Iodine intakes of 100-300 μg/d do not modify thyroid function and have modest anti-inflammatory effects.

Little information is available as to whether doses of iodide similar to those recommended in clinical practice for the prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnant women affect thyroid function. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether doses of iodide can affect thyroid function in adults, and evaluate its effect on plasma markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and acute-phase proteins. A total of thirty healthy volunteers (ten men and twenty women) with normal thyroid function were randomly assigned to three groups (n 10). Each group received a daily dose of 100, 200 or 300 μg of iodide in the form of KI for 6 months. Free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) levels at day 60 of the study were higher in the groups treated with 200 and 300 μg (P = 0·01), and correlated with the increase in urinary iodine (r 0·50, P = 0·007). This correlation lost its significance after adjustment for the baseline FT4. The baseline urinary iodine and FT4 correlated positively with the baseline glutathione peroxidase. On day 60, urinary iodine correlated with C-reactive protein (r 0·461, P = 0·018), and free triiodothyronine correlated with IL-6 (r - 0·429, P = 0·025). On day 60, the changes produced in urinary iodine correlated significantly with the changes produced in α1-antitrypsin (r 0·475, P = 0·014) and ceruloplasmin (r 0·599, P = 0·001). The changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone correlated significantly with the changes in α1-antitrypsin (r - 0·521, P = 0·005) and ceruloplasmin (r - 0·459, P = 0·016). In conclusion, the administration of an iodide supplement between 100 and 300 μg/d did not modify thyroid function in a population with adequate iodine intake. The results also showed a slight anti-inflammatory and antioxidative action of iodide.

Genetic variations in drug-induced liver injury (DILI): resolving the puzzle.

Despite stringent requirements for drug development imposed by regulatory agencies, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an increasing health problem and a significant cause for failure to approve drugs, market withdrawal of commercialized medications, and adoption of regulatory measures. The pathogenesis is yet undefined, though the rare occurrence of idiosyncratic DILI (1/100,000–1/10,000) and the fact that hepatotoxicity often recurs after re-exposure to the culprit drug under different environmental conditions strongly points toward a major role for genetic variations in the underlying mechanism and susceptibility. Pharmacogenetic studies in DILI have to a large extent focused on genes involved in drug metabolism, as polymorphisms in these genes may generate increased plasma drug concentrations as well as lower clearance rates when treated with standard medication doses. A range of studies have identified a number of genetic variants in drug metabolism Phase I, II, and III genes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1, N-acetyltransferase 2, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7, glutathione S-transferase M1/T1, ABCB11, and ABCC2, that enhance DILI susceptibility (Andrade et al., 2009; Agundez et al., 2011). Several metabolic gene variants, such as CYP2E1c1 and NAT2 slow, have been associated with DILI induced by specific drugs based on individual drug metabolism information. Others, such as GSTM1 and T1 null alleles have been associated with enhanced risk of DILI development induced by a large range of drugs. Hence, these variants appear to have a more general role in DILI susceptibility due to their role in reducing the cell's antioxidative capacity (Lucena et al., 2008). Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) are two additional enzymes involved in combating oxidative stress, with specific genetic variants shown to enhance the risk of developing DILI

An evaluation of the dot-ELISA procedure as a diagnostic test in an area with a high prevalence of human Toxocara canis infection

The aim of this work was to evaluate a dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) using excretory-secretory antigens from the larval stages of Toxocara canis for the diagnosis of toxocariasis. A secondary aim was to establish the optimal conditions for its use in an area with a high prevalence of human T. canis infection. The dot-ELISA test was standardised using different concentrations of the antigen fixed on nitrocellulose paper strips and increasing dilutions of the serum and conjugate. Both the dot-ELISA and standard ELISA methods were tested in parallel with the same batch of sera from controls and from individuals living in the problem area. The best results were obtained with 1.33 µg/mL of antigen, dilutions of 1/80 for the samples and controls and a dilution of 1/5,000 for the anti-human IgG-peroxidase conjugate. All steps of the procedure were performed at room temperature. The coincidence between ELISA and dot-ELISA was 85% and the kappa index was 0.72. The dot-ELISA test described here is rapid, easy to perform and does not require expensive equipment. Thus, this test is suitable for the serological diagnosis of human T. canis infection in field surveys and in the primary health care centres of endemic regions.

