Distribuição do amônio, nitrato, potássio e fósforo em colunas de latossolos fertirrigadas

Na fertirrigação, é conveniente aplicar os nutrientes de forma a conseguir sua localização na profundidade mais adequada para absorção por parte das culturas: em maior profundidadepara a cultura perene e, mais superficialmente, nas culturas de ciclo curto. Com os objetivos de estabelecer em que fração da lâmina de irrigação devem ser aplicada as doses de N (NH4+ e NO3-); K+ e H2PO4-, de investigar qual o melhor fracionamento de suas doses, de modo a localizá-los na profundidade adequada, e de determinar a distribuição na coluna de NH4+, NO3-, K+ e H2PO4- aplicados por fertirrigação, foi realizado um experimento em laboratório, utilizando colunas de percolação. Os tratamentos corresponderam a um fatorial 4 (1 + 7), sendo quatro Latossolos de Minas Gerais [dois Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos distróficos (LVAd1 e LVAd2), um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf) e um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd)], uma testemunha (aplicação de água deionizada) e sete formas de aplicação de 1 mmol dm-3 de NH4+, 1 mmol dm-3 de NO3-, 2 mmol dm-3 de K+ e 0,667 mmol dm-3 de H2PO4-. A lâmina de água foi dividida em cinco frações iguais (F1 a F5) e a dose dos nutrientes aplicada integralmente (D), ou fracionada em duas (D1/2) ou em três vezes (D1/3). Assim, a aplicação dos nutrientes foi feita segundo o esquema: F2D, F3D, F4D, F2D1/2F3D1/2 , F3D1/2F4D 1/2, F2D1/2F4D1/2 ou F2D1/3F3D1/3 F4D1/3. Subamostras foram utilizadas na análise de NH4+; NO3-; K+ e H2PO4-, determinando-se a distribuição desses nutrientes na coluna de solo. A mobilidade apresentou a seguinte ordem nos solos LVAd1, LVAd2 e LVd: NO3- > NH4+ > K+ > H2PO4-. Já para o solo LVdf, a ordem foi NH4+ > NO3- > K+ > H2PO4-. A ordem de risco de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por NO3- foi a seguinte: LVAd1 > LVAd2 > LVdf > LVd. A quantidade de água acrescentada a cada coluna, inferior a meio volume de poros, não foi suficiente para deslocar o H2PO4- além do primeiro anel. Para os outros íons em estudo, a localização em maior profundidade, quando aplicados como pulso único, foi verificada com a maior concentração no pulso (D > D1/2 > D 1/3) e com a maior lâmina de água posterior à sua aplicação (F2D > F3D > F 4D e F2D1/2F3D1/2 > F3D1/2F4D1/2 ). Os resultados evidenciam que a mobilidade diferencial de N (NH4+ e NO3-) e K+ exigiria escolha cuidadosa das doses desses nutrientes na solução, a fim de evitar perdas de N (NH4+ e NO3-) por lixiviação, ou localização excessivamente superficial do K+. A baixa mobilidade do H2PO4- mostra que a fertirrigação não seria uma técnica apropriada para sua incorporação no perfil do solo, visando à fertilização das culturas.

[Illustration de Le Voyage de Monsieur Lautrec] / [Non identifié] ; J. de Forges, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Page de titre avec figures. Scènes de sièges de villes fortifiées et de combats. Mendiant recevant l'aumône] [Cote : BNF C56281]

Sequential decisions in allocation problems

[eng] In the context of cooperative TU-games, and given an order of players, we consider the problem of distributing the worth of the grand coalition as a sequentia decision problem. In each step of process, upper and lower bounds for the payoff of the players are required related to successive reduced games. Sequentially compatible payoffs are defined as those allocation vectors that meet these recursive bounds. The core of the game is reinterpreted as a set of sequentally compatible payoffs when the Davis-Maschler reduced game is considered (Th.1). Independently of the reduction, the core turns out to be the intersections of the family of the sets of sequentially compatible payoffs corresponding to the different possible orderings (Th.2), so it is in some sense order-independent. Finally, we analyze advantagenous properties for the first player

[llustrations de Sphaerae Mundi, vel tractatus de Sphaera Gerardi Cremonensis, Theorica planetarum] / [Non identifié] ; Johannes de Sacro Bosco, aut. du texte

