Fatores relevantes na construção de processos government-to-government no Banco Central do Brasil

This dissertation seeks to recognize the factors, which are relevant to the construction of the processes Government-to-Government (G2G), and how these factors influence the success of those processes. For this research, two existing cases in Banco Central do Brasil (Bacen) were used: i) the Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN) X Senado Federal case; and the Bacen x Poder Judiciário case. The framework of this dissertation is based on the methodology of multiple study cases described by Robert Yin (2001). This work analyzed separately each of the cases and compared the results obtained in each analysis. In this way, this research aimed at analyzing the reasons that led these cases to gain such distinct outcomes, despite the existing potential benefits in each one of them. The obtained results suggest that three factors influence the success of G2G processes in a relevant way: computational safety; the culture of the organizations involved; and the capacitation of people involved. Each of these factors, according to what results showed, bring a set of considerations which should be observed by the public administrator in relation to the strategies of implementation of G2G processes.

A Evolução e Consolidação das Práticas de Governança Corporativa no Banco do Brasil S.A. entre 1996 e 2006

The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the main historical and institutional facts that have led to the present corporate governance policy adopted by Banco do Brasil S.A. (BB). The good practices of corporate governance aim to increase corporate value and facilitate the funding of capital and contribute to company¿s duration over the time. Besides, ensure to the shareholders some governance principles such as disclosure", "compliance", "accountability", "fairness" and ¿corporate responsability¿ By the time BB has been shown its concern about disclosure especially for its close relationship with principal shareholder. ¿ the Brazilian Government, other equity partners and the Brazilian society. Banco do Brasil was founded in 1808 by the Portuguese emperor Dom João VI and today is the oldest bank operating in the local market. BB also was the first company listed on Brazilian stock exchange since 1906. In 1996, after some net losses, the Brazilian Government raised the bank¿s authorized capital in R$ 8 billion. This fact established the first attempts to develop bank¿s corporate governance through the years. Banco do Brasil currently has more than 24.4 million customers, served by a network of 15,113 points of service with R$ 296.4 billion in total assets2. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the principal measures adopted by Banco do Brasil to reach the top level of corporate governance in the Brazilian stock exchange ¿ the New Market of Bovespa. This top position was reached in June 2006. Banco do Brasil was the first state owned company to reach this level of governance in Brazil. This dissertation was based on Yin's taxonomy methodology as a single case study. This research has used documents and file records as sources of evidence, including longitudinally research to demonstrate the evolution facts through time."

Modelo para avaliação do custo burocrático do FCVS (Fundo de Compensação de Variações Salariais) : um estudo de caso

In 1964, year of the military coup, the Brazilian government established a housing finance system with the intention of reducing the housing shortage that had been going on for decades. In order to reach this goal, the government created the Housing Finance System (acronym in Portuguese ¿ SFH), a set of rules which intended to set up a regulated market through standardized contracts and compulsory sources of funds. The system survived for some time, due to the state control of prices and salaries in the authoritarian regime. However, the increasing inflationary pressure obliged the government to adopt a populist subsidy policy, which left as a consequence outstanding balances at the end of the contracts that very often exceeded the value of the financed units. The solution adopted was to create a fund to settle these residual balances. Such fund should be capitalized by the government and by compulsory contributions from borrowers and financial institutions. Since the government did not make such contributions, the debt of this fund increased on a yearly basis, reaching around 3,5 % of Brazil¿s GDP in December 31, 2006. Due to the decline of private investments in the housing finance system, this debt concentrated mostly on public and state-owned companies, government agencies and public funds. The outcome of this policy was the Salary Variations Compensation Fund (acronym in Portuguese ¿ FCVS), which has a negative net equity of 76 billion reais and costs 100 million reais per year to be managed, and whose main creditor is the Federal Government itself.

Mensuração de Capacidade Tecnológica no Contexto de Industrialização Recente: Uma Breve Reflexão Crítica Sobre Taxonomias e Evidências de Pesquisas Recentes