An immunoenzymatic assay for the diagnosis of hepatitis A utilising immunoglobulin Y

The detection of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody levels by diagnostic kits in the convalescent period of disease generally use immunoglobulin G (IgG), which is expensive. An alternative to IgG is immunoglobulin Y (IgY), an immunoglobulin antibody encountered in birds and reptiles. The aim of this study was to develop a competitive immunoenzymatic assay to measure total anti-HAV antibody levels using anti-HAV IgY as the capture and conjugated immunoglobulins. For this purpose, anti-HAV IgY was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the optimal dilution of HRP-conjugated antibodies was evaluated to establish the competitive immuneenzymatic assay. The results obtained from our "in-house" assay were plotted on a receiver operator curve, which showed a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 98.8%, demonstrating that a competitive anti-HAV IgY immunoenzymatic assay developed "in house" could be used as an alternative to commercial assays that utilise IgG.

Deficient selenium status of a healthy adult Spanish population.

INTRODUCTION Selenium is an essential micronutrient for human health, being a cofactor for enzymes with antioxidant activity that protect the organism from oxidative damage. An inadequate intake of this mineral has been associated with the onset and progression of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary diseases, asthma, and cancer. For this reason, knowledge of the plasma and erythrocyte selenium levels of a population makes a relevant contribution to assessment of its nutritional status. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to determine the nutritional status of selenium and risk of selenium deficiency in a healthy adult population in Spain by examining food and nutrient intake and analyzing biochemical parameters related to selenium metabolism, including plasma and erythrocyte levels and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 84 healthy adults (31 males and 53 females) from the province of Granada, determining their plasma and erythrocyte selenium concentrations and the association of these levels with the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and with life style factors. We also gathered data on their food and nutrient intake and the results of biochemical analyses. Correlations were studied among all of these variables. RESULTS The mean plasma selenium concentration was 76.6 ± 17.3 μg/L (87.3 ± 17.4 μg/L in males, 67.3 ± 10.7 μg/L in females), whereas the mean erythrocyte selenium concentration was 104.6 μg/L (107.9 ± 26.1 μg/L in males and 101.7 ± 21.7 μg/L in females). The nutritional status of selenium was defined by the plasma concentration required to reach maximum GPx activity, establishing 90 μg/L as reference value. According to this criterion, 50% of the men and 53% of the women were selenium deficient. CONCLUSIONS Selenium is subjected to multiple regulation mechanisms. Erythrocyte selenium is a good marker of longer term selenium status, while plasma selenium appears to be a marker of short-term nutritional status. The present findings indicate a positive correlation between plasma selenium concentration and the practice of physical activity. Bioavailability studies are required to establish appropriate reference levels of this mineral for the Spanish population.

Discovery of catalases in members of the Chlamydiales order.

Catalase is an important virulence factor for survival in macrophages and other phagocytic cells. In Chlamydiaceae, no catalase had been described so far. With the sequencing and annotation of the full genomes of Chlamydia-related bacteria, the presence of different catalase-encoding genes has been documented. However, their distribution in the Chlamydiales order and the functionality of these catalases remain unknown. Phylogeny of chlamydial catalases was inferred using MrBayes, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony algorithms, allowing the description of three clade 3 and two clade 2 catalases. Only monofunctional catalases were found (no catalase-peroxidase or Mn-catalase). All presented a conserved catalytic domain and tertiary structure. Enzymatic activity of cloned chlamydial catalases was assessed by measuring hydrogen peroxide degradation. The catalases are enzymatically active with different efficiencies. The catalase of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is the least efficient of all (its catalytic activity was 2 logs lower than that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we hypothesize that an ancestral class 2 catalase probably was present in the common ancestor of all current Chlamydiales but was retained only in Criblamydia sequanensis and Neochlamydia hartmannellae. The catalases of class 3, present in Estrella lausannensis and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, probably were acquired by lateral gene transfer from Rhizobiales, whereas for Waddlia chondrophila they likely originated from Legionellales or Actinomycetales. The acquisition of catalases on several occasions in the Chlamydiales suggests the importance of this enzyme for the bacteria in their host environment.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta exerts a strong protection from ischemic acute renal failure.

