Green photochemistry: photo-Friedel-Crafts acylations of 1,4-naphthoquinone in room temperature ionic liquids

The photo-Friedel-Crafts acylation of 1,4-naphthoquinone with various aldehydes was investigated in a series of room temperature ionic liquids. High conversions and selectivities were achieved in [C(2)mim](+)-based ionic liquids with the highest isolated yields found in [C(2)mim][NTf2]. The developed procedure allowed for a replacement of hazardous solvents such as benzene and acetonitrile which are commonly used for this transformation.

ZnO nanofluids: Green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by microwave decomposition of zinc acetate precursor using an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [bmim][NTf2] as a green solvent. The structure and morphology of ZnO nanoparticles have been characterized using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The ZnO nanofluids have been prepared by dispersing ZnO nanoparticles in glycerol as a base fluid in the presence of ammonium citrate as a dispersant. The antibacterial activity of suspensions of ZnO nanofluids against (E. coli) has been evaluated by estimating the reduction ratio of the bacteria treated with ZnO. Survival ratio of bacteria decreases with increasing the concentrations of ZnO nanofluids and time. The results show that an increase in the concentrations of ZnO nanofluids produces strong antibacterial activity toward E. coli. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Retinal VEGF mRNA measured by SYBR Green I fluorescence: A versatile approach to quantitative PCR

PURPOSE: To determine whether continuous monitoring of SYBR Green I fluorescence provides a reliable and flexible method of quantitative RT-PCR. Our aims were (i) to test whether SYBR Green I analysis could quantify a wide range of known VEGF template concentrations, (ii) to apply this method in an experimental model, and (iii) to determine whether 20 existing primer pairs could be used to quantify their cognate mRNAs.

‘It ain’t easy being green’: Sustainable Development between Environment and Economy in Northern Ireland’

Given the relative lack of research on sustainable development in Northern Ireland, this paper focuses on the tensions between environmental governance and regulation on the one hand, and the ‘post-conflict’ imperative for Northern Ireland to compete and grow as a regional economy without continued British state subvention and subsidisation. The paper outlines how this ‘trade-off’ between ‘environment’ and ‘economy’ is essentially misplaced. It argues that this trade-off can be avoided if there is a shift in focus from an ‘environment versus the economy’ policy position to one in which the ‘triple bottom line’ (social, economic and environmental) of sustainable development becomes the over-arching policy agenda. Sustainable development, unlike either orthodox environmental or economic policy, also connects centrally with the unique ‘post-conflict transformation’ agenda of Northern Ireland. For example, promoting a human rights civic culture, tackling socioeconomic inequality and social exclusion, and building a shared future based on supporting sustainable communities and an innovative model of a ‘green(ing) economy’ goes beyond orthodox economic growth. However, it is clear from the Executive’s Programme for Government, failure to support the creation of an independent Environment Protection Agency, and above all the prioritisation of orthodox economic growth based on foreign direct investment that neither environmental protection nor sustainable development is or will be high on the political or policy agenda in Northern Ireland.

Green synthesis of biodiesel using ionic liquids

This paper is a hybrid starting with an overview and history of biodiesel synthesis and finishing with a description with some of our latest unpublished data. Initially, we examine "green" ways of obtaining biodiesel using ionic liquids, which can have an acidic or basic functionality, and can function both as a solvent and catalyst for the (trans)esterification reaction to obtain biodiesel. Both animal and vegetable resources can be utilized as a resource for (trans)esterification reactions depending on the geographical area. Biodiesel is of great interest because it enables motor vehicle transport using a renewable resource, while reducing the amount of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels being released into the environment.