This dissertation aims at examining empirical evidences obtained in the light of taxonomies and strategies for measuring firms technological capabilities and innovation in the context of developing countries, motivated by the fact that debates and studies directed to innovation has been intensified, for the last thirty years, by the recognition of its vital and growing importance to the technological, economic, competitive and industrial development of firms and countries. Two main tendencies can be identified on this debate. At one side, it¿s the literature related to the developed countries logic, whose companies are, in majority, positioned at the technological frontier, characterized by the domain of innovative advanced capabilities, directed to its sustaining, deepening and renewal. At the other side, there are the perspectives directed to the developing countries reality, where there is a prevalence of companies with deficiency of resources, still in process of accumulating basic and intermediate technological capabilities, with characteristics and technological development trajectories distinct or even reverse from those of developing countries. From this last tradition of studies, the measuring approaches based in C&T indicators and in types and levels of technological capabilities stand out. The first offers a macro level, aggregated perspective, through the analysis of a representative sample of firms, seeking to the generation of internationally comparable data, without addressing the intraorganizational specificities and nuances of the paths of technological accumulation developed by the firms, using, mostly, R&D statistics, patents, individual qualifications, indicators that carry their own limitations. On the other hand, studies that examine types and levels of technological capabilities are scarce, usually directed to a small sample of firms and/or industrial sectors. Therefore, in the light of the focus and potentialities of each of the perspectives, this scenario exposes a lack of studies that examine, in a parallel and complementary way, both types of strategies, seeking to offer more realistic, consistent and concrete information about the technological reality of developing countries. In order to close this gap, this dissertation examines (i) strategies of innovation measurement in the contexts of developing countries based on traditional approaches and C&T indicators, represented by four innovation surveys - ECIB, PINTEC, PAEP and EAI, and, (ii) from the perspective of technological capabilities as an intrinsic resource of the firm, the development of which occurs in a cumulative way and based on learning, presents and extracts generalizations of empirical applications of a metric that identifies types and levels of technological capabilities, through a dynamic and intra-firm perspective. The exam of the empirical evidences of the two approaches showed what each one of the metrics are capable to offer and the way they can contribute to the generation of information that reflect the technological development of specific industrial sectors in developing countries. In spite of the fact that the focus, objective, perspective, inclusion, scope and lens used are substantially distinct, generating, on a side, an aggregated view, and of other, an intra-sector, intra-organizational and specific view, the results suggest that the use of one doesn't implicate discarding or abdicating the other. On the contrary, using both in a complementary way means the generation of more complete, rich and relevant evidences and analysis that offer a realistic notion of the industrial development and contribute in a more direct way to the design of corporate strategies and government policies, including those directed to the macro level aspects just as those more specific and focused, designed to increment and foment firms in-house innovative efforts.

Participação nos lucros ou resultados nas empresas estatais federais: questões emergentes, problemas e desafios

Esta dissertação é um estudo de caso exploratório sobre a atuação do Departamento de Coordenação e Governança das Empresas Estatais (DEST), vinculado à Secretaria-Executiva do Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão, na análise e na aprovação das propostas de participação nos lucros ou resultados (PLR) dos empregados das empresas estatais em que a União é acionista majoritária. Quatro empresas estatais que apresentaram propostas de PLR para o exercício de 2008 foram selecionadas qualitativamente. As informações coletadas a partir das propostas das empresas, de documentos oficiais do DEST se manifestando sobre o assunto, do marco legal existente e das entrevistas com representantes do órgão foram analisadas criticamente com base na teoria da agência, da literatura sobre mensuração de desempenho no setor público, das reformas administrativas no Brasil e dos pressupostos do novo institucionalismo. Com isso, foi possível: (i) analisar o DEST e o marco legal da PLR enquanto as instituições intermediando o processo entre as propostas e as aprovações; (ii) caracterizar as preferências do DEST em relação aos programas de PLR; (iii) caracterizar as propostas de PLR das empresas estatais; (iv) caracterizar os resultados que as instituições em consideração estão produzindo; (v) analisar os fatores limitantes e/ou facilitadores para o funcionamento das instituições; e (vi) levantar as percepções de ex- e atuais envolvidos no processo de análise e aprovação das propostas no DEST acerca da PLR nas empresas estatais enquanto instrumento de incentivo à produtividade. Como resultado, verificou-se (i) que as aprovações do DEST refletem apenas parcialmente as preferências do órgão com relação ao formato dos programas e (ii) que a atuação do DEST varia de intensidade entre os eixos que compõem os programas (seleção de indicadores, estabelecimento de metas, definição do montante e forma de sua distribuição).

Efeitos da regulação no custo de aquisição de energia elétrica no Brasil

Nos últimos vinte anos, o Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) vem passando por profundas transformações incluindo duas reestruturações. A primeira, em 1995, faz a transição de um modelo centralizado com empresas estatais operando no regime de monopólio para um modelo de livre mercado com ênfase na privatização do setor. A segunda, em 2004, retoma o papel do Estado no planejamento da expansão do setor, estabelece a convivência entre empresas estatais e privadas e busca promover a modicidade tarifária. A principal razão para as mudanças é a necessidade de investimento para expansão da oferta de energia elétrica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar estas reformas, descrever o funcionamento atual do setor elétrico e analisar a questão do término das concessões de geração a partir de 2015. A indefinição do governo federal entre prorrogar ou licitar estas concessões cria incertezas, adiando investimentos e provocando perdas ao país.

