Representa����es sociais sobre a Aids e a Terapia Anti-Retroviral: influ��ncias no tratamento de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids

Com o advento da Terapia Anti -Retroviral, a Aids assumiu caracter��sticas de doen��a cr��nica, em especial nos pa��ses onde o acesso aos medicamentos �� efetivamente garantido. O Brasil �� tomado como modelo por possuir um programa que tem dado boas respostas �� epidemia. Em novembro de 1996, foi promulgada, pelo Sistema ��nico de Sa��de (SUS), a lei que disp��e sobre a obrigatoriedade do acesso gratuito a todos os que necessitarem de medicamentos anti -retrovirais. Os resultados obtidos com o tratamento ��� a redu����o progressiva da carga viral e a manuten����o e/ou restaura����o do funcionamento do sistema imunol��gico ��� t��m sido associados a benef��cios marcantes na sa��de f��sica das pessoas soropositivas e permitido que elas retomem e concretizem seus projetos de vida. Por��m, o acesso universal aos medicamentos que possibilita o tratamento para portadores do HIV gratuitamente ainda enfrenta problemas de ades��o. Em uma compreens��o mais restrita, ades��o pode ser definida como o comportamento de uma pessoa ��� tomar rem��dio, seguir uma dieta ou fazer mudan��as no estilo de vida ��� que corresponde ��s recomenda����es da equipe de sa��de. Nesse contexto, esse estudo se prop��e a analisar as representa����es sociais de sujeitos soropositivos sobre o tratamento anti-retroviral e suas implica����es no processo de ades��o a este tratamento, caracterizando as imagens e os sentidos que estes sujeitos soropositivos que aderiram ou n��o aderiram �� terapia anti -retroviral possuem sobre este tipo de tratamento e as implica����es na sua vida, destacando as objetiva����es e as ancoragens que comp��em suas representa����es sociais. A metodologia foi pautada nas formula����es te��ricas sobre pesquisa qualitativa, priorizando -se a entrevista no enfoque do M��todo de Explicita����o do Discurso Subjacente (MEDS), realizadas na Unidade de Refer��ncia em Doen��as Infecciosas e Parasit��rias Especiais (UREDIPE), vinculada �� Secretaria de Estado de Sa��de do estado do Par�� (SESPA) e no Hospital Universit��rio Jo��o de Barros Barreto (HUJBB), mais especificamente na Clinica de Doen��as Infecciosas e Parasit��rias (DIP).

An��lise da preval��ncia e de fatores de risco para as hepatites virais cr��nicas B e C em idosos residentes no munic��pio de Botucatu-SP

P��s-gradua����o em Fisiopatologia em Cl��nica M��dica - FMB

Efeito de uma bebida probi��tica (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 e Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707) �� base de extrato aquoso de soja no desenvolvimento de colite quimicamente induzida em ratos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Fontes de ��leo na dieta e sua influ��ncia no desempenho e na imunidade de frangos de corte

A composi����o de ��cidos graxos da dieta pode influenciar o desempenho produtivo e o sistema imune de frangos de corte. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de ��leos ricos em ��cidos graxos poli-insaturados ��mega-6 (PUFAs n-6) e ��mega-3 (PUFAs n-3) sobre o desempenho e a resposta imunol��gica de frangos de corte frente a um desafio antig��nico. Foram comparadas dietas formuladas com 7% de ��leo de soja (OS), linha��a (OL) ou sardinha (OP), fornecidas a 240 frangos da linhagem Cobb, divididos em 24 grupos de 10 aves cada, num arranjo experimental 3x2 (3 tipos de ��leo e aves vacinadas ou n��o vacinadas) e 4 repeti����es. O ��leo de soja �� rico em ��cido linoleico, um PUFA n-6, o ��leo de linha��a �� fonte de ��cido alfa-linol��nico, um PUFA n-3, e o ��leo de sardinha, de outros PUFAs n-3, como os ��cidos eicosapentaenoico e docosahexaenoico. O consumo de ra����o, o ganho de peso e a convers��o alimentar foram avaliados aos 21, 35 e 42 dias. Aos 7 e aos 21 dias de idade, metade das aves recebeu vacina contra doen��a de Newcastle. Quinze dias ap��s a imuniza����o, avaliou-se a produ����o de anticorpos pelo m��todo de ELISA, expressa pela densidade ��ptica a 450 nm (D.O. 450nm). Apenas as aves alimentadas com ra����o contendo OS apresentaram maior imunidade humoral (P<0,05) ap��s a vacina����o. A resposta linfoproliferativa das aves, que expressa a imunidade celular, foi maior entre as aves vacinadas, em compara����o ��s aves n��o vacinadas (P<0,05), independentemente do ��leo utilizado. A fonte de ��leo da ra����o ou a vacina����o n��o influenciaram o ganho de peso das aves (P>0,05). Entre as aves que receberam dieta com OS, as aves vacinadas apresentaram pior convers��o alimentar (P<0,05). Nos grupos que consumiram ra����o com OL ou OP, a vacina����o n��o influenciou a convers��o alimentar (P>0,05), considerando todo o per��odo experimental. A utiliza����o de ��leo rico em PUFA n-6 na dieta de frangos de corte aumentou a resposta humoral, mas n��o influenciou a resposta celular frente a um desafio antig��nico.

Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: A tale of multiple outcomes

Globally, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 130 million people and 3 million new infections occur annually. HCV is also recognized as an important cause of chronic liver disease in children. The absence of proofreading properties of the HCV RNA polymerase leads to a highly error prone replication process, allowing HCV to escape host immune response. The adaptive nature of HCV evolution dictates the outcome of the disease in many ways. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of HCV in three unrelated children who acquired chronic HCV infection as a result of mother-to-child transmission, two of whom were also coinfected with HIV-1. The persistence of discrete HCV variants and their population structure were assessed using median joining network and Bayesian approaches. While patterns of viral evolution clearly differed between subjects, immune system dysfunction related to HIV coinfection or persistent HCV seronegativity stand as potential mechanisms to explain the lack of molecular evolution observed in these three cases. In contrast, treatment of HCV infection with PegIFN, which did not lead to sustained virologic responses in all 3 cases, was not associated with commensurate variations in the complexity of the variant spectrum. Finally, the differences in the degree of divergence suggest that the mode of transmission of the virus was not the main factor driving viral evolution. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Disturbance detection for optimal database storage in electrical distribution systems using artificial immune systems with negative selection

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo da inflama����o e da autoimunidade na doen��a hep��tica gordurosa n��o alco��lica

P��s-gradua����o em Fisiopatologia em Cl��nica M��dica - FMB

Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Nanotechnological Strategies for Vaginal Administration of Drugs-A Review

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Avalia����o da influ��ncia do estresse em modelo experimental de colite por administra����o de ��cido Trinitrobenzenosulf��nico (TNBS) em concentra����o subinflamat��ria

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing disease caused by exaggerated response of the immune system. It represents a significant health problem by limiting the quality of life and being the main risk factor for colorectal cancer. Despite of its importance, the high worldwide incidence and being the object of research for several decades, the etiology remains unknown. Studies indicates an interaction between genetic and environmental factors which together with the intestinal microbiota, leads to an uncontrolled immune response. One of the aggravating environmental factors often discussed is stress, as the daily life of the population in general is increasingly rushed. In order to demonstrate the influence of stress on IBD, this study aimed to standardize an experimental model of colitis induced by instillation of a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) noninflammatory concentration plus exposure to stress that intensify the inflammation. Therefore, an experiment was done to determine what would be the noninflammatory concentration. In this step, four different concentrations of TNBS (1, 6, 12.5 or 40mg/ml) were tested and the lowest concentration capable of inducing a noninflammatory response in the gut was defined as 1 mg/ml. Then, a second experiment was performed which induced colitis and exposed the animals to restraint stress. The results, however, showed that this stimulus was not enough to exacerbate the damage caused by the 1 mg/ml concentration of TNBS in the colon. With some changes in the protocol, the third experiment associated cold and restraint, as well as changes on the day of euthanasia, which occurred immediately after the stress session. The results of myeloperoxidase activity measurement were unexpected due to the noninflammatory concentration of TNBS caused an intestinal inflammation similar to the concentration of 40 mg/ml. However, the results of glutathione quantification and the corticosterone ...

