Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Residual Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy Is Associated With Significant Immediate Pain and Hospital Readmission Rates

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery may represent appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in selected patients with distal rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Even though this procedure has been associated with low rates of postoperative complications, patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation seem to be at increased risk for suture line dehiscence. In this setting, we compared the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing transanal endoscopic microsurgery with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiation. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients were treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery at a single institution. Twenty-three patients underwent local excision after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy for rectal adenocarcinoma, and 13 patients underwent local excision without any neoadjuvant treatment for benign and malignant rectal tumors. Chemoradiation therapy included 50.4 to 54Gy and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. All patients underwent transanal endoscopic microsurgery with primary closure of the rectal defect. Complications (immediate and late) and readmission rates were compared between groups. RESULTS: Overall, median hospital stay was 2 days. Immediate (30-d) complication rate was 44% for grade II/III complications. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy were more likely to develop grade II/III immediate complications (56% vs 23%; P = .05). Overall, the 30-day readmission rate was 30%. Wound dehiscence was significantly more frequent among patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (70% vs 23%; P = .03). Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy were at significantly higher risk of requiring readmission (43% vs 7%; P = .02). CONCLUSION: Transanal local excision with the use of endoscopic microsurgical approach may result in significant postoperative morbidity, wound dehiscence, and readmission rates, in particular, because of rectal pain secondary to wound dehiscence. In this setting, the benefits of this minimally invasive approach either for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes become significantly restricted to highly selected patients that can potentially avoid a major operation but will still face a significantly morbid and painful procedure.

Dopamine microinjected into brainstem of awake rats affects baseline arterial pressure but not chemoreflex responses

Dopamine (DA) is a neuromodulator in the brainstem involved with the generation and modulation of the autonomic and respiratory activities. Here we evaluated the effect of microinjection of DA intracistema magna (icm) or into the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii (cNTS) on the baseline cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and on the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation in awake rats. Guide cannulas were implanted in cisterna magna or cNTS and femoral artery and vein were catheterized. Respiratory frequency (f(R)) was measured by whole-body plethysmography. Chemoreflex was activated with KCN (iv) before and after microinjection of DA icm or into the cNTS bilaterally while mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and f(R) were recorded. Microinjection of DA icm (n = 13), but not into the cNTS (n = 8) produced a significant decrease in baseline MAP (-15 +/- 1 vs 1 +/- 1 mm Hg) and HR (-55 +/- 11 vs -11 +/- 17 bpm) in relation to control (saline with ascorbic acid, n = 9) but no significant changes in baseline f(R). Microinjection of DA icm or into the cNTS produced no significant changes in the pressor, bradycardic and tachypneic responses to chemoreflex activation. These data show that a) DA icm affects baseline cardiovascular regulation, but not baseline f(R) and autonomic and respiratory components of chemoreflex and b) DA into the cNTS does not affect either the autonomic activity to the cardiovascular system or the autonomic and respiratory responses of chemoreflex activation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Infiltration effects on sediment mobility under waves

Sediment mobility measurements with a horizontal sand bed under non-breaking waves are reported. Conditions include no seepage and steady downward seepage corresponding to head gradients up to 2.5. The results indicate that infiltration tends to inhibit sediment mobility for a horizontal bcd of 0.2 mm quartz sand exposed to moderated wave induced bed shear stresses. The effect is weak for the parameter range of the present study. The two opposing effects of shear stress increase due to boundary layer thinning and the stabilizing downward drag are successfully accounted for through the modified Shields parameter of Nielsen [Nielsen, P., 1997. Coastal groundwater dynamics. Proc. Coastal Dynamics '97, Plymouth, ASCE, Dp, 546-555] using coefficients derived from independent studies. That is, from the shear stress experiments of Conley [Conley, D.C., 1993. Ventilated oscillatory boundary layers. PhD Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 74 pp.] and the slope stability experiments of Martin and Aral [Martin, C.S. and M.M. Aral, 1971. Seepage force on interfacial bed particles. J. Hydraulics Div., proc. ASCE, Vol. 97, No. Hy7, pp. 1081-1100]. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Treatment With a Growth Factor-Protein Mixture Inhibits Formation of Mineralized Nodules in Osteogenic Cell Cultures Grown on Titanium

Despite wide clinical application, the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for repairing bone defects and enhancing osseointegration of metal implants is still subject of debate. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a well-defined PRP-like mixture containing platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, albumin, fibronectin, and thrombospondin [growth factors (GFs) + proteins] on the development of the osteogenic phenotype on titanium (Ti) in vitro. Human alveolar bone-derived osteoblastic cells were subcultured on Ti discs and exposed during the first 7 days to osteogenic medium supplemented with GFs + proteins and to osteogenic medium alone thereafter up to 14 days. Control cultures were exposed to only osteogenic medium. Dose-response experiments were carried out using rat primary calvarial cells exposed to GFs + proteins and 1:10 or 1:100 dilutions of the mixture. Treated human-derived cell cultures exhibited a significantly higher number of cycling cells at days 1 and 4 and of total cells at days 4 and 7, significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at days 4, 7, and 10, and no Alizarin red-stained areas (calcium deposits) at day 14, indicating an impairment in osteoblast differentiation. Although the 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of the mixture restored the proliferative activity of rat-derived osteogenic cells to control levels and promoted a significant increase in ALP activity at day 10 compared with GFs + proteins, mineralized nodule formation was only observed with the 1:100 dilution (similar to 50% of the control). These results showed that a PRP-like protein mixture inhibits development of the osteogenic phenotype in both human and rat osteoblastic cell cultures grown on Ti. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:265-276, 2009)