Comprend : [ Figure fol A2r °. Astronomie. Les douze sphères enveloppant la terre. Xvè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 17123. ] ; [ Figure fol E2r °. Astronomie. Schéma expliquant le rayonnement solaire. XVè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 17127. ] ; [ Figure fol E2v °. Astronomie. Schéma expliquant le mouvement de la lune autour de la terre. XVè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 17128. ] ; [ Figure fol E4r °. Astronomie. Schéma lunaire théorique. XVè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 17129. ] ; [ Figure fol E6r °. Astronomie. Schéma lunaire. XVè siècle.] Figura capitis et caude draconïs lune. [ Cote : BNF C 17130. ] ; [ Figure fol E9r °. Schéma astronomique. XVè siècle.] Theoricatrium seperiorum : et Veneris. [ Cote : BNF C 17131. ] ; [ Figure fol E9v °. Schéma astronomique. XVè siècle.] Figura minutorum proportionalium. [ Cote : BNF C 17132. ] ; [ Figure fol E10v °. schéma astronomique de Mercure. XVè siècle.] Theorica Mercurii interalias difficilior. [ Cote : BNF C 17133. ] ; [ Figure fol F6r °. schéma astronomique. XVè siècle.] Figura retrogradationis : flationis et directionis planetarum. [ Cote : BNF C 17134. ]

Flux and composition of settling particles across the continental margin of the Gulf of Lion: the role of dense shelf water cascading

Settling particles were collected using sediment traps deployed along three transects in the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and the adjacent southern open slope from October 2005 to October 2006. The settling material was analyzed to obtain total mass fluxes and main constituent contents (organic matter, opal, calcium carbonate, and siliciclastics). Cascades of dense shelf water from the continental shelf edge to the lower continental slope occurred from January to March 2006. They were traced through strong negative near-bottom temperature anomalies and increased current speeds, and generated two intense pulses of mass fluxes in January and March 2006. This oceanographic phenomenon appeared as the major physical forcing of settling particles at almost all stations, and caused both high seasonal variability in mass fluxes and important qualitative changes in settling material. Fluxes during the dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) event ranged from 90.1 g m(-2) d(-1) at the middle Cap de Creus canyon (1000 m) to 3.2 g m(-2) d(-1) at the canyon mouth (1900 m). Fractions of organic matter, opal and calcium carbonate components increased seaward, thus diminishing the siliciclastic fraction. Temporal variability of the major components was larger in the canyon mouth and open slope sites, due to the mixed impact of dense shelf water cascading processes and the pelagic biological production. Results indicate that the cascading event remobilized and homogenized large amounts of material down canyon and southwardly along the continental slope contributing to a better understanding of the off-shelf particle transport and the internal dynamics of DSWC events.

Carrière sportive et socialisation secondaire en cyclisme sur route : les cas de la Belgique, la France et la Suisse. Rapport de fin de recherche financé par l'Agence Mondiale Antidopage

