The Borsuk-Ulam theorem for homotopy spherical space forms

In this work, we show for which odd-dimensional homotopy spherical space forms the Borsuk-Ulam theorem holds. These spaces are the quotient of a homotopy odd-dimensional sphere by a free action of a finite group. Also, the types of these spaces which admit a free involution are characterized. The case of even-dimensional homotopy spherical space forms is basically known.

The Gauss-Kronecker curvature of minimal hypersurfaces in four-dimensional space forms

LetQ(4)( c) be a four-dimensional space form of constant curvature c. In this paper we show that the infimum of the absolute value of the Gauss-Kronecker curvature of a complete minimal hypersurface in Q(4)(c), c <= 0, whose Ricci curvature is bounded from below, is equal to zero. Further, we study the connected minimal hypersurfaces M(3) of a space form Q(4)( c) with constant Gauss-Kronecker curvature K. For the case c <= 0, we prove, by a local argument, that if K is constant, then K must be equal to zero. We also present a classification of complete minimal hypersurfaces of Q(4)( c) with K constant.

Spherical space forms - Homotopy self-equivalences and homotopy types, the case of the groups Z/a x (Z/b x TL(2)(F(p)))

Let G = Z/a x(mu) (Z/b x TL(2)(F(p))) and X(n) be an n-dimensional CW-complex with the homotopy type of the n-sphere. We determine the automorphism group Aut(G) and then compute the number of distinct homotopy types of spherical space forms with respect to free and cellular G-actions on all CW-complexes X(2dn - 1), where 2d is a period of G. Next, the group E(X(2dn - 1)/alpha) of homotopy self-equivalences of spherical space forms X(2dn - 1)/alpha, associated with such G-actions alpha on X(2dn - 1) are studied. Similar results for the rest of finite periodic groups have been obtained recently and they are described in the introduction. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Aedes aegypti larval transcriptome: a comparative perspective with emphasis on trypsins and the domain structure of peritrophins

The genome sequence of Aedes aegypti was recently reported. A significant amount of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were sequenced to aid in the gene prediction process. In the present work we describe an integrated analysis of the genomic and EST data, focusing on genes with preferential expression in larvae (LG), adults (AG) and in both stages (SG). A total of 913 genes (5.4% of the transcript complement) are LG, including ion transporters and cuticle proteins that are important for ion homeostasis and defense. From a starting set of 245 genes encoding the trypsin domain, we identified 66 putative LG, AG, and SG trypsins by manual curation. Phylogenetic analyses showed that AG trypsins are divergent from their larval counterparts (LG), grouping with blood-induced trypsins from Anopheles gambiae and Simulium vittatum. These results support the hypothesis that blood-feeding arose only once, in the ancestral Culicomorpha. Peritrophins are proteins that interlock chitin fibrils to form the peritrophic membrane (PM) that compartmentalizes the food in the midgut. These proteins are recognized by having chitin-binding domains with 6 conserved Cys and may also present mucin-like domains (regions expected to be highly O-glycosylated). PM may be formed by a ring of cells (type 2, seen in Ae. aegypti larvae and Drosophila melanogaster) or by most midgut cells (type 1, found in Ae. aegypti adult and Tribolium castaneum). LG and D. melanogaster peritrophins have more complex domain structures than AG and T. castaneum peritrophins. Furthermore, mucin-like domains of peritrophins from T. castaneum (feeding on rough food) are lengthier than those of adult Ae. aegypti (blood-feeding). This suggests, for the first time, that type 1 and type 2 PM may have variable molecular architectures determined by different peritrophins and/or ancillary proteins, which may be partly modulated by diet.

Diagnoses of fipronil resistance in Brazilian cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) using in vitro larval bioassays

