Monitoring and modelling of membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment incorporating 2D fluorescence spectroscopy

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica, Especialidade em Engenharia Bioquímica

2D position system for a mobile robot in unstructured environments

Nowadays, several sensors and mechanisms are available to estimate a mobile robot trajectory and location with respect to its surroundings. Usually absolute positioning mechanisms are the most accurate, but they also are the most expensive ones, and require pre installed equipment in the environment. Therefore, a system capable of measuring its motion and location within the environment (relative positioning) has been a research goal since the beginning of autonomous vehicles. With the increasing of the computational performance, computer vision has become faster and, therefore, became possible to incorporate it in a mobile robot. In visual odometry feature based approaches, the model estimation requires absence of feature association outliers for an accurate motion. Outliers rejection is a delicate process considering there is always a trade-off between speed and reliability of the system. This dissertation proposes an indoor 2D position system using Visual Odometry. The mobile robot has a camera pointed to the ceiling, for image analysis. As requirements, the ceiling and the oor (where the robot moves) must be planes. In the literature, RANSAC is a widely used method for outlier rejection. However, it might be slow in critical circumstances. Therefore, it is proposed a new algorithm that accelerates RANSAC, maintaining its reliability. The algorithm, called FMBF, consists on comparing image texture patterns between pictures, preserving the most similar ones. There are several types of comparisons, with different computational cost and reliability. FMBF manages those comparisons in order to optimize the trade-off between speed and reliability.

Modelação automática 2D de mineralizações filonianas – aplicação às Minas da Panasqueira

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma metodologia protótipo destinada a efectuar a modelação automática a 2D da morfologia de mineralizações filonianas. Em primeiro lugar procede-se à estimação do número de ocorrências de filões em cada bloco, de uma malha de blocos, em que se subdividiu o volume em estudo. Esta intensidade de ocorrências é quantificada por uma variável que representa o número de filões por metro linear(NFM) intersectados por uma sondagem vertical, e constitui o objectivo de intensidade a atingir. Seguidamente são gerados por simulação, linhas poligonais ou arcos correspondentes ao posicionamento dos filões no perfil. Estes arcos ligam alguns pares de intersecções de filões amostrados nas sondagens e são escolhidos ao acaso segundo regras de orientação e distância. Seguidamente faz-se a avaliação da intensidade local de filões do modelo e, para os locais onde exista défice de filões relativamente ao objectivo, são adicionadas intersecções virtuais, ou seja, que não foram reconhecidas por sondagens. Este procedimento continua até o modelo dos filões se aproximar do objectivo previamente definido. O conjunto dos arcos em cada perfil, associado às espessuras de intersecção observadas nas sondagens, constitui um modelo morfológico dos filões em estrutura vectorial. No final faz-se a avaliação quantitativa do modelo e da incerteza. Os dados do estudo prático que motivaram o desenvolvimento da metodologia foram recolhidos no depósito mineral das Minas da Panasqueira. Os resultados obtidos no estudo mostram que a introdução de uma metodologia automática para a modelação vectorial de filões mineralizados é uma mais-valia, porque permite gerar modelos mais realistas e com melhor controlo geológico e resolução do que as abordagens clássicas de possança e acumulação, constituindo um auxiliar precioso de avaliação de reservas de minério.

