People semantic description and re-identification from point cloud geometry

The automatic extraction of biometric descriptors of anonymous people is a challenging scenario in camera networks. This task is typically accomplished making use of visual information. Calibrated RGBD sensors make possible the extraction of point cloud information. We present a novel approach for people semantic description and re-identification using the individual point cloud information. The proposal combines the use of simple geometric features with point cloud features based on surface normals.

Revisione critica dei risultati e nuovi algoritmi decisionali sulla chirurgia dell'OSAS

Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) is the periodic reduction or cessation of airflow during sleep. The syndrome is associated whit loud snoring, disrupted sleep and observed apnoeas. Surgery aims to alleviate symptoms of daytime sleepiness, improve quality of life and reduce the signs of sleep apnoea recordered by polysomnography. Surgical intervention for snoring and OSAHS includes several procedures, each designed to increase the patency of the upper airway. Procedures addressing nasal obstruction include septoplasty, turbinectomy, and radiofrequency ablation (RF) of the turbinates. Surgical procedures to reduce soft palate redundancy include uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with or without tonsillectomy, uvulopalatal flap, laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, and RF of the soft palate. More significant, however, particularly in cases of severe OSA, is hypopharyngeal or retrolingual obstruction related to an enlarged tongue, or more commonly due to maxillomandibular deficiency. Surgeries in these cases are aimed at reducing the bulk of the tongue base or providing more space for the tongue in the oropharynx so as to limit posterior collapse during sleep. These procedures include tongue-base suspension, genioglossal advancement, hyoid suspension, lingualplasty, and maxillomandibular advancement. We reviewed 269 patients undergoing to osas surgery at the ENT Department of Forlì Hospital in the last decade. Surgery was considered a success if the postoperative apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) was less than 20/h. According to the results, we have developed surgical decisional algorithms with the aims to optimize the success of these procedures by identifying proper candidates for surgery and the most appropriate surgical techniques. Although not without risks and not as predictable as positive airway pressure therapy, surgery remains an important treatment option for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), particularly for those who have failed or cannot tolerate positive airway pressure therapy. Successful surgery depends on proper patient selection, proper procedure selection, and experience of the surgeon. The intended purpose of medical algorithms is to improve and standardize decisions made in the delivery of medical care, assist in standardizing selection and application of treatment regimens, to reduce potential introduction of errors. Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) is the recommended therapy for patients with moderate to severe OSAS. Unfortunately this treatment is not accepted by some patient, appears to be poorly tolerated in a not neglible number of subjects, and the compliance may be critical, especially in the long term if correctly evaluated with interview as well with CPAP smart cards analysis. Among the alternative options in Literature, surgery is a long time honoured solution. However until now no clear scientific evidence exists that surgery can be considered a really effective option in OSAHS management. We have design a randomized prospective study comparing MMA and a ventilatory device (Autotitrating Positive Airways Pressure – APAP) in order to understand the real effectiveness of surgery in the management of moderate to severe OSAS. Fifty consecutive previously full informed patients suffering from severe OSAHS were enrolled and randomised into a conservative (APAP) or surgical (MMA) arm. Demographic, biometric, PSG and ESS profiles of the two group were statistically not significantly different. One year after surgery or continuous APAP treatment both groups showed a remarkable improvement of mean AHI and ESS; the degree of improvement was not statistically different. Provided the relatively small sample of studied subjects and the relatively short time of follow up, MMA proved to be in our adult and severe OSAHS patients group a valuable alternative therapeutical tool with a success rate not inferior to APAP.

A study for the self similarity smile detection

[EN]This work makes an extensive experimental study of smile detection testing the Local Binary Patterns (LBP) combined with self similarity (LAC) as main descriptors of the image, along with the powerful Support Vector Machines classifier. Results show that error rates can be acceptable and the self similarity approach for the detection of smiles is suitable for real-time interaction, although there is still room for improvement.

