A la izquierda de Internet : las redes ciudadanas y las nuevas formas de organización civil.

El artículo forma parte del monográfico de la revista: Educación y comunicación para la cooperación y el desarrollo. Resumen de la propia revista

Redes sociales en internet.

on muchas las utilidades de los wikis pero quizá uno de lo usos mas significativos de las redes en la educación son las múltiples posibilidades que ofertan para desarrollar propuestas de colaboración entre docentes que comparten un mismo proyecto de trabajo, en este caso la animación lectora. En esta misma línea, encontramos multitud de herramientas y aplicaciones de Internet que nos proporcionan diferentes ventajas como son espacios compartidos, toma de decisiones comunes, asignación de tareas y responsabilidades, votaciones, gestiones de grupo, entre otros. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer una experiencia de trabajo colaborativo mediante la animación a la lectura y mostrar las características principales de las aplicaciones para el trabajo colaborativo utilizando una red social Ning para los docentes, como complemento y ampliación al uso de las wikis, para el alumnado.

Impacto de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en la elección de universidad: el caso de internet y las redes sociales.

Internet y las redes sociales comienzan a condicionar la obtención de información por parte de los estudiantes a la hora de elegir Universidad. Mediante una encuesta a una muestra representativa de alumnos de la Universitat Abat Oliba CEU (UAO), analizamos el peso de Internet y las redes sociales (que se revela significativo) comparativamente con otras fuentes de información. Ello ayuda a establecer mejores estrategias de comunicación y de marketing por parte de las universidades.

Aquisição e otimização de mapas de navegação usando redes neurais

A capacidade de encontrar e aprender as melhores trajetórias que levam a um determinado objetivo proposto num ambiente e uma característica comum a maioria dos organismos que se movimentam. Dentre outras, essa e uma das capacidades que têm sido bastante estudadas nas ultimas décadas. Uma consequência direta deste estudo e a sua aplicação em sistemas artificiais capazes de se movimentar de maneira inteligente nos mais variados tipos de ambientes. Neste trabalho, realizamos uma abordagem múltipla do problema, onde procuramos estabelecer nexos entre modelos fisiológicos, baseados no conhecimento biológico disponível, e modelos de âmbito mais prático, como aqueles existentes na área da ciência da computação, mais especificamente da robótica. Os modelos estudados foram o aprendizado biológico baseado em células de posição e o método das funções potencias para planejamento de trajetórias. O objetivo nosso era unificar as duas idéias num formalismo de redes neurais. O processo de aprendizado de trajetórias pode ser simplificado e equacionado em um modelo matemático que pode ser utilizado no projeto de sistemas de navegação autônomos. Analisando o modelo de Blum e Abbott para navegação com células de posição, mostramos que o problema pode ser formulado como uma problema de aprendizado não-supervisionado onde a estatística de movimentação no meio passa ser o ingrediente principal. Demonstramos também que a probabilidade de ocupação de um determinado ponto no ambiente pode ser visto como um potencial que tem a propriedade de não apresentar mínimos locais, o que o torna equivalente ao potencial usado em técnicas de robótica como a das funções potencias. Formas de otimização do aprendizado no contexto deste modelo foram investigadas. No âmbito do armazenamento de múltiplos mapas de navegação, mostramos que e possível projetar uma rede neural capaz de armazenar e recuperar mapas navegacionais para diferentes ambientes usando o fato que um mapa de navegação pode ser descrito como o gradiente de uma função harmônica. A grande vantagem desta abordagem e que, apesar do baixo número de sinapses, o desempenho da rede e muito bom. Finalmente, estudamos a forma de um potencial que minimiza o tempo necessário para alcançar um objetivo proposto no ambiente. Para isso propomos o problema de navegação de um robô como sendo uma partícula difundindo em uma superfície potencial com um único ponto de mínimo. O nível de erro deste sistema pode ser modelado como uma temperatura. Os resultados mostram que superfície potencial tem uma estrutura ramificada.

Os impactos da utilização da internet e outras tecnologias da informação sobre o setor industrial: uma análise de empresas de manufatura do estado de São Paulo

Esta tese tem por objetivo aprofundar o conhecimento acadêmico sobre a maneira como as empresas do setor industrial estão se utilizando da Internet e outras tecnologias da informação para agregar valor para os seus clientes e/ou reduzir seus próprios custos, com foco na possibilidade de virtualização dos produtos/serviços oferecidos e dos processos utilizados na sua obtenção, incluindo o relacionamento com os parceiros comerciais. O estudo foi realizado com base em dados levantados a partir de pesquisa de campo, com aplicação de questionário, e na utilização de métodos quantitativos para a análise das informações obtidas. Responderam ao questionário 665 empresas industriais do estado de São Paulo.

ConTXT : contexto como fator de adaptação em dispositivos de computação móvel

Esta tese apresenta uma arquitetura de Sumarização Automática de Textos Consciente de Contexto que visa contribuir como fator de adaptação em dispositivos de computação móvel. O processo de sumarização proposto baseia-se em informações contextuais, especificamente localização espacial, temporalidade e perfis de usuário, em uma extensão do algoritmo de sumarização extrativa TF-ISF pela inclusão de níveis de relevância adicionais representados por Palavras-Contextuais. A necessidade de adaptação no processo de visualização de textos em dispositivos de computação móvel advém tanto do crescimento da disponibilização de informações em redes de computadores sem fio quanto das características e restrições intrínsecas da plataforma computacional móvel, bem como da baixa capacidade de armazenamento e processamento e interfaces restritas em termos de tamanho e possibilidades de interação. Como um dos possíveis fatores de adaptação sugere-se a utilização da sumarização automática de textos. Esta possibilita a seleção e apresentação das sentenças consideradas mais relevantes dos documentos originais produzindo, com isso, documentos compactos e mais apropriados para a materialização em dispositivos móveis. Entretanto, considera-se que os métodos de sumarização automática atualmente disponíveis na literatura não atendem plenamente a questão proposta porque não consideram, quando do processo de sumarização, as importantes informações contextuais fornecidas pela computação móvel. Como resultado do processo proposto de adaptação através da Sumarização Consciente de Contexto espera-se que os extratos obtidos sejam mais úteis aos usuários dos dispositivos de computação móvel pela sua maior adequação tanto ao contexto quanto ao perfil, bem como da efetiva consideração das limitações intrínsecas a estes. Esta solução visa contribuir fortemente para a disponibilização de informações adequadas e personalizadas, no momento oportuno, para o local adequado.