Mechanical characterization of aortas using 2D ultrasound elastography

Rupture of aortic aneurysms (AA) is a major cause of death in the Western world. Currently, clinical decision upon surgical intervention is based on the diameter of the aneurysm. However, this method is not fully adequate. Noninvasive assessment of the elastic properties of the arterial wall can be a better predictor for AA growth and rupture risk. The purpose of this study is to estimate mechanical properties of the aortic wall using in vitro inflation testing and 2D ultrasound (US) elastography, and investigate the performance of the proposed methodology for physiological conditions. Two different inflation experiments were performed on twelve porcine aortas: 1) a static experiment for a large pressure range (0 – 140 mmHg); 2) a dynamic experiment closely mimicking the in vivo hemodynamics at physiological pressures (70 – 130 mmHg). 2D raw radiofrequency (RF) US datasets were acquired for one longitudinal and two cross-sectional imaging planes, for both experiments. The RF-data were manually segmented and a 2D vessel wall displacement tracking algorithm was applied to obtain the aortic diameter–time behavior. The shear modulus G was estimated assuming a Neo-Hookean material model. In addition, an incremental study based on the static data was performed to: 1) investigate the changes in G for increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP), for a certain pressure difference (30, 40, 50 and 60 mmHg); 2) compare the results with those from the dynamic experiment, for the same pressure range. The resulting shear modulus G was 94 ± 16 kPa for the static experiment, which is in agreement with literature. A linear dependency on MAP was found for G, yet the effect of the pressure difference was negligible. The dynamic data revealed a G of 250 ± 20 kPa. For the same pressure range, the incremental shear modulus (Ginc) was 240 ± 39 kPa, which is in agreement with the former. In general, for all experiments, no significant differences in the values of G were found between different image planes. This study shows that 2D US elastography of aortas during inflation testing is feasible under controlled and physiological circumstances. In future studies, the in vivo, dynamic experiment should be repeated for a range of MAPs and pathological vessels should be examined. Furthermore, the use of more complex material models needs to be considered to describe the non-linear behavior of the vascular tissue.

Equations for defining the mismatch between students and school furniture: A systematic review

The present study reviews the scientific literature that describes the criteria equations for defining the mismatch between students and school furniture. This mismatch may negatively affect students' performance and comfort. Seventeen studies met the criteria of this review and twenty-one equations to test six furniture dimensions were identified. There was substantial mismatch between the relative heights of chairs and tables. Some systematic errors have been found during the application of the different equations, such as the assumption that students are sitting on chairs with a proper seat height. Only one study considered the cumulative fit. Finally, some equations are based on contradictory criteria and need to develop and evaluate new equations for these cases. Relevance to industry: Ultimately, the present work is a contribution toward improving the evaluation of school furniture and could be used to design ergonomic-oriented classroom furniture.

Annular flow of viscoelastic fluids: Analytical and numerical solutions

This work provides analytical and numerical solutions for the linear, quadratic and exponential Phan–Thien–Tanner (PTT) viscoelastic models, for axial and helical annular fully-developed flows under no slip and slip boundary conditions, the latter given by the linear and nonlinear Navier slip laws. The rheology of the three PTT model functions is discussed together with the influence of the slip velocity upon the flow velocity and stress fields. For the linear PTT model, full analytical solutions for the inverse problem (unknown velocity) are devised for the linear Navier slip law and two different slip exponents. For the linear PTT model with other values of the slip exponent and for the quadratic PTT model, the polynomial equation for the radial location (β) of the null shear stress must be solved numerically. For both models, the solution of the direct problem is given by an iterative procedure involving three nonlinear equations, one for β, other for the pressure gradient and another for the torque per unit length. For the exponential PTT model we devise a numerical procedure that can easily compute the numerical solution of the pure axial flow problem

Biomass equations for forest regrowth in the eastern Amazon using randomized branch sampling

Forest regrowth occupies an extensive and increasing area in the Amazon basin, but accurate assessment of the impact of regrowth on carbon and nutrient cycles has been hampered by a paucity of available allometric equations. We develop pooled and species-specific equations for total aboveground biomass for a study site in the eastern Amazon that had been abandoned for 15 years. Field work was conducted using randomized branch sampling, a rapid technique that has seen little use in tropical forests. High consistency of sample paths in randomized branch sampling, as measured by the standard error of individual paths (14%), suggests the method may provide substantial efficiencies when compared to traditional procedures. The best fitting equations in this study used the traditional form Y=a×DBHb, where Y is biomass, DBH is diameter at breast height, and a and b are both species-specific parameters. Species-specific equations of the form Y=a(BA×H), where Y is biomass, BA is tree basal area, H is tree height, and a is a species-specific parameter, fit almost as well. Comparison with previously published equations indicated errors from -33% to +29% would have occurred using off-site relationships. We also present equations for stemwood, twigs, and foliage as biomass components.