Government actions to support coffee producers - an investigation of possible measures from the European Union

We outline possible actions to be adopted by the European Union to ensure a better share of total coffee revenues to producers in developing countries. The way to this translates, ultimately, in producers receiving a fair price for the commodity they supply, i.e., a market price that results from fair market conditions in the whole coffee producing chain. We plead for proposals to take place in the consuming countries, as market conditions in the consuming-countries side of the coffee producing chain are not fair; market failures and ingenious distortions are responsible for the enormous asymmetry of gains in the two sides. The first of three proposals for consumer government supported actions is to help in the creation of domestic trading companies for achieving higher export volumes. These tradings would be associated to roasters that, depending on the final product envisaged, could perform the roasting in the country and export the roasted – and sometimes ground – coffee, breaking the increasing importers-exporters verticalisation. Another measure would be the systematic provision of basic intelligence on the consuming markets. Statistics of the quantities sold according to mode of consumption, by broad “categories of coffee” and point of sale, could be produced for each country. They should be matched to the exports/imports data and complemented by (aggregate) country statistics on the roasting sector. This would extremely help producing countries design their own market and producing strategies. Finally, a fund, backed by a common EU tax on roasted coffee – created within the single market tax harmonisation programme, is suggested. This European Coffee Fund would have two main projects. Together with the ICO, it would launch an advertising campaign on coffee in general, aimed at counterbalancing the increasing “brandification” of coffee. Basic information on the characteristics of the plant and the drink would be passed, and the effort could be extended to the future Eastern European members of the Union, as a further assurance that EU processors would not have a too privileged access to these new markets. A quality label for every coffee sold in the Union could complement this initiative, helping to create a level playing field for products from outside the EU. A second project would consist in a careful diversification effort, to take place in selected producing countries.

The risk premium on brazilian government debt, 1996-2002

The goal of this paper is to identify the determinants of the risk premium on Brazilian government debt. As the risk premium is a component of the interest rate set by the Brazilian central bank, its reduction would make it possible for the central bank to cut interest rates to levels compatible with a higher economic growth environment. The empirical evidence presented in this paper does not reject the hypotheses that fiscal solvency and the size of the public debt affect the risk premium as measured by the spread over treasury bills of the Brazilian C-bond.

Government policy and private investment in Brazil (1955/82)

The questlon of the crowding-out of private !nvestment by public expenditure, public investment in particular , ln the Brazilian economy has been discussed more in ideological terrns than on empirical grounds. The present paper tries to avoid the limitation of previous studies by estlmatlng an equation for private investment whlch makes it possible to evaluate the effect of economic policies on prlvate investment. The private lnvestment equation was deduced modifylng the optimal flexible accelerator medel (OFAM) incorporating some channels through which public expendlture influences privateinvestment. The OFAM consists in adding adjustment costs to the neoclassical theory of investrnent. The investment fuction deduced is quite general and has the following explanatory variables: relative prices (user cost of capitaljimput prices ratios), real interest rates, real product, public expenditures and lagged private stock of capital. The model was estimated for private manufacturing industry data. The procedure adopted in estimating the model was to begin with a model as general as possible and apply restrictions to the model ' s parameters and test their statistical significance. A complete diagnostic testing was also made in order to test the stability of estirnated equations. This procedure avoids ' the shortcomings of estimating a model with a apriori restrictions on its parameters , which may lead to model misspecification. The main findings of the present study were: the increase in public expenditure, at least in the long run, has in general a positive expectation effect on private investment greater than its crowding-out effect on priva te investment owing to the simultaneous rise in interst rates; a change in economlc policy, such as that one of Geisel administration, may have an important effect on private lnvestment; and reI ative prices are relevant in determining the leveI of desired stock of capital and private investrnent.