Juventude e consumo emocional nas redes sociais da internet. Análise das marcas: Coca-Cola, Pepsi, BlackBerry, Nokia, Riachuelo e C&A

In The paradoxical happiness , Gilles Lipovetsky elects five major paradigmatic models that command the pleasure and happiness in our societies. Starting with the paradigmatic models of penia (where it is emphasized the existential dissatisfaction supplied by the consumption and where advertising has a special place, bombarding consumers and creating consumer needs, in addition to selling a lifestyle rather than the products themselves), and narcissus (model constructed on the basis of self-exaltation and abdication of the social and political) intends to examine the relationship between the consumption exercised by young people and the advertising displayed on social networking sites, focusing on the social media Facebook, observing the virtual fan pages of the following brands: Coca-Cola; Pepsi; BlackBerry, Nokia, Riachuelo and C&A and their relationships with their consumers

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

Análise e otimização de superfícies seletivas de Frequência utilizando redes neurais artificiais e algoritmos de otimização natural

The bidimensional periodic structures called frequency selective surfaces have been well investigated because of their filtering properties. Similar to the filters that work at the traditional radiofrequency band, such structures can behave as band-stop or pass-band filters, depending on the elements of the array (patch or aperture, respectively) and can be used for a variety of applications, such as: radomes, dichroic reflectors, waveguide filters, artificial magnetic conductors, microwave absorbers etc. To provide high-performance filtering properties at microwave bands, electromagnetic engineers have investigated various types of periodic structures: reconfigurable frequency selective screens, multilayered selective filters, as well as periodic arrays printed on anisotropic dielectric substrates and composed by fractal elements. In general, there is no closed form solution directly from a given desired frequency response to a corresponding device; thus, the analysis of its scattering characteristics requires the application of rigorous full-wave techniques. Besides that, due to the computational complexity of using a full-wave simulator to evaluate the frequency selective surface scattering variables, many electromagnetic engineers still use trial-and-error process until to achieve a given design criterion. As this procedure is very laborious and human dependent, optimization techniques are required to design practical periodic structures with desired filter specifications. Some authors have been employed neural networks and natural optimization algorithms, such as the genetic algorithms and the particle swarm optimization for the frequency selective surface design and optimization. This work has as objective the accomplishment of a rigorous study about the electromagnetic behavior of the periodic structures, enabling the design of efficient devices applied to microwave band. For this, artificial neural networks are used together with natural optimization techniques, allowing the accurate and efficient investigation of various types of frequency selective surfaces, in a simple and fast manner, becoming a powerful tool for the design and optimization of such structures

Técnicas de simplificação de redes e otimização multiobjetivo para análise de variações de tensão em regime permanente provocadas por parques eólicos integrados ao sistema elétrico

This study presents a description of the development model of a representation of simplified grid applied in hybrid load flow for calculation of the voltage variations in a steady-state caused by the wind farm on power system. Also, it proposes an optimal load-flow able to control power factor on connection bar and to minimize the loss. The analysis process on system, led by the wind producer, it has as base given technician supplied by the grid. So, the propose model to the simplification of the grid that allows the necessity of some knowledge only about the data referring the internal network, that is, the part of the network that interests in the analysis. In this way, it is intended to supply forms for the auxiliary in the systematization of the relations between the sector agents. The model for simplified network proposed identifies the internal network, external network and the buses of boulders from a study of vulnerability of the network, attributing them floating liquid powers attributing slack models. It was opted to apply the presented model in Newton-Raphson and a hybrid load flow, composed by The Gauss-Seidel method Zbarra and Summation Power. Finally, presents the results obtained to a developed computational environment of SCILAB and FORTRAN, with their respective analysis and conclusion, comparing them with the ANAREDE

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developping the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. Its important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformers secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

Uma arquitetura P2P baseada na hierarquia do endereçamento IP com roteamento unificado

There are some approaches that take advantage of unused computational resources in the Internet nodes - users´ machines. In the last years , the peer-to-peer networks (P2P) have gaining a momentum mainly due to its support for scalability and fault tolerance. However, current P2P architectures present some problems such as nodes overhead due to messages routing, a great amount of nodes reconfigurations when the network topology changes, routing traffic inside a specific network even when the traffic is not directed to a machine of this network, and the lack of a proximity relationship among the P2P nodes and the proximity of these nodes in the IP network. Although some architectures use the information about the nodes distance in the IP network, they use methods that require dynamic information. In this work we propose a P2P architecture to fix the problems afore mentioned. It is composed of three parts. The first part consists of a basic P2P architecture, called SGrid, which maintains a relationship of nodes in the P2P network with their position in the IP network. Its assigns adjacent key regions to nodes of a same organization. The second part is a protocol called NATal (Routing and NAT application layer) that extends the basic architecture in order to remove from the nodes the responsibility of routing messages. The third part consists of a special kind of node, called LSP (Lightware Super-Peer), which is responsible for maintaining the P2P routing table. In addition, this work also presents a simulator that validates the architecture and a module of the Natal protocol to be used in Linux routers