Le projet s'intéresse aux socialisations des jeunes cyclistes sur route dans la phase de la carrière où ils deviennent des espoirs nationaux. Pour certains, cela correspond au passage d'une structure sportive amateur de haut niveau vers une équipe professionnelle. Cette phase semble constituer un moment clé de la consommation de produits dopants. Ces espoirs sont exposés à un nouvel environnement et une nouvelle logique professionnelle s'impose à eux, avec ses espoirs de carrière et de profits et ses risques. Ils sont confrontés à de nouveaux groupes sociaux avec lesquels s'établit un système d'interactions. Avec le temps, ces groupes vont notamment inculquer aux jeunes coureurs de nouvelles normes en matière de santé, de fatigue, d'expériences, d'éthique et d'entraînement.Il s'agit plus particulièrement d'observer les modes de socialisation des jeunes espoirs du cyclisme pour comprendre comment s'immiscent les pratiques de dopage dans les biographies des sportifs. Dans une optique de prévention, ce travail se propose d'étudier les effets de la socialisation. Comme le souligne H. Becker (1985), la déviance est le fruit d'un acte collectif. Il s'agit alors de comprendre comment, au contact de divers groupes encadrants (pairs, entraîneurs, dirigeants, médecins), les savoir-faire mais aussi les normes, les valeurs se construisent au cours de la phase de socialisation professionnelle. Il est important de comprendre les effets des interactions entre ces groupes et le jeune espoir. Cette socialisation semble correspondre à l'inculcation d'une culture cycliste qu'il s'agira de décrire en prenant en compte deux formes de transmission des normes : une explicite, à certains moments de la journée, où sont abordées les techniques de course, les tactiques, les modes d'entraînement et une implicite, pendant laquelle sont diffusées des valeurs qui conduisent le sportif à faire le choix du dopage. Dans le cas du dopage, nous nous intéresserons notamment aux normes de santé, d'éthique, aux conceptions de la pratique sportive en adéquation avec le suivi médical pendant la phase amateur puis néo-professionnelle. La formation, ou transformation, de ces représentations sera appréhendée à travers les interactions entre coureurs et encadrement lors des différents moments de leur quotidien. Il s'agira également d'étudier le cadre social de ces interactions. A partir des récits de vie collectés, nous essayerons de déterminer les moments où les choix s'opèrent et nous y analyserons les conduites.L'acquisition des représentations associées au dopage est le produit du double mouvement de l'action sociale des individus et des effets des structures organisationnelles et institutionnelles. En conséquence, nous nous intéresserons également à l'influence des différents dispositifs tels que la famille, l'école, le club, la structure médicale, la fédération nationale, sur les représentations des coureurs.Cette étude reposera sur une analyse comparée des cyclistes belges, français et suisses. Les carrières seront analysées à partir d'entretiens semi-directifs (75) auprès de (1) jeunes athlètes (18-23 ans) qui vivent les phases de professionnalisation, (2) d'anciens cyclistes ayant vécu les normes de socialisation du milieu et (3) des acteurs clefs de l'organisation des différents dispositifs (entraîneurs, dirigeants, médecins). Notre démarche méthodologique s'adosse à celles déjà expérimentées dans des travaux antérieurs (notamment, Brissonneau, 2003).

Heat capacity measurements on the equiatomic compounds in Ni-X (X = Al, In, Si, Ge and Bi) and M-Sb (with M = Ni, Co and Fe) systems

Molar heat capacities of the binary compounds NiAl, NiIn, NiSi, NiGe, NiBi, NiSb, CoSb and FeSb were determined every 10 K by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range 310-1080 K. The experimental results have been fitted versus temperature according to C-p = a + b . T + c . T-2 + d . T-2. Results are given, discussed and compared to estimations found in the literature. Two compounds, NiBi and FeSb, are subject to transformations between 460 and 500 K. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Illustration de Le neveu de Rameau, dialogue. Ouvrage posthume et inédit par Diderot] / [Non identifié] ; Denis Diderot, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Portrait en frontispice :] Le Neveu de Rameau. [Cote : Z 27639/Microfilm R 122170]

Plasticity of protein expression during culture of fetal skin cells.

In order to gain insight into the biology of fetal skin during culture, cellular proteins were studied during four culture passages (P00, P01, P04 as well as P10) using high-resolution two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS). Bioinformatic analyses were focused on a region of each gel corresponding to pI between 4 and 8 and M(r) from 8000 to 35 000. In this area, 373 +/- 42 spots were detected (N = 18). Twenty-six spots presented an integrated intensity that increased in the higher passages, whereas five spots showed a progressively lower intensity in subsequent passaging. MS analysis was performed on spots that were unambiguously identified on preparative 2-D gels. Among the 26 spots showing an increased size between P00 and P10, 9 were identified, and corresponded to 3 proteins: (i) peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (P05092; cyclophilin A or cyclosporin A-binding protein), (ii) triosephosphate isomerase (P00938), and (iii) enoyl-CoA hydratase (P30084). Among these nine identified spots, three were absent at P00, but were present at P10. They corresponded to isoforms of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and triosephosphate isomerase, respectively. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses of the acidic isoforms of triosephosphate isomerase showed modifications of cysteine residues to cysteic acid. All these isoforms were clearly present in the skin cells of a 4-year-old child, as well as in skin cells from a 80-year-old man, at P00. These observations probably reflect either an oxidative stress related to cell culture, or, alternatively, maturation, differentiation and the aging of the cells.

