The end of old Europe : the causes of the First World War, 1914-1918.

Dividido en tres partes, se repasan en ellas las características de las cinco grandes potencias europeas del momento: los imperios británico, alemán, ruso, austro-húngaro y la república de Francia, así como las figuras de sus gobernantes; en segundo lugar, trata de la expansión por el continente de un frágil sistema de alianzas, y por último, del polvorín político de los Balcanes. Incluye fragmentos de fuentes históricas originales, así como material de aprendizaje activo: ejercicios, preguntas y pruebas.

The end of consensus : Britain 1945-90.

Cumple con los requisitos para la especificación OCR AS de Historia, unidad F981 sobre 'Explicación histórica', opción B. Su contenido se divide en ocho capítulos y, además de definir el concepto de consenso, explica la política británica desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta 1990. Este recurso incluye: actividades para ayudar a la comprensión de su contenido y desarrollar en los estudiantes habilidades con la historia y, además fuentes históricas, debates y controversias, definiciones de palabras nuevas y consejos prácticos para los exámenes.

Programa de autoayuda para la toma de decisiones al finalizar la educación secundaria obligatoria (ESO) : CESOF-06 = Self-applied decision making program at the end of the compulsory secondary education (ESO) : CESOF-06.

Resumen basado en el del autor

End of ESO trip : secuencia didáctica de inglés fundamentada en el desarrollo de las competencias básicas.

Experiencia cuya propuesta es trabajar las diferentes destrezas implicadas en el aprendizaje del inglés desde el enfoque didáctico basado en el desarrollo de las competencias básicas sin dejar de lado el justo equilibrio entre conceptos, procedimientos y actitudes. Para llevarlo a cabo se utiliza como elemento motivador el diseño de un viaje de fin de estudios .

Mecanismos end??genos de privatizaci??n encubierta en la escuela publica : pol??ticas educativas de gesti??n de resultados y rendici??n de cuentas en Andaluc??a

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Ensaios clínicos em Portugal e no contexto Europeu

A investigação clínica está na origem do desenvolvimento da ciência e do conhecimento na área da saúde, e pretende explorar se uma estratégia médica, terapêutica ou um dispositivo é seguro e eficaz em humanos. O desenvolvimento de um ensaio clínico envolve a coordenação e cooperação entre várias entidades, principalmente a Autoridade competente, o sponsor, o investigador e o Comité de Ética. É fundamental compreender o papel e a responsabilidade de cada uma destas entidades e o modo como estas interagem entre si. Todo o processo desde o planeamento estratégico até ao desenvolvimento do ensaio clínico encontra-se legislado por regulamentação bem definida, e orientada sobretudo para a proteção dos direitos e bem-estar dos participantes e para a obtenção de dados clínicos com elevada qualidade científica. Este enquadramento regulamentar foi sendo desenvolvido ao longo do século XX, paralelamente à evolução do enquadramento ético. Apesar da qualidade científica e ética proporcionada pelos países desenvolvidos, no século XXI começou a assistir-se a uma deslocalização dos ensaios clínicos para países em desenvolvimento, nomeadamente a Ásia, América do Sul e África. Tratam-se de regiões que envolvem populações vulneráveis e onde os princípios éticos não assumem a mesma importância. Como consequência verificou-se uma redução no número de ensaios realizados tanto a nível europeu inclusive em Portugal. Perante tal, tornou-se imperativo fazer esforços no sentido de aumentar a atratividade da Europa como região para a realização de ensaios clínicos. Estes esforços passam pela apuramento da legislação europeia, e simultaneamente nacional, de modo a agilizar e a simplificar todo o processo de um ensaio clínico e adequá-lo às necessidades atuais, sem reduzir a proteção dos participantes. O âmbito do presente trabalho é dar a conhecer e clarificar de modo abrangente a situação atual dos ensaios clínicos em Portugal e enquadrá-la no contexto europeu.