Ischemic acute renal failure is characterized by damages to the proximal straight tubule in the outer medulla. Lesions include loss of polarity, shedding into the tubule lumen, and eventually necrotic or apoptotic death of epithelial cells. It was recently shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) increases keratinocyte survival after an inflammatory reaction. Therefore, whether PPARbeta/delta could contribute also to the control of tubular epithelium death after renal ischemia/reperfusion was tested. It was found that PPARbeta/delta+/- and PPARbeta/delta-/- mutant mice exhibited much greater kidney dysfunction and injury than wild-type counterparts after a 30-min renal ischemia followed by a 36-h reperfusion. Conversely, wild-type mice that were given the specific PPARbeta/delta ligand L-165041 before renal ischemia were completely protected against renal dysfunction, as indicated by the lack of rise in serum creatinine and fractional excretion of Na+. This protective effect was accompanied by a significant reduction in medullary necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. On the basis of in vitro studies, PPARbeta/delta ligands seem to exert their role by activating the antiapoptotic Akt signaling pathway and, unexpectedly, by increasing the spreading of tubular epithelial cells, thus limiting potentially their shedding and anoikis. These results point to PPARbeta/delta as a remarkable new target for preconditioning strategies.

Effect of a specific supplement enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic status of ear, nose and throat cancer patients.

Malnutrition affects 40-50% of patients with ear, nose and throat (ENT) cancer. The aim of this study was to assess changes induced by a specific nutritional supplement enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and greater amounts of proteins and electrolytes, as compared with a standard nutritional supplement, on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic status of ENT cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Fourteen days after starting RT, 26 patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups, 13 supplemented with Prosure, an oncologic formula enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and greater amounts of proteins and electrolytes (specific supplement), and 13 supplemented with Standard-Isosource (standard supplement). Patients were evaluated before RT, and 14, 28 and 90 days after starting RT. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the groups, but greater changes were observed in the standard supplement group, such as a decline in body mass index (BMI), reductions in hematocrit, erythrocyte, eosinophil and albumin levels, and a rise in creatinine and urea levels. We concluded that metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were altered during RT, and began to normalize at the end of the study. Patients supplemented with Prosure showed an earlier normalization of these parameters, with more favorable changes in oxidative stress markers and a more balanced evolution, although the difference was not significant.

Immunotherapy reduces allergen-mediated CD66b expression and myeloperoxidase levels on human neutrophils from allergic patients.

CD66b is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family, which mediates the adhesion between neutrophils and to endothelial cells. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is widely used to treat allergic diseases, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this therapy are poorly understood. The present work was undertaken to analyze A) the in vitro effect of allergens and immunotherapy on cell-surface CD66b expression of neutrophils from patients with allergic asthma and rhinitis and B) the in vivo effect of immunotherapy on cell-surface CD66b expression of neutrophils from nasal lavage fluid during the spring season. Myeloperoxidase expression and activity was also analyzed in nasal lavage fluid as a general marker of neutrophil activation. RESULTS CD66b cell-surface expression is upregulated in vitro in response to allergens, and significantly reduced by immunotherapy (p<0.001). Myeloperoxidase activity in nasal lavage fluid was also significantly reduced by immunotherapy, as were the neutrophil cell-surface expression of CD66b and myeloperoxidase (p<0.001). Interestingly, CD66b expression was higher in neutrophils from nasal lavage fluid than those from peripheral blood, and immunotherapy reduced the number of CD66+MPO+ cells in nasal lavage fluid. Thus, immunotherapy positive effects might, at least in part, be mediated by the negative regulation of the CD66b and myeloperoxidase activity in human neutrophils.

Long-term effects of varying consumption of ω3 fatty acids in ear, nose and throat cancer patients: assessment 1 year after radiotherapy.

Abstract A prospective 1-year follow-up study in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) cancer patients was carried out one year after radiotherapy to assess the effect of varying consumption of ω3 fatty acid according to whether they consumed more or less than the 50th percentile of ω3 fatty acids. Clinical, analytical, inflammatory (CRP and IL-6), and oxidative variables (TAC, GPx, GST, and SOD) were evaluated. The study comprised 31 patients (87.1% men), with a mean age of 61.3 ± 9.1 years. Hematological variables showed significant differences in the patients with a lower consumption of ω3 fatty acids. A lower mortality and longer survival were found in the group with ω3 fatty acid consumption ≥50th percentile but the differences were not significant. No significant difference was reached in toxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers. The group with ω3 fatty acid consumption <50th percentile significantly experienced more hematological and immune changes.

The JNK binding domain of islet-brain 1 inhibits IL-1 induced JNK activity and apoptosis but not the transcription of key proapoptotic or protective genes in insulin-secreting cell lines.