Fipronil is a phenylpyrazolic insecticide that is widely used in agriculture and has been recently used to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Because of the serious problems associated with resistance to the available acaricides, this product has been used as an important alternative to control acaricide-resistant ticks. The objective of this work was to analyse the fipronil sensitivity of ticks that were collected from farms with a history of fipronil use by larval bioassays. A total of 11 Brazilian tick populations were studied: one population from Rio Grande do Sul, one population from Mato Grosso do Sul and nine populations from Sao Paulo. To validate the assays, susceptible reference strains, POA (Porto Alegre, Brazil) and Mozo (Dilave, Uruguay), and ticks from six different farms that never used fipronil were tested. The resistance of various tick populations to technical grade fipronil (95.3%) was primarily evaluated using the larvae immersion test (LIT) and the larval packet test (LPT), when a sufficient number of larvae was collected. Using the LIT, the resistance ratios (RR(50)) of the tick populations from Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul were 14.9 and 2.6, respectively, and the populations derived from Sao Paulo had RR(50)s ranging from 2.5 to 6.9. Four populations were evaluated with the LPT, and two populations displayed lower RR(50), while other populations displayed higher RR(50) than those determined by the LIT. This article reports the first cases of fipronil resistance in Brazil and highlights the LIT as a more sensitive technique for the evaluation of fipronil resistance in R. (B) microplus ticks. We suggest the use of the LIT as an evaluation tool for monitoring fipronil resistance in the control programmes of R. (B) microplus. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Drug Excipient Interaction Study with Polymorphic Forms of Tibolone

Powder mixtures (1:1) of tibolone polymorphic forms I (monoclinic) and II (triclinic) and excipients have been prepared and compacted. The samples were stored at 50 degrees C and 90% RH for one month and subsequently were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicate that during the compaction, the applied pressure reduced the chemical stability of tibolone in both polymorph forms. The triclinic form was more chemically unstable, both pure and in contact with excipients, than the monoclinic form. Lactose monohydrate was shown to reduce chemical degradation for both forms. Ascorbyl palmitate was shown to affect the tibolone stability differently depending on the polymorphic form used.

Determination of the susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to ivermectin and fipronil by Larval Immersion Test (LIT) in Uruguay

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important cattle pest in Uruguay, and the law regulates its control. It is resistant to organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and, as recently discovered, to fipronil. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and amitraz have not been documented; however, veterinarians and farmers have reported treatment failures. The objective of the present work was to study the susceptibility of cattle tick strains from different Uruguayan counties to ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil by using the Larval Immersion Test (LIT). The Mozo strain was used as the susceptible reference strain. From 2007 to 2009, twenty-eight tick populations were collected from different cattle farms with and without history of IVM or fipronil use. A probit analysis estimated dose-mortality regressions, lethal concentrations (LC), and confidence intervals. The resistance ratio (RR) was determined at the LC(50) and LC(90) estimates. To classify a tick population in relation to resistance, three categories based on a statistical analysis of LC and RR between field populations and Mozo strains were defined: susceptible (no differences), incipient resistance (differences and RR(50) < 2) and resistant (differences and RR(50) >= 2). Eighteen field populations were tested with IVM and five of them presented a RR(50) range between 1.35 and 1.98 and the LC(50/90), which is statistically different from the Mozo strain (incipient resistance). However, the RR(90) increases >= 2 in four of the populations, confirming that tick resistance to IVM is emergent. The low RR values obtained could be a result of a low frequency of treatments with IVM. Twenty-seven tick populations were tested with fipronil and six were diagnosed as resistant according to the LIT. Cross-resistance was not observed between fipronil and IVM on these tick populations. The current study presents different R. (B.) microplus populations with an incipient resistance to IVM, and indicates that the fipronil tick resistance is restricted to certain areas in Uruguay. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Modelo de transmissão da dengue com competição larval uniforme

A dengue representa um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil, que apresenta condições climáticas favoráveis ao desenvolvimento e proliferação do Aedes aegypti, vetor transmissor da doeça. O mosquito Aedes aegypti passa por diferentes estágios de desenvolvi- mento com características distintas, logo, para uma descrição mais aproximada da história de vida desta espécie e, consequentemente, do comportamento da epidemia, considera-se neste trabalho um modelo com distribuição etária, fundamental para a determinação das propriedades de estabilidade de populações que têm fases distintas de desenvolvimento. O modelo com distribuição etária para a população de mosquitos é descrito por um conjunto de equações diferenciais ordinárias com retardo de difícil análise e implementação. Inicialmente, apresenta-se o modelo SEIR com dinâmica vital, onde a população de mosquitos estabiliza rapidamente e, após, incorpora-se a ele um modelo com competição larval uniforme para população de insetos, com distribuição etária, o que provoca um período de instabilidade nas populações de larvas e adultos, estágios de desenvolvimento considerados para o vetor. A análise realizada investiga as consequências que este período de instabilidade provoca na evolução da epidemia.

