Arboles de sombra e intensidad del cultivo afectan el rendimiento de café (Coffea arabica L.) y la valoración ecológica en Masatepe, Nicaragua

En el año 2000 se establecieron dos repeticiones de un ensayo de café, en el Centro de Capacitación y Servicios Regionales del Café del Pacífico Sur – UNICAFE; una tercera repetición fue establecida en el año 2001 en el Centro Experimental Campos Azules (CECA) del INTA, en el Municipio de Masatepe, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua. El propósito general del ensayo fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes tipos de sombra: Simaruba glauca + Tabebuia rosea (SGTR), Simaruba glauca + Inga laurina (SGIL), Samanea Saman + Tabebuia Rosea (SSTR), Inga laurina + Samanea saman (ILSG) y un cafetal a Pleno sol (PS), con dos niveles de insumo Convencional intensivo (CI) y Convencional moderado (CM), sobre la producción y rendimiento de café oro y la valoraron de los servicios ambientales como Biodiversidad, Captura de carbono, Conservación de suelo y de agua. Además, se incluyeron los tratamientos orgánico intensivo (OI) y Orgánico moderado (OM). Se determinó que la sombra afectó la producción de café oro, pero mejoró el rendimiento en comparación al cultivo a pleno sol. La combinación de sombra de SGTR interactuando con las aplicaciones de insumos orgánicos intensivos, registró mejor producción promedio (2674 kg oro ha -1 ) de la cosecha 5, superando al tratamiento a pleno sol con uso de insumos convencionales intensivo. Cafetales bajo especies arbóreas y nivel de sombra adecuada con un manejo orgánico intensivo pueden llegar a la misma producción que el cultivo a pleno sol con un tratamiento intensivo convencional. Adicional a esto, los sistemas con sombra mejoran la calidad y las condiciones ecológicas, también agregan valor por la madera, leña y frutos producidos y/o el pago por los servicios ambientales. El tratamiento SGTR brindó las mejores condiciones de hábitat y conservación de suelo, sin embargo, respecto a la fijación de carbono la combinación SSIL fue superior (24.41 SGTR vs 92.64 SSIL). Futuras investigaciones deberán evaluar más detalles sobre el efecto, uso y valor ecológico de especies de sombra y su influencia particular en la calidad en taza a diversas altitudes.

Influencia de diferentes densidades de siembra y métodos de control de malezas en piña (Ananas comusus L. Merr)

De agosto de 1988 hasta febrero de 1989 se llevo a cabo en el centro Experimental “Campos Azules “ un ensayo en el que se evaluaron dos densidades de siembre y seis métodos de control de malezas con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de diferentes densidades de siembra y métodos de control de malezas sobre el comportamiento de la cenosis. Crecimiento y desarrollo de la piña. Se observó que la mayor abundancia (Ind/M2) se presento en la distancia 1.20x0.40m encontrando que la mezcla Disoprop 1.2 Lt/ha + Fluazifop 0.1 lt/ha provocan fitotoxicidad en la piña. El Glyphosato en aplicaciones dirigidas a la calle, puede ser una buena alternativa por su amplio espectro de control de malezas en piña; Los r mejores resultados n control de malezas y favoreciendo el crecimiento y desarrollo de la piña lo presentaron las variantes limpias mecánicas mensualmente y la mezcla química Diuròn .075 lt/ha +- Atrazina 0.75lt/ha Las dos densidades de siembra no presentaron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las variables de la piña (Altura de planta, numero de hojas, largo de frutos, diámetro de frutos y número de hijos /planta) favoreciendo generalmente a la distancia (0.90x0.40x0.30m).

Efectos del nivel de fertilización nitrogenada y la edad de corte en el rendimiento y calidad del sorgo forrajero (Sorghum vulgare Pers.)