Anatomy, phylogeny, and palaeoecology of the basal thalattosuchians (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Liassic of Central Europe

In the marine Jurassic deposits of Europe, a group of marine crocodilians, the Thalattosuchia, belongs to the frequently found reptiles. Thalattosuchia are widely spread in Central Europe from the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous, and some taxa are also distributed worldwide. The task of the work was to examine all taxa known from the Liassic of Europe. The most frequently known taxa Steneosaurus bollensis and Pelagosaurus typus are anatomically revised. New discoveries at the skull of Pelagosaurus typus e.g., the fact of a partly paired frontal are described by means of computed tomography investigations. In addition, juvenile specimens of this taxon are studied in detail for the first time. The rarely occurring taxon Platysuchus multiscrobiculatus is anatomically described in detail for the first time. It shows both in the skull and in the postcranial material morphological differences to Steneosaurus bollensis and Pelagosaurus typus. Thus Pl. multiscrobiculatus possesses, e.g., an ilium with a deeper acetabulum and a femur with a distinctly flexed femoral head. A juvenile specimen of Pl. multiscrobiculatus is now discovered and is described in parts for the first time, too. Furthermore, Steneosaurus gracilirostris and Steneosaurus brevior known from Lower Jurassic deposits of England are examined and in parts revised. In this work, Steneosaurs brevior is discovered with one specimen from the Upper Liassic of Holzmaden, Germany for the first time, and provides new evidence for the palaeobiogeographical distribution of the taxon. Because of the high number of investigated specimens, it is possible to study ontogenetic development from juvenile to adult stage in Steneosaurus bollensis, Pelagosaurus typus, and Platysuchus multiscrobiculatus. Biometric data are collected from thalattosuchians and extant crocodilians (e.g. Gavialis gangeticus) to investigate intraspecific variation, ontogenetic development, and taxa differentiation. The skulls of Platysuchus multiscrobiculatus and Steneosaurus bollensis are reconstructed three-dimensionally as wax models. The skull reconstructions form the basis of the jaw muscle restoration of Steneosaurus bollensis in connection with comparative studies at extant crocodilians. By means of functional morphologic analysis of the jaw musculature, the dentition, and the locomotor system of S. bollensis, possible conclusions are drawn for the prey options and the hunting behaviour. To clarify the relationships within the Thalattosuchia, a computer-based cladistic phylogenetic in-group analyse of 25 Thalattosuchia taxa is performed. For the analysis, following Thalattosuchia taxa are studied likewise at original material for comparisons: Metriorhynchus superciliosus, Metriorhynchus hastifer, Metriorhynchus leedsi, Geosaurus gracilis, Geosaurus giganteus, Teleidosaurus calvadosi, Teleidosaurus gaudryi, Teleosaurus cadomensis, Teleosaurus geoffroyi, Steneosaurus priscus, Steneosaurus edwardsi, Steneosaurus heberti, Steneosaurus leedsi, Steneosaurus boutilieri, Steneosaurus megarhinus, Steneosaurus obtusidens, and Machimosaurus hugii. The phylogenetic in-group analyse based on 115 characters, reveals a sister-group relationship of the monophyletic Teleosauridae and monophyletic Metriorhynchidae. Within the groups, some taxa are probably paraphyletic. The taxon Pelagosaurus typus is nested inside the Teleosauridae and not outside or within the Metriorhynchidae, as many authors suggested it so far. Based on these results, a tentative palaeobiogeographical-evolutionary scenario is developed.

Fingerprint Recognition: Enhancement, Feature Extraction and Automatic Evaluation of Algorithms

The identification of people by measuring some traits of individual anatomy or physiology has led to a specific research area called biometric recognition. This thesis is focused on improving fingerprint recognition systems considering three important problems: fingerprint enhancement, fingerprint orientation extraction and automatic evaluation of fingerprint algorithms. An effective extraction of salient fingerprint features depends on the quality of the input fingerprint. If the fingerprint is very noisy, we are not able to detect a reliable set of features. A new fingerprint enhancement method, which is both iterative and contextual, is proposed. This approach detects high-quality regions in fingerprints, selectively applies contextual filtering and iteratively expands like wildfire toward low-quality ones. A precise estimation of the orientation field would greatly simplify the estimation of other fingerprint features (singular points, minutiae) and improve the performance of a fingerprint recognition system. The fingerprint orientation extraction is improved following two directions. First, after the introduction of a new taxonomy of fingerprint orientation extraction methods, several variants of baseline methods are implemented and, pointing out the role of pre- and post- processing, we show how to improve the extraction. Second, the introduction of a new hybrid orientation extraction method, which follows an adaptive scheme, allows to improve significantly the orientation extraction in noisy fingerprints. Scientific papers typically propose recognition systems that integrate many modules and therefore an automatic evaluation of fingerprint algorithms is needed to isolate the contributions that determine an actual progress in the state-of-the-art. The lack of a publicly available framework to compare fingerprint orientation extraction algorithms, motivates the introduction of a new benchmark area called FOE (including fingerprints and manually-marked orientation ground-truth) along with fingerprint matching benchmarks in the FVC-onGoing framework. The success of such framework is discussed by providing relevant statistics: more than 1450 algorithms submitted and two international competitions.

