted in most of the engineering courses covering these topics to be predominantly theoretical. This paper describes a set of purpose built, low voltage and low cost teaching equipment which allows the "hands on" instruction of three phase inverters and rotating machines. By using low voltages, the student can experiment freely with the motors and inverter and can access all of the current and voltage waveforms, which until now could only be studied in text books or observed as part of laboratory demonstrations. Both the motor and the inverter designs are optimized for teaching purposes cost around $25 and can be made with minimal effort.

Environmental assessment and the built environment : a highway engineer's perspective

This paper is an engineer's appreciation of environmental assessment with particular reference to highway development. While scheme-related Environmental Assessment for individual development may identify particular potential impacts, and may avoid or minimise some of the problems, in many cases it may be too late to take such actions. Ideally, Environmental Assessment should commence at the Strategic Level to cover policies, plan and programmes, and the scheme-related Environmental Assessments for individual projects should supplement those in the framework of Strategic Level. The utimate target is to assess the policy for their contribution to effecting sustainable development. Whole Life Environmental Impacts should be considered. These are the full impact consideration from planning, design and choice of materials, construction, operation and finally decommission. Most of the Environmental Assessments have not included the Whole Life Environmental Impacts. There is only limited monitoring in the operation stage after the construction of the scheme is complete, therefore, subsequent Environmental Assessments cannot benefit from the feedback of the scheme. No development should cost the Earth, hence Environmental Assessments have to be carried out thoroughly to serve as one of the instruments to meet the need of sustainable development.

Atmospheric composition of West Africa: highlights from the AMMA program

The atmospheric composition of West Africa reflects the interaction of various dynamical and chemical systems (i.e. biogenic, urban, convective and long-range transport) with signatures from local to continental scales. Recent measurements performed during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) observational periods in 2005 and 2006 provide new data which has allowed new insight into the processes within these systems that control the distribution of ozone and its precursors. Using these new data and recently published results, we provide an overview of these systems with a particular emphasis on ozone distributions over West Africa during the wet season.

Evaluating the role of environmental quality in the sustainable rural economic development of England

The issue of the sustainable development of rural economies in England has recently received considerable attention. This is because many of the poorest areas in the country are rural, often of high environmental quality, but suffering from high unemployment and a lack of services and facilities. The rapid decline in agricultural incomes and in-migration of affluent urban workers since 1990 has exacerbated economic inequality in such areas. A number of factors have the potential to drive rural development and this paper applies, and considers, the feasibility of a method from the USA for combining economic and environmental variables in a regional growth model to examine the hypothesis that environmental quality is an important determinant of sustainable rural development in England. The model output suggests that, although environmental quality does play a role in sustainable rural development in England there are other, more important, factors driving development. These include business and communications infra-structure, the degree and opportunities for commuting and underlying employment prospects. The robustness and limitations of the method for combining economic and environmental variables is discussed in relation to the spatial interrelatedness of Local Authority Districts in England, and conclusions are drawn about areas for refinement and improvement of the method.

Conservation and sustainable use of crop wild relatives

Conservation of crop wild relatives (CWRs) is a complex interdisciplinary process that is being addressed by various national and international initiatives, including two Global Environment Facility projects ('In situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives through Enhanced Information Management and Field Application' and 'Design, Testing and Evaluation of Best Practices for in situ Conservation of Economically Important Wild Species'), the European Community-funded project 'European Crop Wild Relative Diversity Assessment and Conservation Forum (PGR Forum)' and the European 'In situ and On Farm Network'. The key issues that have arisen are: (1) the definition of what constitutes a CWR, (2) the need for national and regional information systems and a global system, (3) development and application of priority-determining mechanisms, (4) the incorporation of the conservation of CWRs into existing national, regional and international PGR programmes, (5) assessment of the effectiveness of conservation actions, (6) awareness of the importance of CWRs in agricultural development at local, national and international levels both for the scientific and lay communities and (7) policy development and legal framework. The above issues are illustrated by work on the conservation of a group of legumes known as grasspea chicklings, vetchlings, and horticultural ornamental peas (Lathyrus spp.) in their European and Mediterranean centre of diversity. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The practice of sustainable facilities management: Design sentiments and the knowledge chasm

The construction industry with its nature of project delivery is very fragmented in terms of the various processes that encompass design, construction, facilities and assets management. Facilities managers are in the forefront of delivering sustainable assets management and hence further the venture for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. A questionnaire survey was conducted to establish perceptions, level of commitment and knowledge chasm in practising sustainable facilities management (FM). This has significant implications for sustainable design management, especially in a fragmented industry. The majority of questionnaire respondents indicated the importance of sustainability for their organization. Many of them stated that they reported on sustainability as part of their organization annual reporting with energy efficiency, recycling and waste reduction as the main concern for them. The overwhelming barrier for implementing sound, sustainable FM is the lack of consensual understanding and focus of individuals and organizations about sustainability. There is a knowledge chasm regarding practical information on delivering sustainable FM. Sustainability information asymmetry in design, construction and FM processes render any sustainable design as a sentiment and mere design aspiration. Skills and training provision, traditionally offered separately to designers and facilities managers, needs to be re-evaluated. Sustainability education and training should be developed to provide effective structures and processes to apply sustainability throughout the construction and FM industries coherently and as common practice.

Purpose built teaching equipment for a laboratory based course in three phase machines and drives

The hazards associated with high voltage three phase inverters ond the rotating sha@s of large electrical machines have resulted in most of the engineering courses covering these topics to be predominantly theoretical. This paper describes a set of purpose built, low voltage and low cost teaching equipment which allows the ���hands on I��� instruction of three phase inverters and rotating machines. By using low voltages, the student can experiment freely with the motors and inverter and can access all of the current and voltage waveforms, which until now could only be studied in text books or observed as part of laboratory demonstrations. Both the motor and the inverter designs are optimized for teaching purposes, cost around $25 and can be made with minimal effort.