Se realizó un experimento con sorgo forrajero durante los meses de julio a noviembre de 1989, en la empresa Agropecuaria Arábica Libia Nicaragua (ANILIB), situada 2 kilómetros al noreste de la localidad de Tisma-Masaya a 50 metros sobre el nivel del mar. En un suelo de la serie cofradía, derivada de cenizas volcánicas de origen aluvial de color pardo oscuro: la precipitación pluvial anual es de 1361,4 milímetros, la temperatura promedio mensual es de 27.5 grados centígrado (ºC). La evaporación total durante el periodo del ensayo fue de 19.05 milímetro y la humedad relativa media durante el periodo del ensayo fue de 82.6 por ciento (%). Se aplicaron niveles de nitrógeno de 0.45 y 90 kg por hectárea y frecuencia de corte de 42,56 y 70 días en un diseño bibacterial en bloques completamente al azar (b.c.a) en parcela dividida. Se utilizó la variedad de sorgo barrajero hibrido kaw- kandy. En los dos corte efectuados en su tres frecuencia el nivel que presento mayores rendimiento, 59.90 ton. De M.S., fue el nivel uno (45kg n/ha) y con el nivel dos (90 kg n/ha) se obtuvo 57.80 ton. M.S. siendo este el menor rendimiento. La proteína bruta el máximo rendimiento en los dos corte efectuados fue 6.91 ton. P.B y le correspondió al nivel uno y 5.980 ton. P.B. para el nivel cero (0 kg n/ha) siendo este e3l mejor rendimiento. Por lo que a los 56 días es el momento óptimo del corte de sorgo forrajero.

Sapientia, 1974, Vol. XXIX, nº 112 (número completo)

Contenido: Le príncipe d’idetité chez Saint Thomas / R. Verneaux – Unidad de ser y analogía en Santo Tomás de Aquino / Cesáreo López Salgado – St. Thomas’ solution of the problema of faith and reason / A. G. M. Van Melsen – Necesidad de la directa confrontación de textos / Carlos A. Iturralde Colombres – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Evaluación y prueba avanzada de rendimiento de siete líneas promisorias y ocho variedades comerciales de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) bajo condiciones de secano en Altamira, San Lorenzo, Boaco. Primera 2003

Aunque en los últimos años, el área sembrada de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) se ha incrementado, los rendimientos son bajos. Para tratar de resolver esta problemática en el país se hace necesario la evaluación de nuevos materiales; esto con el objetivo de generar variedades de alto rendimiento que se puedan adaptar a las condiciones agroclimáticas y a los sistemas de siembra de la zona. El presente estudio se desarrolló entre julio-octubre, 2003 y fue establecido en Altamira, Municipio de San Lorenzo, departamento de Boaco. Se empleó el diseño de BCA con 15 cultivares como tratamientos y cuatro bloques. Se utilizó ANDEVA y separación de medias según Tukey (oo=0 .05) y se evaluaron características fenotípicas de 7 líneas promisorias y 8 variedades de arroz procedentes de Colombia, Cuba y República Dominicana. Las líneas promisorias de mayor rendimientos fueron: la línea L-61, y las variedades A-2756, AVEMARIA y A-2759, superando los 8 mil kg/ha.

El cultivo del tabaco habano (Nicotiana tabacum L.) en Nicaragua

El Tabaco Habano fue introducido en Nicaragua en 1963 por medio de un proyecto piloto que el Instituto de Fomento Nacional estableció en los valles de Sébaco, Estelí y Condega, Se cultiva en dos formas principales: tabaco tapado y al sol. Se llama al primero así, porque el área sembrada va cubierta por una tela sustentada en una estructura de alambre y postes; con esta modalidad se obtiene mejor calidad, ya que ella protege a la planta de la intensa luminosidad del sol, fuerte acción de los vientos y excesivo daño de insectos. El cultivo del Tabaco Habano es importante para Nicaragua por las siguientes razones: a) Proporciona trabajo a muchos obreros b) Genera divisas c) Ayuda a la diversificación agrícola d) Beneficia otras actividades de tipo comercial e industrial

STREAM Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 1-17. October-December 2004

CONTENTS: Pasoso project: local livelihoods and turtle conservation in a small island MPA in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, by Abigail Moore. Fisheries development in Lao PDR, by Khamphet Roger. Creating better fisher livelihoods through leasable fisheries, by Khin Maung Soe. The Jankar system for sustainable livelihoods: lessons from the EIRFP, by Binay Kumar Sahay. Alternative livelihoods for landlocked areas in BFAR Region 6, by Jacqueline T. Mamburam. Lessons learned and future replication from Trao reef locally managed marine reserve, by Than Thi Hien.