Implicações ecológicas das plantas hospedeiras e da agregação larval sobre Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae)

As larvas de Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) alimentam-se de plantas da família Passifloraceae e apresentam hábito gregário, características que interferem na sua performance. O significado ecológico deste hábito parece centrar-se na defesa contra predação, na termorregulação e na facilitação alimentar. Neste trabalho, dez espécies de passifloráceas ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul foram avaliadas em relação à preferência alimentar e performance larval de D. juno juno: Passifora alata Dryander, 1781; P. amethystina Mikan, 1820; P. caerulea Linnaeus, 1753; P. capsularis Linnaeus, 1753; P. edulis Sims, 1818; P. elegans Masters, 1872; P. misera Humbold, Bonpland et Kunth, 1817; P. suberosa Linnaeus, 1753; P. tenuifila Killip, 1927 e P. warmingii Masters, 1872. O efeito da densidade larval na performance foi também testado em P. edulis: grupos de uma, duas, quatro, oito, dezesseis, trinta e duas, e sessenta e quatro larvas. A preferência alimentar das larvas foi avaliada com base em testes utilizando-se discos foliares, com e sem chance de escolha. O efeito da densidade larval na performance foi testado em P. edulis: grupos de uma, duas, quatro, oito, dezesseis, trinta e duas e sessenta e quatro larvas Avaliou-se o efeito da agregação larval na termorregulação e/ou na termoconformação, e na facilitação alimentar. Em laboratório (fotofase de 14 horas, 75 + 5% UR), estimou-se suas exigências térmicas e, em campo, investigou-se a variação sazonal e o grau de desfolha das plantas. O efeito da agregação larval na termorregulação e na termoconformação foi avaliado criando-se larvas em P. edulis. Foram testadas três densidades: grupos de uma, cinco e dez larvas, que foram mantidas em quatro temperaturas (15, 20, 25 e 30ºC) em câmaras climatizadas. A temperatura do corpo das larvas agregadas e isoladas foi medida com um termômetro digital em duas situações: expostas ao sol e mantidas na sombra, em diferentes temperaturas do ambiente. O papel da agregação larval na facilitação alimentar foi investigado com ênfase na caracterização e análise de suas mandíbulas, sua forma de alimentação, bem como seu efeito na taxa de consumo. Comparou-se a área foliar de P. edulis consumida per capita entre os grupos de uma, três, cinco, sete, nove, dez e onze larvas. Investigou-se o desgaste das mandíbulas, bem como o tipo de dano causado às folhas Comparou-se, também, o número de larvas que se alimentaram em grupos de uma, cinco e dez larvas. Em campo, foram realizados levantamentos quinzenais, anotando-se o número de imaturos e o grau de desfolha da planta hospedeira, durante trinta meses. Em relação às plantas hospedeiras, concluiu-se que nem sempre a que lhe confere melhor performance é a escolhida pelas larvas. Ocorreu grande mortalidade no primeiro ínstar em todas as plantas testadas. A sobrevivência aumentou consideravelmente, a partir de oito larvas por grupo. As larvas deste inseto têm capacidade de efetuar tanto termorregulação quanto termoconformação. Não foi observado desgaste das mandíbulas, ao longo da ontogênese. Observou-se um maior número de larvas em atividade de alimentação e um maior consumo per capita quando criadas em grupo. Os resultados demonstraram que o forrageio em grupos acentua a eficiência alimentar das larvas. A viabilidade dos ovos e a sobrevivência larva-pupa foram maiores a 20 e 25ºC. O período de incubação e o tempo de desenvolvimento larval e pupal decresceram com o aumento de temperatura, quando as larvas foram criadas em grupos de dez. As temperaturas bases estimadas foram de 5,3ºC para a fase ovo, 8,4 ºC para larva e 9ºC para a pupa. As constantes térmicas foram de 126,6 graus dias para a fase ovo, 312,5 graus dias para larva e 141 graus dias para pupa. D. juno juno esteve presente em baixos níveis populacionais em quase todos os meses do ano com picos em novembro/dezembro de 2001/2 e janeiro de 2003. O índice de desfolha foi baixo em todas as ocasiões, exceto nos meses de maior densidade larval.