As duas faces da Petrobrás: a persistente dinâmica da empresa estatal no arranjo institucional brasileiro

A presente dissertação analisará a persistente dinâmica da Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. – Petrobras – no arranjo institucional brasileiro. O objetivo é identificar se essa permanência foi acompanhada de mudanças na estrutura macro e microjurídica da empresa estatal que promoveram a sua adaptação às alterações da relação Estado e mercado promovidas por reformas institucionais. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que, na recente evolução histórica brasileira, quatro correlações de forças promoveram reformas jurídicas que alteraram a relação Estado e mercado em quatro diferentes períodos: (i) da Era Vargas ao governo Juscelino Kubitschek; (ii) do golpe militar ao processo de redemocratização; (iii) do governo Fernando Collor ao término do governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso; e (iv) do início do governo Lula até o momento da elaboração deste trabalho. Para desenvolver esse precedente, o primeiro capítulo analisará o modo e a intensidade da intervenção direta do Estado no setor produtivo para identificar as características da relação Estado e mercado nos períodos. Os capítulos subsequentes se deterão à análise da estrutura da Petrobras na esfera microjurídica – organização societária – e macrojurídica – articulação da empresa estatal com outros agentes públicos e privados – em cada um dos quatro períodos delimitados no capítulo anterior. O segundo capítulo descreverá institucionalmente a Petrobras durante seus primeiros dez anos. O terceiro capítulo identificará as mudanças institucionais promovidas na empresa estatal durante o regime militar. O quarto capítulo disporá sobre as alterações jurídicas na Petrobras promovidas pela Reforma do Estado. Por fim, o quinto capítulo tratará das mais recentes mudanças institucionais da empresa estatal decorrente da descoberta da vasta reserva de petróleo denominada pré-sal.

Espirito Santo : a industrialização como fator de desautonomia relativa

A monografia e uma análise histórico-dialética, de 1535 a 1976, procurando mostrar como o Estado do Espírito Santo formou-se e consolidou-se como região periférica e subdesenvolvida e como ele se integraria agora ao capital ismo nacional, a partir da implantação, em seu território, de alguns projetos industriais de vulto os chamados Grandes Projetos de Impacto. Partindo de uma análise sobre a formação do Centro Ocidental e do Estado brasileiro visa a entender o processo de transformação do Espírito Santo. Mostra, então, as formações do Centro Ocidental e do Estado Nacional. Para o primeiro, evidencia a viagem do sistema capital ista, da democracia 1iberal e do liberalismo econômico ao pluralismo político e à estrutura econômica oligopolica. Na formação do segundo, fica patenteada a evolução do Estado intervencionista/autoritário brasileiro, enxertado pela tentativa liberal da Repúb ica Velha e pela tentativa de implantação de um Estado Racional-Legal no Estado Novo. Assim, fica explícita a especificidade dependente-associada do capital ismo brasileiro, da fase primário-exportadora à fase industrial, e pode-se concluir que o Espírito Santo reproduziu as fases centrais, articulando-se sempre defasadamente aos centros nacionais e internacionais. Tornando patente a interdependencia do Estado do Espírito Santo em relação aos centros inter e in tra nacionais, a monografia passa a descrever o seu processo de formação econômica, social e política, procurando dar conta de suas peculiaridades. Chega à conclusão que a histórica capixaba pode ser dividida em quatro fases. Essencialmente baseadas numa economia de subsistência e, posteriormente, numa economia primário-exportadora, as três fases chamadas regionais litoranea, serrana e pioneina - configuram o ritmo e a direção da ocupação e degradação do território estadual e a marcha do café. A fase atual é de mudanças. são previstas, principalmente, a partir do momento em que os Grandes Projetos começarem a operar, transformações rápidas e desconcertantes, em função dos seis bilhões de dólares de investimentos que serão efetuados num Estado em que o orçamento não cobre sequer as despesas de pessoal. Na medida em que a implantação destes Grandes Projetos poderia reforçar o potencial de ingerência do Governo Federal na esfera estadual, além de trazer para o palco um novo foco de poder, o das corporações estrangeiras envolvidas, contribuir-se-ia para a marginalização dos poderes público e privado capixabas e o Espírito Santo correria o risco de perder sua já reduzida autonomia. Assim, seria configurado um processo iminente de marginalização estadual, tratado na monografia como processo de desautonomia relativa. O trabalho caracteriza esse processo com a análise das transformações potenciais que advirão'em decorrência da operação dos empreendimentos, indicando os riscos que o Estado enfrentará. Segundo ele, as principais mudanças dizem respeito à elevação substancial da Renda Interna Estadual, ao agravamento da concentração individual, espacial e setorial da renda, ao excessivo' adensamento demográfico na area metropolitana da Grande Vitória e ao estímulo à implantação de inúmeras indústrias complementares e satélites.

Low expectations, low demand : when should the government intervene?