Carbon fluxes and allocation pattern in an apple orchard

Carbon fluxes and allocation pattern, and their relationship with the main environmental and physiological parameters, were studied in an apple orchard for one year (2010). I combined three widely used methods: eddy covariance, soil respiration and biometric measurements, and I applied a measurement protocol allowing a cross-check between C fluxes estimated using different methods. I attributed NPP components to standing biomass increment, detritus cycle and lateral export. The influence of environmental and physiological parameters on NEE, GPP and Reco was analyzed with a multiple regression model approach. I found that both NEP and GPP of the apple orchard were of similar magnitude to those of forests growing in similar climate conditions, while large differences occurred in the allocation pattern and in the fate of produced biomass. Apple production accounted for 49% of annual NPP, organic material (leaves, fine root litter, pruned wood and early fruit drop) contributing to detritus cycle was 46%, and only 5% went to standing biomass increment. The carbon use efficiency (CUE), with an annual average of 0.68 ± 0.10, was higher than the previously suggested constant values of 0.47-0.50. Light and leaf area index had the strongest influence on both NEE and GPP. On a diurnal basis, NEE and GPP reached their peak approximately at noon, while they appeared to be limited by high values of VPD and air temperature in the afternoon. The proposed models can be used to explain and simulate current relations between carbon fluxes and environmental parameters at daily and yearly time scale. On average, the annual NEP balanced the carbon annually exported with the harvested apples. These data support the hypothesis of a minimal or null impact of the apple orchard ecosystem on net C emission to the atmosphere.

Advanced Techniques for Face Recognition under Challenging Environments

Automatically recognizing faces captured under uncontrolled environments has always been a challenging topic in the past decades. In this work, we investigate cohort score normalization that has been widely used in biometric verification as means to improve the robustness of face recognition under challenging environments. In particular, we introduce cohort score normalization into undersampled face recognition problem. Further, we develop an effective cohort normalization method specifically for the unconstrained face pair matching problem. Extensive experiments conducted on several well known face databases demonstrate the effectiveness of cohort normalization on these challenging scenarios. In addition, to give a proper understanding of cohort behavior, we study the impact of the number and quality of cohort samples on the normalization performance. The experimental results show that bigger cohort set size gives more stable and often better results to a point before the performance saturates. And cohort samples with different quality indeed produce different cohort normalization performance. Recognizing faces gone after alterations is another challenging problem for current face recognition algorithms. Face image alterations can be roughly classified into two categories: unintentional (e.g., geometrics transformations introduced by the acquisition devide) and intentional alterations (e.g., plastic surgery). We study the impact of these alterations on face recognition accuracy. Our results show that state-of-the-art algorithms are able to overcome limited digital alterations but are sensitive to more relevant modifications. Further, we develop two useful descriptors for detecting those alterations which can significantly affect the recognition performance. In the end, we propose to use the Structural Similarity (SSIM) quality map to detect and model variations due to plastic surgeries. Extensive experiments conducted on a plastic surgery face database demonstrate the potential of SSIM map for matching face images after surgeries.

Stress abiotici e trattamenti ultra-diluiti: effetti fisiologici e molecolari sulla crescita in vitro di frumento