Effects of a mixture of growth factors and proteins on the development of the osteogenic phenotype in human alveolar bone cell cultures

Strategies to promote bone repair have included exposure of cells to growth factor (GF) preparations from blood that generally include proteins as part of a complex mixture. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of such a mixture on different parameters of the development of the osteogenic phenotype in vitro. Osteoblastic cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion of human alveolar bone and cultured under standard osteogenic conditions until subconfluence. They were subcultured on Thermanox coverslips up to 14 days. Treated cultures were exposed during the first 7 days to osteogenic medium supplemented with a GFs + proteins mixture containing the major components found in platelet extracts [plate I et-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, albumin, fibronectin, and thrombospondin] and to osteogenic medium alone thereafter. Control cultures were exposed only to the osteogenic medium. Treated cultures exhibited a significantly higher number of adherent cells from day 4 onward and of cycling cells at days 1 and 4, weak alkaline phosphatase (ALP) labeling, and significantly decreased levels of ALP activity and mRNA expression. At day 14, no Alizarin red-stained nodular areas were detected in cultures treated with GFs + proteins. Results were confirmed in the rat calvaria-derived osteogenic cell culture model. The addition of bone morphogenetic protein 7 or growth and differentiation factor 5 to treated cultures upregulated Runx2 and ALP mRNA expression, but surprisingly, ALP activity was not restored. These results showed that a mixture of GFs + proteins affects the development of the osteogenic phenotype both in human and rat cultures, leading to an increase in the number of cells, but expressed a less differentiated state.

Texto para discuss??o 7: Brasil s??culo XXI: a constru????o de um Estado eficaz

Em tempo algum da hist??ria a necessidade de se trabalhar a respeito da miss??o, da lideran??a e do desempenho das organiza????es sem fins lucrativos foi t??o urgente como nos dias atuais. E ?? essa urg??ncia que o presente trabalho, ???Brasil S??culo XXI ??? A constru????o de um Estado eficaz???, quer agregar ?? reflex??o da proposta de reforma do Estado brasileiro

A constru????o da Lei de Acesso ?? Informa????o P??blica no Brasil: desafios na implementa????o de seus princ??pios

Nos ??ltimos anos, diversos pa??ses t??m feito grandes modifica????es em suas legisla????es, na tentativa de proteger o direito de acesso ?? informa????o e adequar sua legisla????o interna ??s exig??ncias impostas por tratados internacionais. A Lei de Acesso ?? Informa????o brasileira (Lei n?? 12.527, de 2011) foi constru??da a partir dos par??metros internacionalmente reconhecidos. Esses par??metros incorporam novos conceitos que ampliam o entendimento comum sobre o princ??pio da publicidade e recomendam a ado????o do princ??pio da m??xima transpar??ncia. A nova lei ?? essencial para melhorar as condi????es de acesso ??s informa????es governamentais no Brasil, como ser?? mostrado na an??lise feita da experi??ncia dos Estados Unidos da Am??rica e do M??xico. Contudo, devido a dificuldades relacionadas especialmente ?? burocracia administrativa, o direito de acesso ?? informa????o tender?? a permanecer incompleto, enquanto n??o for incorporado a uma pol??tica p??blica capaz de traduzir esse direito em um conjunto de a????es governamentais que garantam sua efetividade.

O MARKETING SOCIAL E A PROMOÇÃO DE MUDANÇAS ESTRUTURAIS NO ALEITAMENTO MATERNO

Para avaliar as implicações práticas em relação ao comportamento do aleitamento materno, relativamente à dimensão dos problemas estruturais no âmbito do marketing social, foi desenvolvida uma investigação qualitativa exploratória, fundamentada na perspetiva do Modelo Ecológico Social (Social Ecological Model - SEM), por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com consultoras e conselheiras de lactação em Portugal. O conteúdo dessas entrevistas revelou algumas das principais barreiras ao aleitamento materno, no que respeita aos problemas estruturais e no âmbito do marketing social.