Common Cenozoic Echinoids from Florida

(1 poster)

Report on the pinniped and sea otter tagging workshop 18-19 January 1979 Seattle, Washington

The Marine Mammal Tagging Office has been created by consensus of the agencies responsible for marine mammal management and the scientific community dealing with marine mammal tagging and marking. The purpose of ths office is to facilitate the dissemination of information with regard to tagging, marking, tags, and marks; to determine the need for new and better materials for tags; and to stimulate research, development, and testing programs. The American Institute of Biological Sciences was requested to coordinate a workshop to determine the status of pinniped tagging both nationally and internationally. Approximately 30 scientists were invited to participate in the workshop which was held on 18-19 January 1979 at the Sand Point Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service in Seattle, Washington. Topics included ranged from specific tagging programs to general considerations and similar problems encountered by researchers. Participants also participated in one of three working groups -- Sea Otters, Phocids, and Otariids --to address pertinent issues. These break-out sessions resulted in the general recommendations and specific considerations sections of this report. Abstract authors include: Alton Y. Roppel; Ken Pitcher; Burney J. Le Boeuf; Wybrand Hoek; Robert M. Warneke; Don B. Siniff; Doug P. DeMaster; Daniel J. Miller; Ian Stirling; Roger L. Gentry; Lanny H. Cornell; James E. Antrim; Edward D. Asper; Mark Keyes; R. Keith Farrell; Donald G. Calkins; Bob DeLong; T. A. Gornall; Tom Otten; and, Ancel M. Johnson (PDF contains 54 pages)

Proceedings fo the Seventeenth Annual Sea Turtle Symposium, 4-8 March 1997, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.

The 17th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium was held at the Delta Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida U.S.A. from March 4-8, 1997. The symposium was hosted by Florida Atlantic University, Mote Marine Laboratory, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, Florida Atlantic University and the Comité Nacional para la Conservación y Protección de las Totugas Marinas. The 17th was the largest symposium to date. A total of 720 participants registered, including sea turtle biologists, students, regulatory personnel, managers, and volunteers representing 38 countries. In addition to the United States, participants represented Australia, Austria, the Bahamas, Bonaire, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, England, Guatemala, Greece, Honduras, India, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, The Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Seychelles, Scotland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In addition to the 79 oral, 2 video, and 120 poster presentations, 3 workshops were offered: Selina Heppell (Duke University Marine Laboratory) provided “Population Modeling,” Mike Walsh and Sam Dover (Sea World-Orlando) conducted “Marine Turtle Veterinary Medicine” and “Conservation on Nesting Beaches” was offered by Blair Witherington and David Arnold (Florida Department of Environmental Protection). On the first evening, P.C.H. Pritchard delivered a thoughtful retrospect on Archie Carr that showed many sides of a complex man who studied and wrote about sea turtles. It was a presentation that none of us will forget. The members considered a number of resolutions at the Thursday business meeting and passed six. Five of these resolutions are presented in the Commentaries and Reviews section of Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2(3):442-444 (1997). The symposium was fortunate to have many fine presentations competing for the Archie Carr Best Student Presentations awards. The best oral presentation award went to Amanda Southwood (University of British Columbia) for “Heart rates and dive behavior of the leatherback sea turtle during the internesting interval.” The two runners-up were Richard Reina (Australian National University) for “Regulation of salt gland activity in Chelonia mydas” and Singo Minamikawa (Kyoto University) for “The influence that artificial specific gravity change gives to diving behavior of loggerhead turtles”. The winner of this year’s best poster competition was Mark Roberts (University of South Florida) for his poster entitled “Global population structure of green sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) using microsatellite analysis of male mediated gene flow.” The two runners-up were Larisa Avens (University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill) for “Equilibrium responses to rotational displacements by hatchling sea turtles: maintaining a migratory heading in a turbulent ocean” and Annette Broderick (University of Glasgow) for “Female size, not length, is a correlate of reproductive output.” The symposium was very fortunate to receive a matching monetary and subscription gift from Anders J. G. Rhodin of the Chelonian Research Foundation. These enabled us to more adequately reward the fine work of students. The winners of the best paper and best poster awards received $400 plus a subscription to Chelonian Conservation and Biology. Each runner up received $100. The symposium owes a great debt to countless volunteers who helped make the meeting a success. Those volunteers include: Jamie Serino, Alan Bolton, and Karen Bjorndal, along with the UF students provided audio visual help, John Keinath chaired the student awards committee, Mike Salmon chaired the Program Commiteee, Sheryan Epperly and Joanne Braun compiled the Proceedings, Edwin Drane served as treasurer and provided much logistical help, Jane Provancha coordinated volunteers, Thelma Richardson conducted registration, Vicki Wiese coordinated food and beverage services, Jamie Serino and Erik Marin coordinated entertainment, Kenneth Dodd oversaw student travel awards, Traci Guynup, Tina Brown, Jerris Foote, Dan Hamilton, Richie Moretti, and Vicki Wiese served on the time and place committee, Blair Witherington created the trivia quiz, Tom McFarland donated the symposium logo, Deborah Crouse chaired the resolutions committee, Pamela Plotkin chaired the nominations committee, Sally Krebs, Susan Schenk, and Larry Wood conducted the silent auction, and Beverly and Tom McFarland coordinated all 26 vendors. Many individuals from outside the United States were able to attend the 17th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium thanks to the tireless work of Karen Eckert, Marydele Donnelly, and Jack Frazier in soliciting travel assistance for a number of international participants. We are indebted to those donating money to the internationals’ housing fund (Flo Vetter Memorial Fund, Marinelife Center of Juno Beach, Roger Mellgren, and Jane Provancha). We raise much of our money for international travel from the auction; thanks go to auctioneer Bob Shoop, who kept our auction fastpaced and entertaining, and made sure the bidding was high. The Annual Sea Turtle Symposium is unequaled in its emphasis on international participation. Through international participation we all learn a great deal more about the biology of sea turtles and the conservation issues that sea turtles face in distant waters. Additionally, those attending the symposium come away with a tremendous wealth of knowledge, professional contacts, and new friendships. The Annual Sea Turtle Symposium is a meeting in which pretenses are dropped, good science is presented, and friendly, open communication is the rule. The camaraderie that typifies these meetings ultimately translates into understanding and cooperation. These aspects, combined, have gone and will go a long way toward helping to protect marine turtles and toward aiding their recovery on a global scale. (PDF contains 342 pages)