Gli stress abiotici determinando modificazioni a livello fisiologico, biochimico e molecolare delle piante, costituiscono una delle principali limitazioni per la produzione agricola mondiale. Nel 2007 la FAO ha stimato come solamente il 3,5% della superficie mondiale non sia sottoposta a stress abiotici. Il modello agro-industriale degli ultimi cinquant'anni, oltre ad avere contribuito allo sviluppo economico dell'Europa, è stato anche causa di inquinamento di acqua, aria e suolo, mediante uno sfruttamento indiscriminato delle risorse naturali. L'arsenico in particolare, naturalmente presente nell'ambiente e rilasciato dalle attività antropiche, desta particolare preoccupazione a causa dell'ampia distribuzione come contaminante ambientale e per gli effetti di fitotossicità provocati. In tale contesto, la diffusione di sistemi agricoli a basso impatto rappresenta una importante risorsa per rispondere all'emergenza del cambiamento climatico che negli anni a venire sottoporrà una superficie agricola sempre maggiore a stress di natura abiotica. Nello studio condotto è stato utilizzato uno stabile modello di crescita in vitro per valutare l'efficacia di preparati ultra diluiti (PUD), che non contenendo molecole chimiche di sintesi ben si adattano a sistemi agricoli sostenibili, su semi di frumento preventivamente sottoposti a stress sub-letale da arsenico. Sono state quindi condotte valutazioni sia a livello morfometrico (germinazione, lunghezza di germogli e radici) che molecolare (espressione genica valutata mediante analisi microarray, con validazione tramite Real-Time PCR) arricchendo la letteratura esistente di interessanti risultati. In particolare è stato osservato come lo stress da arsenico, determini una minore vigoria di coleptile e radici e a livello molecolare induca l'attivazione di pathways metabolici per proteggere e difendere le cellule vegetali dai danni derivanti dallo stress; mentre il PUD in esame (As 45x), nel sistema stressato ha indotto un recupero nella vigoria di germoglio e radici e livelli di espressione genica simili a quelli riscontrati nel controllo suggerendo un effetto "riequilibrante" del metabolismo vegetale.

Genetic patterns in recovered specimens of Caretta caretta from the Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is considered a feeding and developmental area for Mediterranean loggerhead turtles, but this area is severely threatened by human impacts. In the Adriatic Sea loggerhead turtles are often found stranded or floating, but they are also recovered as by-catch from fishing activities. Nevertheless, information about population structuring and origin of individuals found in the Adriatic Sea are still limited. Cooperation with fishermen and a good network of voluntary collaborators are essential for understanding their distribution, ecology and for developing conservation strategies in the Adriatic Sea. In this study, a comparative analysis of biometric data and DNA sequence polymorphism of the long fragment of the mitochondrial control region was carried out on ninety-three loggerheads recovered from three feeding areas in the Adriatic Sea: North-western, North-eastern and South Adriatic. Differences in turtles body sizes (e.g. Straight Carapace Length) among the three recovery areas and relationship between SCL and the type of recovery were investigated. The origin of turtles from Mediterranean rookeries and the use of the Adriatic feeding habitats by loggerheads in different life-stages were assessed to understand the migratory pathway of the species. The analysis of biometric data revealed a significant difference in turtle sizes between the Southern and the Northern Adriatic. Moreover, size of captured turtles resulted significantly different from the size of stranded and floating individuals. Actually, neritic sub-adults and adults are more affected by incidental captures than juveniles because of their feeding behavior. The Bayesian mixed-stock analysis showed a strong genetic relationship between the Adriatic aggregates and Mediterranean rookeries, while a low pro¬portion of individuals of Atlantic origin were detected in the Adriatic feeding grounds. The presence of migratory pathways towards the Adriatic Sea due to the surface current system was reinforced by the finding of individuals bearing haplotypes endemic to the nesting populations of Libya, Greece and Israel. A relatively high contribution from Turkey and Cyprus to the Northwest and South Adriatic populations was identified when the three sampled areas were analyzed independently. These results have to be taken in account in a conservative perspective, since coastal hazards, affecting the population of turtles feeding in the Adriatic Sea may also affect the nesting populations of the Eastern Mediterranean with a unique genetic pattern.

The multiscenario multienvironment BioSecure Multimodal Database (BMDB)

A new multimodal biometric database designed and acquired within the framework of the European BioSecure Network of Excellence is presented. It is comprised of more than 600 individuals acquired simultaneously in three scenarios: 1) over the Internet, 2) in an office environment with desktop PC, and 3) in indoor/outdoor environments with mobile portable hardware. The three scenarios include a common part of audio/video data. Also, signature and fingerprint data have been acquired both with desktop PC and mobile portable hardware. Additionally, hand and iris data were acquired in the second scenario using desktop PC. Acquisition has been conducted by 11 European institutions. Additional features of the BioSecure Multimodal Database (BMDB) are: two acquisition sessions, several sensors in certain modalities, balanced gender and age distributions, multimodal realistic scenarios with simple and quick tasks per modality, cross-European diversity, availability of demographic data, and compatibility with other multimodal databases. The novel acquisition conditions of the BMDB allow us to perform new challenging research and evaluation of either monomodal or multimodal biometric systems, as in the recent BioSecure Multimodal Evaluation campaign. A description of this campaign including baseline results of individual modalities from the new database is also given. The database is expected to be available for research purposes through the BioSecure Association during 2008.