Delegação e controle político das agências reguladoras no Brasil

A partir de um esforço de sistematização dos mecanismos de controle político previstos no modelo institucional originalmente concebido para as agências reguladoras, este artigo avalia os mecanismos de controle político presentes no arcabouço institucional das agências reguladoras independentes (ARIs) brasileiras e analisa as alterações relacionadas ao controle político introduzidas pelo projeto de lei encaminhado pelo governo ao Congresso em 12 de abril de 2004. Após contextualizar o debate sobre o controle político das ARIs no Brasil, o artigo discute as relações entre delegação e responsabilização. Em seguida, na busca de um parâmetro para avaliar o modelo brasileiro de agências reguladoras (ARs), identifica os instrumentos de controle político utilizados na experiência americana. Finalmente, avalia a realidade institucional atual das ARIs brasileiras e comenta as contribuições do recente projeto de lei em relação ao controle político das agências.

IDENTIDADES EM CAMPO. DISCURSOS SOBRE A ATUAÇÃO DE JOGADORES INTERCULTURAIS DE ORIGEM AFRICANA E ANTILHANA NA SELEÇÃO FRANCESA DE FUTEBOL

O texto tem como objetivo principal analisar parte dos discursos produzidos sobre a participação de atletas interculturais - de origem africana ou antilhana - na seleção francesa de futebol na última década. Partindo dos referenciais teóricos vinculados aos estudos africanos e pós-coloniais, e fruto de uma investigação de maior dimensão, buscamos analisar a forma como a sociedade francesa - com seus conjuntos populacionais híbridos e complexos - fomenta, interpreta e rejeita, a partir das imagens e ideias construídas sobre os imigrantes africanos/antilhanos e seus descendentes, o entendimento acerca de suas identidades e das relações interculturais e multiculturais geradas pelas diásporas pós-coloniais. Selecionamos, para uma reflexão inicial, notícias veiculadas pela imprensa francesa e europeia sobre a atuação de atletas interculturais na seleção francesa após o campeonato mundial da África do Sul, em 2010.

Sobre o procedimento de Zippin para estimar populações de animais

O procedimento de Zippin é uma das técnicas mais precisas para estimar populações de animais, além de fornecer estimativas do erro padrão. Entretanto, a solução das equações de máxima verossimilhança não é algebricamente explícita. Sugere-se um procedimento iterativo utilizando a técnica de Newton Raphson para encontrar as soluções desejadas. Comparações com o procedimento clássico mostram sensíveis diferenças nas estimativas do erro padrão e diferenças menores nos demais parâmetros.

Epidemiología del tabaquismo en los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud

Las características del hábito tabáquico en los estudiantes de la División de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Barcelona han sido estudiadas en este trabajo. Durante el Curso Académico 1988-89, 382 alumnos han sido entrevistados individualmente en relación al tabaquismo, mediante el cuestionario utilizado habitualmente por el Departamento de Sanidad y Segundad Social de la Generalidad de Cataluña (España), con las modificaciones más oportunas para este colectivo específico. Asimismo se ha recogido información relacionada con la influencia de los estudios universitarios en el hábito de fumar, la autorización de la publicidad y la eficacia de los programas y campañas de lucha antitabaco desarrollados por las Administraciones públicas. La prevalencia de tabaquismo ha sido del 40,8% (29,8% de fumadores habituales y 11% de fumadores ocasionales). Hay que remarcar que los estudios relacionados con la salud no parecen influir de forma destacada en el hábito de los estudiantes, siendo el entorno cultural y social los factores que tienen un papel más determinante en este sentido. Como conclusión final señalar que, para disminuir la prevalencia de tabaquismo en este importante colectivo, hay que instaurar programas educativos a nivel de la escolarización pre-universitaria (bachillerato unificado polivalente y curso de orientación universitaria), e introducir modificaciones en los futuros planes de estudio de las profesiones sanitarias, de manera que los contenidos relacionados con el tabaco sean más motivadores para los alumnos.

Periodic dynamic systems for infected hosts and mosquitoes

A mathematical model for the purpose of analysing the dynamic of the populations of infected hosts anf infected mosquitoes when the populations of mosquitoes are periodic in time is here presented. By the computation of a parameter lambda (the spectral radius of a certain monodromy matrix) one can state that either the infection peters out naturally) (lambda <= 1) or if lambda > 1 the infection becomes endemic. The model generalizes previous models for malaria by considering the case of periodic coefficients; it is also a variation of that for gonorrhea. The main motivation for the consideration of this present model was the recent studies on mosquitoes at an experimental rice irrigation system, in the South-Eastern region of Brazil.

Modelos alternativos para el análisis epidemiológico de la obesidad como problema de salud pública

Los problemas de salud pública han sido estudiados desde muy diversas perspectivas y utilizando diferentes modelos teóricos y metodológicos. Dos modelos que han sido frecuentemente utilizados son el modelo epidemiológico clásico y el modelo epidemiológico social. Estos modelos emplean distintos criterios conceptuales, metodológicos e ideológicos. Se objetivó hacer una contrastación entre estos modelos de acuerdo a los criterios mencionados, utilizando el estudio de la obesidad como ejemplo de la utilización de estos modelos. Esta contrastación muestra que el conocimiento generado por cada modelo es muy distinto. Se discuten posibles áreas de complementariedad entre ambos modelos y la utilización de las ciencias sociales como estrategia para ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre problemas de salud pública, en especial el problema de la obesidad.