Characteristics and causes of Texas marine strandings

Three major mass mortality events occurred on the upper Texas coast during 1994, from January through the second week of May. These events were distinguished by unusually large numbers of dead dolphins, sea turtles, and fishes washing ashore on Texas beaches. The beach stranding of dead animals began in January with bottlenose dolphins. By the end of March, 142 dolphins had washed ashore as compared to about 40 expected. By the latter part of April, dolphin mortalities declined but stranding of dead and comatose sea turtles increased. By the end of April, at least 127 sea turtles had stranded on the Texas coast since the beginning of the year, about double the expected number. Then, during May and June, a third mortality event began with a massive fish kill and more turtle deaths. By the middle of May, mortalities of all species as indicated by beach strandings returned to within expected levels. Nevertheless, 1994 stood out as a record year of marine mass mortalities in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. (PDF file contains 94 pages.)

Quantitative composition and distribution of the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the Continental Shelf ecosystems of the Northeastern United States

From the mid-1950's to the mid-1960's a series of quantitative surveys of the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna were conducted in the offshore New England region (Maine to Long Island, New York). The surveys were designed to 1) obtain measures of macrobenthic standing crop expressed in terms of density and biomass; 2) determine the taxonomic composition of the fauna (ca. 567 species); 3) map the general features of macrobenthic distribution; and 4) evaluate the fauna's relationships to water depth, bottom type, temperature range, and sediment organic carbon content. A total of 1,076 samples, ranging from 3 to 3,974 m in depth, were obtained and analyzed. The aggregate macrobenthic fauna consists of 44 major taxonomic groups (phyla, classes, orders). A striking fact is that only five of those groups (belonging to four phyla) account for over 80% of both total biomass and number of individuals of the macrobenthos. The five dominant groups are Bivalvia, Annelida, Amphipoda, Echninoidea, and Holothuroidea. Other salient features pertaining to the macrobenthos of the region are the following: substantial differences in quantity exist among different geographic subareas within the region, but with a general trend that both density and biomass increase from northeast to southwest; both density and biomass decrease with increasing depth; the composition of the bottom sediments significantly influences both the kind and quantity of macrobenthic invertebrates, the largest quantities of both measures of abundance occurring in the coarser grained sediments and diminishing with decreasing particle size; areas with marked seasonal changes in water temperature support an abundant and diverse fauna, whereas a uniform temperature regime is associated with a sparse, less diverse fauna; and no detectable trends are evident in the quantitative composition of the macrobenthos in relation to sediment organic carbon content. (PDF file contains 246 pages.)