Regulation of woody plant development by gibberellin catabolic and signaling genes

Gibberellin (GA) is a growth promoting hormone implicated in regulating a diversity of plant processes. This dissertation examines the role of GA metabolic and signaling genes in woody plant growth and development. Transgenic modifications, expression analysis, physiological/biochemical assays, biometric measurements and histological analysis were used to understand the regulatory roles these genes play in the model woody plant, Populus. Our results highlight the importance of GA regulatory genes in woody perennial growth, including: phenology, wood formation, phenotypic plasticity, and growth/survival under field conditions. We characterize two putative Populus orthologs of the SHORT INTERNODES (SHI) gene from Arabidopsis, a negative regulator of GA signaling. RNAi-mediated suppression of Populus SHI-like genes increased several growth-related traits, including extent of xylem proliferation, in a dose-dependent manner. Three Populus genes, sharing sequence homology to the positive regulator of GA signaling gene PHOTOPERIOD-RESPONSIVE 1 (PHOR1) from Solanum, are up-regulated in GA-deficient and insensitive plants suggesting a conserved role in GA signaling. We demonstrate that Populus PHOR1-like genes have overlapping and divergent function(s). Two PHOR1-like genes are highly expressed in roots, predominantly affect root growth (e.g., morphology, starch quantity and gravitropism), and induced by short-days (SD). The other PHOR1-like gene is ubiquitously expressed with a generalized function in root and shoot development. The effects of GA catabolic and signaling genes on important traits (e.g., adaptive and productivity traits) were studied in a multi-year field trial. Transgenics overexpressing GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox) and DELLA genes showed tremendous variation in growth, form, foliage, and phenology (i.e., vegetative and reproductive). Observed gradients in trait modifications were correlated to transgene expression levels, in a manner suggesting a dose-dependent relationship. We explore GA2ox and DELLA genes involvement in mediating growth responses to immediate short-term drought stress, and SD photoperiods, signaling prolonged periods of stress (e.g., winter bud dormancy). GA2ox and DELLA genes show substantial up-regulation in response to drought and SDs. Transgenics overexpressing homologs of these genes subjected to drought and SD photoperiods show hypersensitive growth restraint and increased stress resistances. These results suggest growth cessation (i.e., dormancy) in response to adverse conditions is mediated by GA regulatory genes.

[Arterial-adaptive dilatation and Doppler velocimetry in normal fetuses with a single umbilical artery]

PURPOSE: In this study we examined the arterial-adaptive dilatation and Doppler velocimetry, especially RI values, in normal fetuses with a single umbilical artery (SUA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 195 fetuses from 18 to 39 weeks of gestational age with a prenatally identified SUA retrospectively. They were enrolled in this study if the following information applied: > 18 weeks of gestational age, no structural or chromosomal abnormalities, and histopathological confirmation of SUA. Sonographic examination included evaluation of the umbilical artery resistance and the cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord, and its vessels were measured in all cases. Small for gestational age (SGA) was diagnosed when the birth weight was below the 10th percentile for gestational age. Fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction were defined as those with biometric data below the 5th percentile. RESULTS: There were 119 cases of prenatally identified SUA which met the inclusion criteria. RI values were below the 10th percentile in 33/119 (27.33) and below the 50th percentile in 73/119 (61.33). RI values below the 10th percentile were significantly more likely to be in the normal collective than in the growth restricted collective [31/87 (35.63%) vs. 2/32 (6.25%); p = 0.001]. Even more significant differences became apparent when comparing the RI values below the 50th percentile of both groups. An umbilical artery diameter over the 90th percentile was found in 49 (41.9%) of cases and was significantly more likely to be present in normal growing fetuses than in the growth restricted group. CONCLUSION: Normal fetuses with SUA are at higher risk to be born as SGA. With our study results we can confirm the hypothesis that Doppler flow measurements and arterial diameter in SUA are different from those found in normal fetal umbilical arteries. RI values over the 50th percentile or a cross-sectional area of the artery below 95th percentile after 26th week of gestation significantly increases the risk of SGA.