ESTRUTURA DO SOLO SOB FEIJÃO IRRIGADO E DIFERENTES MANEJO DO SOLO

O manejo agrícola influencia a estrutura do solo, modificando os atributos físicos e o comportamento hídrico do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da semeadura direta (SD) e do preparo convencional (PC) sobre a estrutura do solo, por meio de atributos físicos e da distribuição dos poros, utilizando imagens digitais 2-D. O estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com delineamento de blocos casualizados. A densidade do solo, macroporosidade, diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Kfs) e análise de imagens digitais 2-D (resolução de 156,25 μm2) foram avaliadas nas profundidades de 0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m. Os manejos não diferiram para a densidade e macroporosidade do solo. A SD revelou maior DMP e Kfs em relação ao PC. O PC apresentou maior área total de poros na profundidade de 0-0,20 m em relação ao SD, ocorrendo o inverso na profundidade de 0,20-0,40 m. A SD apresentou maior quantidade de poros complexos de tamanho grande (>0,156 mm2) na camada de 0,20-0,40 m em relação ao PC, que evidenciou predomínio de poros arredondados. A SD demonstrou melhorias na estrutura do solo em relação ao PC, com maior estabilidade dos agregados, condutividade hidráulica e área total de poros, contribuindo para a conservação do solo e da água em sistemas produtivos.

Comparaison des performances des systèmes CR à aiguilles et à poudre en mammographie.

Objectifs: Comparaison des performances en qualité d'image des deux types de systèmes CR. Matériels et méthodes: Les performances ont été mesurées au moyen de la fonction de transfert de modulation (FTM), du spectre de bruit, de l'efficacité quantique de détection (DQE),le seuil de détection du contraste en épaisseur d'or et la dose glandulaire moyenne. Les systèmes CR à aiguilles Agfa HM5.0 et Carestream SNP-M1 ont étécomparés aux systèmes à poudre Agfa MM3.0, Fuji ProfectCS et Carestream EHR-M3. Résultats: La FTM à 5mm-1 de Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1 est 0,21 et 0,27, et entre 0,14 et 0,16 pour les systèmes à poudre. Un DQE maximal de 0,51 et 0,5 a étéobtenu pour Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1, et 0,35, 0,50 et 0,34 pour Agfa MM3,0, Fuji Profect et Carestream EHR-M3. Des valeurs de DQE à 5mm-1 de0,18 et 0,13 ont été obtenues pour Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1, et entre 0,04 et 0,065 pour les systèmes à poudre. Les seuils de détection du contrastede Agfa HM5,0 et Carestream SNP-M1 étaient 1,33im et 1,29im, et 1,45im et 1,63im pour Agfa MM3,0 et Fuji Profect. Conclusion: Les systèmes à aiguilles offrent des meilleures FTM et DQE et un seuil de visibilité du contraste plus bas que les systèmes à poudre .

Sequential decisions in allocation problems

[eng] In the context of cooperative TU-games, and given an order of players, we consider the problem of distributing the worth of the grand coalition as a sequentia decision problem. In each step of process, upper and lower bounds for the payoff of the players are required related to successive reduced games. Sequentially compatible payoffs are defined as those allocation vectors that meet these recursive bounds. The core of the game is reinterpreted as a set of sequentally compatible payoffs when the Davis-Maschler reduced game is considered (Th.1). Independently of the reduction, the core turns out to be the intersections of the family of the sets of sequentially compatible payoffs corresponding to the different possible orderings (Th.2), so it is in some sense order-independent. Finally, we analyze advantagenous properties for the first player

Assessment of debris-flow susceptibility at medium-scale in the Barcelonnette Basin, France

Debris flows are among the most dangerous processes in mountainous areas due to their rapid rate of movement and long runout zone. Sudden and rather unexpected impacts produce not only damages to buildings and infrastructure but also threaten human lives. Medium- to regional-scale susceptibility analyses allow the identification of the most endangered areas and suggest where further detailed studies have to be carried out. Since data availability for larger regions is mostly the key limiting factor, empirical models with low data requirements are suitable for first overviews. In this study a susceptibility analysis was carried out for the Barcelonnette Basin, situated in the southern French Alps. By means of a methodology based on empirical rules for source identification and the empirical angle of reach concept for the 2-D runout computation, a worst-case scenario was first modelled. In a second step, scenarios for high, medium and low frequency events were developed. A comparison with the footprints of a few mapped events indicates reasonable results but suggests a high dependency on the quality of the digital elevation model. This fact emphasises the need for a careful interpretation of the results while remaining conscious of the inherent assumptions of the model used and quality of the input data.