Este trabalho estuda o impacto de diferentes políticas que procuram mitigar falhas de coordenação em um ambiente macroeconômico. Abordamos questões relativas ao timing dos estímulos econômicos. Quando o governo deveria começar a incentivar a economia? Deveria gastar mais para prevenir crises ou para tirar a economia da recessão quando os fundamentos estão melhorando? Como o estímulo deve alterar a complementaridade estratégica? Para responder a estas perguntas, construímos um modelo macroeconômico dinâmico com concorrência monopolística e decisões de investimento sequenciais. Aplicando resultados da literatura teórica de jogos dinâmicos com fricções, selecionamos um único equilíbrio neste modelo, nos dando um instrumental tratável para a análise de políticas. Nossos resultados sugerem que o governo não deveria viesar incentivos nem para a prevenção de crises nem para resgatar a economia quando esta já está em crise.

A política pública de mediação de conflitos no município de São Paulo

Este Artigo tem por objetivo dar conhecimento da política pública de segurança em mediação de conflitos, concebida pela Secretaria Municipal de Segurança Urbana e desempenhada pelo órgão executor em segurança municipal, a Guarda Civil Metropolitana. Trata-se de um programa implementado no ano de 2012, que objetiva, por meio do policiamento preventivo e comunitário, promover transformações sociais através da cultura da paz e de confiança entre Estado e sociedade. Considerando ser recente, faltam dados a respeito do impacto social que a mediação de conflitos vem provocando, no entanto a iniciativa do Governo foi recentemente premiada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU).

Campaign donation and government contracts in Brazilian states

A corporate firm may influence policies in its favor by transferring money to political candidates. However, empirical studies which document evidence about the return on campaign donations are rare (Großer, Reuben and Tymula, 2013). In this paper we estimate the net expected return of a campaign donation in eight Brazilian states using a Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) to separate the return of winning and losing state deputy candidates in the electoral coalition in 2006. Our results show that that the net return is quite high (i.e., the investment of donor firms is almost 2% of the net expected return), and is larger among traditional electoral parties than any other parties, on average. Looking at the heterogeneity of local executive and legislative levels, we find that net returns are higher when donor firms finance deputies within a governor’s electoral coalition than deputies outside this coalition.

Understanding e-government technology transfer: evidence from the transfer of a patent management system from EPO to INPI

Drawing upon Brazilian experience, this research explores some of the key issues to be addressed in using e-government technical cooperation designed to enhance service provision of Patent Offices in developing countries. While the development of software applications is often seen merely as a technical engineering exercise, localization and adaptation are context bounded matters that are characterized by many entanglements of human and non-humans. In this work, technical, legal and policy implications of technical cooperation are also discussed in a complex and dynamic implementation environment characterized by the influence of powerful hidden agendas associated with the arena of intellectual property (IP), which are shaped by recent technological, economic and social developments in our current knowledge-based economy. This research employs two different theoretical lenses to examine the same case, which consists of transfer of a Patent Management System (PMS) from the European Patent Office (EPO) to the Brazilian Patent Office that is locally named ‘Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial’ (INPI). Fundamentally, we have opted for a multi-paper thesis comprising an introduction, three scientific articles and a concluding chapter that discusses and compares the insights obtained from each article. The first article is dedicated to present an extensive literature review on e-government and technology transfer. This review allowed the proposition on an integrative meta-model of e-government technology transfer, which is named E-government Transfer Model (ETM). Subsequently, in the second article, we present Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a framework for understanding the processes of transferring e-government technologies from Patent Offices in developed countries to Patent Offices in developing countries. Overall, ANT is seen as having a potentially wide area of application and being a promising theoretical vehicle in IS research to carry out a social analysis of messy and heterogeneous processes that drive technical change. Drawing particularly on the works of Bruno Latour, Michel Callon and John Law, this work applies this theory to a longitudinal study of the management information systems supporting the Brazilian Patent Office restructuration plan that involved the implementation of a European Patent Management System in Brazil. Based upon the ANT elements, we follow the actors to identify and understand patterns of group formation associated with the technical cooperation between the Brazilian Patent Office (INPI) and the European Patent Office (EPO). Therefore, this research explores the intricate relationships and interactions between human and non-human actors in their attempts to construct various network alliances, thereby demonstrating that technologies embodies compromise. Finally, the third article applies ETM model as a heuristic frame to examine the same case previously studied from an ANT perspective. We have found evidence that ETM has strong heuristic qualities that can guide practitioners who are engaged in the transfer of e-government systems from developed to developing countries. The successful implementation of e-government projects in developing countries is important to stimulate economic growth and, as a result, we need to understand the processes through which such projects are being implemented and succeed. Here, we attempt to improve understanding on the development and stabilization of a complex social-technical system in the arena of intellectual property. Our preliminary findings suggest that e-government technology transfer is an inherently political process and that successful outcomes require continuous incremental actions and improvisations to address the ongoing issues as they emerge.