Electrically tunable resonant scattering in fluorinated bilayer graphene

Adatom-decorated graphene offers a promising new path towards spintronics in the ultrathin limit. We combine experiment and theory to investigate the electronic properties of dilutely fluorinated bilayer graphene, where the fluorine adatoms covalently bond to the top graphene layer. We show that fluorine adatoms give rise to resonant impurity states near the charge neutrality point of the bilayer, leading to strong scattering of charge carriers and hopping conduction inside a field-induced band gap. Remarkably, the application of an electric field across the layers is shown to tune the resonant scattering amplitude from fluorine adatoms by nearly twofold. The experimental observations are well explained by a theoretical analysis combining Boltzmann transport equations and fully quantum-mechanical methods. This paradigm can be generalized to many bilayer graphene-adatom materials, and we envision that the realization of electrically tunable resonance may be a key advantage in graphene-based spintronic devices.

Effect of acid or alkaline catalyst and of different capping agents on the optical properties of CdS nanoparticles incorporated within a diureasil hybrid matrix

CdS nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using colloidal methods and incorporated within a diureasil hybrid matrix. The surface capping of the CdS NPs by 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) organic ligands during the incorporation of the NPs within the hybrid matrix has been investigated. The matrix is based on poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide) chains grafted to a siliceous skeleton through urea bonds and was produced by sol–gel process. Both alkaline and acidic catalysis of the sol–gel reaction were used to evaluate the effect of each organic ligand on the optical properties of the CdS NPs. The hybrid materials were characterized by absorption, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The preservation of the optical properties of the CdS NPs within the diureasil hybrids was dependent on the experimental conditions used. Both organic ligands (APTMS and MPTMS) demonstrated to be crucial in avoiding the increase of size distribution and clustering of the NPs within the hybrid matrix. The use of organic ligands was also shown to influence the level of interaction between the hybrid host and the CdS NPs. The CdS NPs showed large Stokes shifts and long average lifetimes, both in colloidal solution and in the xerogels, due to the origin of the PL emission in surface states. The CdS NPs capped with MPTMS have lower PL lifetimes compared to the other xerogel samples but still larger than the CdS NPs in the original colloidal solution. An increase in PL lifetimes of the NPs after their incorporation within the hybrid matrix is related to interaction between the NPs and the hybrid host matrix.

Kinematic constraint equations

This chapter presents a general methodology for the formulation of the kinematic constraint equations at position, velocity and acceleration levels. Also a brief characterization of the different type of constraints is offered, namely the holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. The kinematic constraints described here are formulated using generalized coordinates. The chapter ends with a general approach to deal with the kinematic analysis of multibody systems.

Equations of motion for constrained systems

"Series title: Springerbriefs in applied sciences and technology, ISSN 2191-530X"

Methods to solve the equations of motion

"Series title: Springerbriefs in applied sciences and technology, ISSN 2191-530X"

Métodos estadístico-computacionales para la caracterización de patrones de expresión de proteínas en 2D-DIGE