The stress-activated protein kinase c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is a central signal for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced apoptosis in insulin-producing beta-cells. The cell-permeable peptide inhibitor of JNK (JNKI1), that introduces the JNK binding domain (JBD) of the scaffold protein islet-brain 1 (IB1) inside cells, effectively prevents beta-cell death caused by this cytokine. To define the molecular targets of JNK involved in cytokine-induced beta-cell apoptosis we investigated whether JNKI1 or stable expression of JBD affected the expression of selected pro- and anti-apoptotic genes induced in rat (RIN-5AH-T2B) and mouse (betaTC3) insulinoma cells exposed to IL-1beta. Inhibition of JNK significantly reduced phosphorylation of the specific JNK substrate c-Jun (p&lt;0.05), IL-1beta-induced apoptosis (p&lt;0.001), and IL-1beta-mediated c-fos gene expression. However, neither JNKI1 nor JBD did influence IL-1beta-induced NO synthesis or iNOS expression or the transcription of the genes encoding mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase rho (GSTrho), heat shock protein (HSP) 70, IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE), caspase-3, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL. We suggest that the anti-apoptotic effect of JNK inhibition by JBD is independent of the transcription of major pro- and anti-apoptotic genes, but may be exerted at the translational or posttranslational level.

Isoquantas de produtividade de soja e sorgo para níveis de calagem e molibdênio

A calagem tem sido considerada uma prática suficiente para o suprimento de molibdênio (Mo) para as culturas, pelo aumento do pH que o torna mais disponível no solo. A cultura da soja exige doses elevadas de calcário para a otimização da produtividade, o que também está relacionado com a demanda adicional de Mo para o complexo da nitrogenase, atuante na fixação do nitrogênio. Assim, o presente trabalho foi planejado para estudar as interações entre calagem e Mo, nas culturas de soja e sorgo, em um Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo da Estação Experimental de Mococa (IAC), de 1985 a 1989. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais, foram aplicadas as doses de calcário 0, 2, 4, 6, e 8 t ha-1 (PRNT = 126%) e, nas subparcelas, as doses de Mo de 0, 50 e 100 g ha-1, aplicadas às sementes, na forma de molibdato de amônio. Foram realizados três cultivos de soja, cultivar IAC 11, e um de sorgo granífero, híbrido DK 64. Em todos os cultivos, as respostas à calagem foram acentuadas, porém reduzidas com a aplicação de molibdênio, tanto para a soja como para o sorgo. Tais resultados demonstraram a relação de substituição de calcário por Mo. A resposta da soja ao Mo foi mais acentuada na ausência do calcário, enquanto a do sorgo, mais sensível à acidez do solo, foi mais acentuada nas doses intermediárias de calcário. De modo geral, as respostas ao Mo ocorreram até o valor de pH (CaCl2 ) do solo igual a 5,2. Concluiu-se que altas produtividades de soja exigem níveis mais elevados de correção de acidez de solo, e que é possível reduzir a necessidade de calagem, para atingir a produtividade máxima, mediante a aplicação de Mo nas sementes, para ambas as culturas, principalmente num solo ácido com pouco alumínio e manganês trocáveis.

Solubilidade e disponibilidade dos micronutrientes em fertilizantes

A legislação brasileira exige que os micronutrientes nos fertilizantes sejam garantidos pelo teor total presente. Isto abre um precedente para a utilização de produtos não considerados como fontes de micronutrientes na fabricação dos fertilizantes. Todavia, a eficiência agronômica desses produtos é ainda duvidosa. Objetivou-se realizar um trabalho para caracterizar a solubilidade e a disponibilidade dos micronutrientes em trinta fertilizantes comerciais, por meio do uso de cinco extratores químicos: a água e soluções de ácido cítrico a 2%, de citrato neutro de amônio na diluição 1 + 9, de DTPA 0,005 mol L-1 e de EDTA 0,005 mol L-1. Os resultados mostraram a baixa solubilidade dos micronutrientes metálicos (cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco) dos fertilizantes tipo "fritas". O ácido cítrico a 2% mostrou-se promissor na caracterização da disponibilidade de cobre, manganês e zinco para as plantas. Para o ferro não houve uma definição entre os extratores estudados. O boro teve boa solubilidade, tanto nos fertilizantes solúveis, como nos insolúveis em água, e a garantia pelo teor total mostrou-se bom indicativo da disponibilidade do elemento. Para o molibdênio a solubilidade foi maior para os fertilizantes com baixo teor do elemento. A garantia dos micronutrientes catiônicos pelo teor total, conforme exige a legislação, não indicou a sua real disponibilidade nos fertilizantes comerciais, mostrando a necessidade de uma definição de extratores para esse fim.