Genotipagem de HLA de classe I e II para sele����o de c��lulas precursoras dendr��ticas para estudo da imunobiologia do v��rus associado ao Sarcoma de Kaposi (KSHV)

The Kaposi-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) also known as Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with the development of Kaposi���s sarcoma (KS) and others limphoprolipheratives diseases such as Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and Multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD). Even though the virus is considered lymphotropic, it is able to infect others cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, monocytes and fibroblasts. After infection, KSHV be latent expressing essential viral genes to its maintenance in a infected cell. However, in some circumstances may occur the reactivation of lytic cycle producing new viral particles. K1 protein of KSHV interferes in the cellular signaling inducing proliferation and supporting cellular transformation. K1 is encoded by viral ORF-K1, which shows high variability between different genotypes of KSHV. So far, it is not clear whether different isoforms of K1 have specific immunobiological features. The KSHV latency is maintained under strict control by the immune system supported by an adequate antigen presentation involving Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) class I and II. Polymorphisms of HLA class I and II genes confer an enormous variability in molecules that recognize a large amount of antigens, but also can increase the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the present study aims to genotype HLA class I (A and B) and class II (DR and DQ) from volunteers to identify haplotypes that can provide better response to K1 epitopes of different KSHV genotypes. First of all, 20 volunteers were selected to genotype HLA genes. In our results we observed prevalence of certain HLA class I haplotypes as HLAA1, HLA-A2, HLA-A24, HLA-A26, HLA-B8, HLA-B18 e HLA-B44. After the in silico analysis using BIMAS and SYFPEITHI databases, we observed high scores for epitopes from the B genotype of KSHV, indicating...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Um Modelo Espacial para a Resposta Imunol��gica Adaptativa da Hepatite B

This paper proposed a two-dimensional spatial model to describe the adaptive immune response for viral hepatitis B. This model considered six populations: healthy hepatocytes T, infected hepatocytes Y , hepatitis B virus V , innate immune system I, active immune system X and memory cells, X. First, a compartmental model was constructed and its equilibrium solutions and also the threshold values related to the stability of each solution were obtained. Using this model, we was able to reproduce the different trends observed for the disease, which are: individuals that eliminate the infection without forming immune response, patients with acute and chronic carriers. By including dispersion of defense cells of the immune system and virus (spatial model), we analyze two situations: homogeneous model, in which the model parameters are the same at all points of the network, and heterogeneous model, which characterizes cells more permeable and less permeable to virus invasion. For the two spatial models (homogeneous and heterogeneous) the times relatead to the viral erradication and/or virus invasion and persistence becoming smaller in relation to the compartmental model. The results also showed that for the set of values used in the simulations and if the two diffusion rates are different from zero, the model is sensitive to variations in the rate of viral spread and not dependent on the dispersion of memory cells. Finally, the heterogeneous model when compared to the homogeneous model shows that the infection can be spatially limited depending on the type of the cell involved in the infection process

Rodococose equina: uma revis��o com ��nfase na fisiopatogenia e tratamento

The rhodococcosis affects humans and animals. Equine are the most important species for rhodococcosis, which is considered the most debilitating disease in the creation of foals, leading to a mortality rates greater than 50% in this category. The disease is caused by Rhodococcus equi, a bacteria considered as a soil-born opportunistic microorganism, intracellular and ubiquitous. The disease in horses is manifested mainly in the form of pyogranulomatous pneumonia and less often in the form of enteric disorders and / or joint disorders. Transmission occurs mainly by ingestion of contaminated food and water, and inhalation in contaminated environment. The organism has mechanisms of evasion of the immune system, maintain viable in inside phagocytic cells, and induces piogranulomatous infections, leading to lesions of difficult treatment using conventional antimicrobials. Lipophilic drugs with good intracellular activity are required to successful treatment. The conventional treatment for foals is based on the combination of erythromycin and rifampin. However, there is a growing concern about the emergence of resistant strains, which makes increasingly studies on the development of alternative antimicrobials for therapy

Sanidade Uterina P��s Parto: Aspectos Imunol��gicos e Terap��uticos

Function of the uterus is often compromised in cattle by bacterial contamination of the uterine lumen after parturition. Pathogenic bacteria often persist, causing uterine disease, a major cause of infertility in cattle. Knowledge of the immunological aspects of the uterus involved in maintaining reproductive healthiness is fundamental to the study of uterine infections that affect the uterus postpartum. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes have an important role because they are the first line of defense against colonization of bacteria in utero (Hammon and Goff, 2006). The establishment of uterine infection depends in parts of endocrine environment, particularly progesterone, which suppresses the immune system (Lewis, 2003). In the puerperium may occur uterine disorders, such as retained placenta, puerperal metritis, clinical and subclinical endometritis and pyometra, this review was proposed a study of the immunology involved in uterine health and a better understanding of uterine disorders, using the model of Sheldon et al. al, (2006) for classification of diseases, and a study of best treatment options and discussion about its functionality, because a lot of controversy among authors about choosing a treatment and another and between treated and untreated

Par��metros Neurop��ticos no Diabetes Mellitus

P��s-gradua����o em Fisioterapia - FCT