Changes in the extent of glaciers in the Eastern Terskey Alatoo, the Central Tien-Shan, in response to climatic fluctuations in between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 21st century

Changes in the extent of glaciers and rates of glacier termini retreat in the eastern Terskey-Alatoo Range, the Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia have been evaluated using the remote sensing techniques. Changes in the extent of 335 glaciers between the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA; mid-19th century), 1990 and 2003 have been estimated through the delineation of glacier outlines and the LIA moraine positions on the Landsat TM and ASTER imagery for 1990 and 2003 respectively. By 2003, the glacier surface area had decreased by 19% of the LIA value, which constitutes a 76 km(2) reduction in glacier surface area. Mapping of 109 glaciers using the 1965 1:25,000 maps revealed that glacier surface area decreased by 12.6% of the 1965 value between 1965 and 2003. Detailed mapping of 10 glaciers using historical maps and aerial photographs from the 1943-1977 period, has enabled glacier extent variations over the 20th century to be identified with a higher temporal resolution. Glacial retreat was slow in the early 20th century but increased considerably between 1943 and 1956 and then again after 1977. The post-1990 period has been marked by the most rapid glacier retreat since the end of the LIA. The observed changes in the extent of glaciers are in line with the observed climatic warming. The regional weather stations have revealed a strong climatic warming during the ablation season since the 1950s at a rate of 0.02-0.03 degrees Ca-1. At the higher elevations in the study area represented by the Tien Shan meteorological station, the summer warming was accompanied by negative anomalies in annual precipitation in the 1990s enhancing glacier retreat. However, trends in precipitation in the post-1997 period cannot be evaluated due to the change in observational practices at this station. Neither station in the study area exhibits significant long-term trends in precipitation. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Distribution of nutrients in the root zone affects yield, quality and blossom end rot of tomato fruits

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'DRK') were grown hydroponically in two experiments to determine the effects of nutrient concentration and distribution in the root zone on yield, quality and blossom end rot (BER). The plants were grown in rockwool with their root systems divided into two portions. Each portion was irrigated with nutrient solutions with either the same or different electrical conductivity (EC) in the range 0 to 6 dS m(-1). In both experiments, fruit yields decreased as EC increased from moderate to high when solutions of equal concentration were applied to both portions of the root system. However, higher yields were obtained when a solution with high EC was applied to one portion of the root system and a solution of low EC to the other portion. For example, the fresh weight of mature fruits in the 6/6 treatment was only 20% that of the 3/3 treatment but the 6/0 treatment had a yield that was 40% higher. The reduction in yield in the high EC treatments was due to an increase in the number of fruits with BER and smaller fruit size. BER increased from 12% to 88% of total fruits as EC increased from 6/0 to 6/6 and fruit length decreased from 67 mm to 52 mm. Fruit quality (expressed as titratable acidity and soluble solids) increased as EC increased. In summary, high yields of high quality tomatoes with minimal incidence of BER were obtained when one portion of the root system was supplied with a solution of high EC and the other portion with a solution of moderate or zero EC.

Uneven distribution of nutrients in the root zone affects the incidence of blossom end rot and concentration of calcium and potassium in fruits of tomato

Tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. DRK) were grown hydroponically to determine the effect of an uneven distribution of nutrients in the root zone on blossomend rot (BER) and Ca and K concentrations in the fruits. The plants were grown in rockwool with their root system divided into two portions. Each portion was irrigated with nutrient solutions with either the same or the different electrical conductivity (EC) in the range 0 to 6 dS m(-1). Solutions with high EC supplied to both sides of the root system significantly increased the incidence of BER. However, when only water or a solution of low EC was supplied to one portion, BER was reduced by 80%. Fruit yields were significantly higher ( P < 0.01) for plants that received solutions of the uneven EC treatments (6/0 or 4.5/0 EC treatment). Plants supplied with solutions of uneven EC generally had higher leaf and fruit concentrations of Ca but lower concentrations of K than those supplied with solutions of high EC. There was no difference in Ca concentration at the distal end of young fruits of the uneven EC treatment but it was reduced in the high EC treatments. The concentration of K in the mature fruits of the uneven EC treatments was lower than that of the high EC treatments and higher or similar that of the 3/3 or 2.5/2.5 EC treatments ( controls). A clear relationship was found between the incidence of BER and the exudation rate. High rate of xylem exudation was observed in the uneven EC treatments. Reduction of BER in the uneven EC treatments is most likely to be the effect of high exudation rate on Ca status in the young fruits. It was concluded that high EC of solution had positive effects on Ca concentration and incidence of BER provided that nutrient solution with low EC or water is supplied to the one portion of the root system.

Re-evaluating base-metal artefacts: an inscribed lead strap-end from Crewkerne, Somerset

Strap-ends represent the most common class of dress accessory known from late Anglo-Saxon England. At this period, new materials, notably lead and its alloys, were being deployed in the manufacture of personal possessions and jewellery. This newly found strap-end adds to the growing number of tongue-shaped examples fashioned from lead dating from this period. It is, however, distinctive in being inscribed with a personal name. The present article provides an account of the object and its text, and assesses its general significance in the context of a more nuanced interpretation of the social status of lead artefacts in late Anglo-Saxon England.