Ichthyoplankton Adjacent to Live-Bottom Habitats in Onslow Bay, North Carolina

The abundance and distribution of ichthyoplankton adjacent to live-bottom habitats (rock outcroppings containing rich, sessile invertebrate communities and many species of tropical and subtropical fishes) in open-shelf waters « 55-m isobath) in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, were investigated. Larvae of reef-associated genera, especially the economically important subtropical and tropical members of the families Haemulidae (Haemulon), Lutjanidae (Lutjanus and Rltomboplites), Serranidae (Mycteroperca and Epinephelus), and Sparidae (Calamus and Pagrus) were targeted. Larvae representing 40 families were collected in neuston tows. Commonly collected reef-associated families were Balistidae, Blenniidae (dominated by the reef-associated Parablennius marmoreus) , Mullidae, and Gobiidae. Larvae representing 70 families were collected in subsurface tows. Reef-associated families commonly collected included Apogonidae, Balistidae, Gobiidae, Haemulidae, LutJanidae, Scaridae, and Serranidae. Larval Haemulon sp (p)., Lutjanus sp(p)., and Rltomboplites aurorubens were commonly collected and thus it is likely that these taxa spawn in Onslow Bay and recruit to live-bottom sites within the area. Other families of fishes commonly collected but generally not considered reef-associated included Bothidae, Callionymidae, Carangidae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, and Ophidiidae. Estuarine-dependent species (e.g. the clupeid Brevoortia tyrannus and the sciaenids Leiostomus xanthurus and Micropogonias undulatus) were an important component of the ichthyoplankton during late fall and winter. The frequent occurrence of larvae from oceanic species (e.g. gonostomatids and myctophids) indicated that Gulf Stream waters had intruded onto the shelf, transporting these larvae to open-shelf waters off North Carolina.(PDF file containes 36 pages.)

Abundance and Distribution of Ichthyoplankton along an Inshore-Offshore Transect in Onslow Bay, North Carolina

The distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton was investigated from November 1979 to March 1980 along a transect from coastal to continental slope waters in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Representatives of 66 families were collected; 24 of which were tropical families, a category that also includes families of typically oceanic and deep-sea fishes. Larvae of tropical species were collected in coastal and shelf waters, demonstrating the intrusion of Gulf Stream waters onto the continental shelf. From December through March, frontal waters that separated cold open-shelf surface waters from warm Gulf Stream surface waters were observed. Higher abundances of fish larvae were sometimes, but not consistently, associated with frontal waters. A great diversity of taxa was collected in offshore waters, and densities of larvae were low in coastal waters; low densities were attributed to gear selectivity rather than low larval abundance. Larvae of commercially and recreationally important estuarine-dependent species, especially Leiostomus xanthus and Micropogonias undulatus, were dominant components of the ichthyoplankton. Representatives of the families Bothidae, Clupeidae, Gadidae, Gonostomatidae, Myctophidae, Ophidiidae, and Sparidae were also important components of the ichthyoplankton. Larvae of species representing two strikingly different life history types-mesopelagic and estuarine-dependent frequently cooccurred.(PDF file contains 32 pages.)

Status, biology, and ecology of fur seals: Proceedings of an International Symposium and Workshop Cambridge, England, 23-27 April 1984

The 1984 International Symposium and Workshop on the Biology of Fur Seals originated in informal talks in 1981. However, the scope and focus of the symposium remained unclear until an informal workshop was held in San Diego in June 1983. This meeting synthesised data on the foraging and pup attendance activities of six species of fur seals, and attempted to formulate a coherent framework for the adaptations associated with their maternal strategies (Gentry et al. 1986). During the workshop it was clear that comparative data on many key aspects of fur seal biology and ecology were missing. This absence of data applied not only to less well known species, for some of which considerable unpublished data existed, but also to better known species for which research in some areas had either been neglected or unreported. The value of applying the comparative method to seals, especially comparisons integrating physiology, ecology, and reproductive biology, was amply demonstrated by the results of the 1983 workshop (Gentry and Kooyman 1986). However, we were also aware that many other problems outside the area of maternal strategies could benefit from comparative data, such as recovery of populations from the effects of harvesting. Therefore, to accommodate the range of potential research, we organized this symposium to produce an up-to-date synthesis of relevant information for all species of fur seals. It was also clear that fur seal research could benefit from increased communication and collaboration among its practitioners. To foster the spread of ideas, we held oral presentations on some topics of current research and techniques and organized workshops on specific topics, in addition to providing opportunities for informal talks among participants. Thanks to generous support from the British Antarctic Survey, the National Marine Fisheries Service of the United States, and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, the International Fur Seal Symposium was held at the British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, England, 23-27 April 1984. The 36 participants are shown in Figure 1. A list of Symposium participants and authors is presented in Appendix 1 of the Proceedings. (PDF file contains 220 pages.)