El volumen de datos provenientes de experimentos basados en genómica y poteómica es grande y de estructura compleja. Solo a través de un análisis bioinformático/bioestadístico eficiente es posible identificar y caracterizar perfiles de expresión de genes y proteínas que se expresan en forma diferencial bajo distintas condiciones experimentales (CE). El objetivo principal es extender las capacidades computacionales y analíticos de los softwares disponibles de análisis de este tipo de datos, en especial para aquellos aplicables a datos de electroforésis bidimensional diferencial (2D-DIGE). En DIGE el método estadístico más usado es la prueba t de Student cuya aplicación presupone una única fuente de variación y el cumplimiento de ciertos supuestos distribucionales de los datos (como independencia y homogeneidad de varianzas), los cuales no siempre se cumplen en la práctica, pudiendo conllevar a errores en las estimaciones e inferencias de los efectos de interés. Los modelos Generalizados lineales mixtos (GLMM) permiten no solo incorporar los efectos que, se asume, afectan la variación de la respuesta sino que también modelan estructuras de covarianzas y de correlaciones más afines a las que se presentan en la realidad, liberando del supuesto de independencia y de normalidad. Estos modelos, más complejos en esencia, simplificará el análisis debido a la modelización directa de los datos crudos sin la aplicación de transformaciones para lograr distribuciones más simétricas. Produciendo también a una estimación estadísticamente más eficiente de los efectos presentes y por tanto a una detección más certera de los genes/ proteínas involucrados en procesos biológicos de interés. La característica relevante de esta tecnología es que no se conoce a priori cuáles son las proteínas presentes. Estas son identificadas mediante otras técnicas más costosas una vez que se detectó un conjunto de manchas diferenciales sobre los geles 2DE. Por ende disminuir los falsos positivos es fundamental en la identificación de tales manchas ya que inducen a resultados erróneas y asociaciones biológica ficticias. Esto no solo se logrará mediante el desarrollo de técnicas de normalización que incorporen explícitamente las CE, sino también con el desarrollo de métodos que permitan salirse del supuesto de gaussianidad y evaluar otros supuestos distribucionales más adecuados para este tipo de datos. También, se desarrollarán técnicas de aprendizaje automática que mediante optimización de funciones de costo específicas nos permitan identificar el subconjunto de proteínas con mayor potencialidad diagnóstica. Este proyecto tiene una alta componente estadístico/bioinformática, pero creemos que es el campo de aplicación, es decir la genómica y la proteómica, los que mas se beneficiarán con los resultados esperados. Para tal fin se utilizarán diversas bases de datos de distintos experimentos provistos por distintos centros de investigación nacionales e internacionales

Métodos estadístico-computacionales para la caracterización de patrones de expresión de proteínas en 2D-DIGE.

El volumen de datos provenientes de experimentos basados en genómica y poteómica es grande y de estructura compleja. Solo a través de un análisis bioinformático/bioestadístico eficiente es posible identificar y caracterizar perfiles de expresión de genes y proteínas que se expresan en forma diferencial bajo distintas condiciones experimentales (CE). El objetivo principal es extender las capacidades computacionales y analíticos de los softwares disponibles de análisis de este tipo de datos, en especial para aquellos aplicables a datos de electroforésis bidimensional diferencial (2D-DIGE). En DIGE el método estadístico más usado es la prueba t de Student cuya aplicación presupone una única fuente de variación y el cumplimiento de ciertos supuestos distribucionales de los datos (como independencia y homogeneidad de varianzas), los cuales no siempre se cumplen en la práctica, pudiendo conllevar a errores en las estimaciones e inferencias de los efectos de interés. Los modelos Generalizados lineales mixtos (GLMM) permiten no solo incorporar los efectos que, se asume, afectan la variación de la respuesta sino que también modelan estructuras de covarianzas y de correlaciones más afines a las que se presentan en la realidad, liberando del supuesto de independencia y de normalidad. Estos modelos, más complejos en esencia, simplificarán el análisis debido a la modelización directa de los datos crudos sin la aplicación de transformaciones para lograr distribuciones más simétricas,produciendo también a una estimación estadísticamente más eficiente de los efectos presentes y por tanto a una detección más certera de los genes/proteínas involucrados en procesos biológicos de interés. La característica relevante de esta tecnología es que no se conoce a priori cuáles son las proteínas presentes. Estas son identificadas mediante otras técnicas más costosas una vez que se detectó un conjunto de manchas diferenciales sobre los geles 2DE. Por ende disminuir los falsos positivos es fundamental en la identificación de tales manchas ya que inducen a resultados erróneas y asociaciones biológica ficticias. Esto no solo se logrará mediante el desarrollo de técnicas de normalización que incorporen explícitamente las CE, sino también con el desarrollo de métodos que permitan salirse del supuesto de gaussianidad y evaluar otros supuestos distribucionales más adecuados para este tipo de datos. También, se desarrollarán técnicas de aprendizaje automática que mediante optimización de funciones de costo específicas nos permitan identificar el subconjunto de proteínas con mayor potencialidad diagnóstica. Este proyecto tiene un alto componente estadístico/bioinformática, pero creemos que es el campo de aplicación, es decir la genómica y la proteómica, los que más se beneficiarán con los resultados esperados. Para tal fin se utilizarán diversas bases de datos de distintos experimentos provistos por distintos centros de investigación nacionales e internacionales.