Zerbrochene Spiegel /1

Der Beitrag beschreibt eine doppelte, verfremdete und letztendlich tragische Spiegelung in der Wahrnehmung von Architektur zwischen Europa und Indien: zwischen 1780 und 1856 entstanden in der nordindischen Stadt Lucknow mehrere große Baukomplexe, die von den indisch-islamischen Herrschern der Stadt in europäisch-klassizistischen Formen gestaltet wurden. Nach dem indischen Aufstand, der in den Jahren 1857 und 1858 gegen die britische Herrschaft in Lucknow losbrach, wurden diese Bauten zum Gegenstand einer scharfen europäischen Architekturkritik. Der erste Abschnitt – "Das Eigene und das Fremde" – betrachtet die westliche Rezeption dieser europäisch-klassizistischen Bauten, die über Jahrzehnte durch ein Negativurteil bestimmt war, das sich aus der politischen Interpretation des indischen Aufstands erklärt. Der zweite Abschnitt – "Kopie und Synthese" – geht auf die Suche nach den Zusammenhängen für die positive Europarezeption in Lucknow und für die negative Kritik dieser Bauten in Europa. Es erweist sich, dass die Praxis von Architekturkopie und die Wahrnehmung europäischer Stilformen bei der Übernahme klassizistischer Motive in Indien deutlich anders war als das exakte und moralisch überhöhte Verständnis von Stilformen im Europa nach 1850.

Zerbrochene Spiegel /2

Der Beitrag beschreibt eine doppelte, verfremdete und letztendlich tragische Spiegelung in der Wahrnehmung von Architektur zwischen Europa und Indien: zwischen 1780 und 1856 entstanden in der nordindischen Stadt Lucknow mehre-re große Baukomplexe, die von den indisch-islamischen Herrschern der Stadt in europäisch-klassizistischen Formen gestaltet wurden. Nach dem indischen Auf-stand, der in den Jahren 1857 und 1858 gegen die britische Herrschaft in Lucknow losbrach, wurden diese Bauten zum Gegenstand einer scharfen europäi-scher Architekturkritik. Der erste Abschnitt – "Das Eigene und das Fremde" – betrachtet die westliche Rezeption dieser europäisch-klassizistischen Bauten, die über Jahrzehnte durch ein Negativurteil bestimmt war, das sich aus der politischen Interpretation des indischen Aufstands erklärt. Der zweite Abschnitt – "Kopie und Synthese" – geht auf die Suche nach den Zusammenhängen für die positive Europarezeption in Lucknow und für die negative Kritik dieser Bauten in Europa. Es erweist sich, dass die Praxis von Architekturkopie und die Wahrnehmung europäischer Stilfor-men bei der Übernahme klassizistischer Motive in Indien deutlich anders war als das exakte und moralisch überhöhte Verständnis von Stilformen im Europa nach 1850.

Robust meta-analytic-predictive priors in clinical trials with historical control information.

Historical information is always relevant for clinical trial design. Additionally, if incorporated in the analysis of a new trial, historical data allow to reduce the number of subjects. This decreases costs and trial duration, facilitates recruitment, and may be more ethical. Yet, under prior-data conflict, a too optimistic use of historical data may be inappropriate. We address this challenge by deriving a Bayesian meta-analytic-predictive prior from historical data, which is then combined with the new data. This prospective approach is equivalent to a meta-analytic-combined analysis of historical and new data if parameters are exchangeable across trials. The prospective Bayesian version requires a good approximation of the meta-analytic-predictive prior, which is not available analytically. We propose two- or three-component mixtures of standard priors, which allow for good approximations and, for the one-parameter exponential family, straightforward posterior calculations. Moreover, since one of the mixture components is usually vague, mixture priors will often be heavy-tailed and therefore robust. Further robustness and a more rapid reaction to prior-data conflicts can be achieved by adding an extra weakly-informative mixture component. Use of historical prior information is particularly attractive for adaptive trials, as the randomization ratio can then be changed in case of prior-data conflict. Both frequentist operating characteristics and posterior summaries for various data scenarios show that these designs have desirable properties. We illustrate the methodology for a phase II proof-of-concept trial with historical controls from four studies. Robust meta-analytic-predictive priors alleviate prior-data conflicts ' they should encourage better and more frequent use of historical data in clinical trials.