Relação entre o zinco "disponível", por diferentes extratores, e as frações de zinco em amostras de solos

Para determinar o zinco "disponível" do solo para plantas, vários procedimentos de extração têm sido desenvolvidos. Uma alternativa utilizada no estudo de extratores do Zn "disponível" refere-se ao fracionamento do Zn total do solo, com vistas em entender suas reações no solo e o comportamento dos extratores. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a dependência existente entre o teor de Zn disponível, por diferentes extratores, e as frações deste elemento no solo e características dos solos. Para isto, amostras de doze solos da camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade, correspondendo aos grandes grupos de Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro (LE), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LV), Latossolo Amarelo (LA), Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo (PV) e Areia Quartzosa (AQ), receberam as doses de 0 e 20 mg dm-3 de Zn e foram incubadas por 30 dias. O Zn extraível por DTPA-TEA-CaCL2, HCl (0,1 mol L-1), Mehlich-1 (M-1) e Mehlich-3 (M-3) foi determinado. Essas amostras dos solos foram também submetidas ao fracionamento de Zn, determinando-se Zn trocável (Zntr), ligado à matéria orgânica (Znmo), ligado a óxido de manganês (ZnMn), ligado a óxido de ferro amorfo (ZnFea) e ligado a óxido de ferro cristalino (ZnFec). Concluiu-se que os extratores DTPA e M-3 revelaram maior sensibilidade às características do solo relacionadas com o fator capacidade (poder tampão). Os extratores M-1 e HCl apresentaram menor sensibilidade e menor correlação com estas características, considerando seu maior poder de extração e conseqüente menor desgaste. A relação Zn recuperado pelo extrator/Zn aplicado ao solo demonstrou ser a característica que melhor se correlacionou com características do solo relacionadas com o fator capacidade de Zn. A fração de Zn trocável foi a maior responsável pela quantidade de Zn obtido pelos extratores testados. As frações de Zntr, Znmo, ZnMn, ZnFea e ZnFec não foram suficientes para explicar, em todos os casos, o zinco recuperado pelos extratores.

Crescimento e acúmulo de crômio em alface cultivada em dois latossolos tratados com CrCl3 e resíduos de curtume

Resíduos sólidos de curtume e CrCl3 foram aplicados em dois solos, Latossolo Roxo eutrófico (LRe) unidade Ribeirão Preto e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) unidade Laranja Azeda, que se diferenciaram, dentre outros atributos, pelo teor de manganês facilmente redutível. Os resíduos utilizados foram lodo do efluente de caleiro com concentração 0,06 g kg-1 de crômio (LCL) e um lodo do decantador primário (LCR), contendo 17,4 g kg-1 de crômio, ambos na matéria seca, aplicados em doses correspondentes a 10, 20 e 30 Mg ha-1 e 19, 38 e 57 Mg ha-1 (base seca), respectivamente, de acordo com o teor de nitrogênio total de cada um. O CrCl3 foi aplicado nas doses de 330, 660 e 990 kg ha-1 de Cr, equivalentes às doses do metal aplicadas na forma de lodo (LCR). Realizou-se o experimento em vasos alocados em casa de vegetação (blocos ao acaso), que foram monitorados quanto à formação de Cr6+, aos 1, 6, 14, 28, 54 e 86 dias da instalação. Após o 56° dia de incubação, foi transplantada uma muda de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) para cada vaso, cultivada por um período de trinta dias. A oxidação do Cr3+ a Cr6+ foi verificada apenas para o LRe nos tratamentos que receberam doses crescentes de CrCl3. A formação de Cr6+ teve máximo entre 0,72 e 1,16% do Cr3+ aplicado, após um dia de incubação, decrescendo com o tempo, não sendo detectada a sua presença, para nenhuma das doses, após o 54° dia. A aplicação dos resíduos elevou a condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação (2:1) de 1,40 a 5,07 Ds m-1 e a RAS de 3,05 a 14,12, afetando o desenvolvimento da alface e causando a morte das plantas nas doses mais altas, sendo tais efeitos mais pronunciados no LVA. A concentração de crômio na parte aérea das plantas aumentou, nem sempre de forma proporcional, com o aumento das doses aplicadas na forma de lodo ou sal, com efeito mais acentuado para o LVA do que para o LRe. A aplicação de resíduos de curtume no experimento, para ambos os solos, mostrou-se mais limitante pelo seu conteúdo de sais do que pela presença de crômio.