Dos pombos descoordenados às rãs sem rumo: o ensino do encéfalo através dos manuais escolares de Ciências Naturais (1900-1950)

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é mostrar como o encéfalo foi abordado nos programas e manuais de Ciências Naturais publicados na primeira metade do século XX. Para tal, utilizou-se um método de caráter qualitativo assente no conceito de transposição didática de Chevallard. O conteúdo programático mostrou que o estudo do encéfalo foi sempre associado ao estudo do sistema nervoso. A descrição neuroanatómica e fisiológica do encéfalo nos manuais organizou-se em torno do bolbo raquidiano, cerebelo e cérebro. Os manuais publicados nas primeiras duas décadas do século XX (Aires, 1906, 1920) foram mais exaustivos na abordagem a esses órgãos do que os publicados entre as décadas de 30 e 50 (Primo, 1939; Soeiro, 1930, 1950; Lima & Soeiro,1950). A sua análise mostrou que a transposição didática do conhecimento científico sobre o encéfalo baseou-se na neuroanatomia, e menos na neurofisiologia, o que é revelador do avanço do conhecimento neuroanatómico deste órgão em comparação com a compreensão do seu funcionamento. Todos os autores ilustraram as funções dos órgãos que constituem o encéfalo através de observações e experiências realizadas em animais, como os pombos e as rãs.

Medicinal plants - prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35 %; piglets ≤ 50 %) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80 %; piglets ≤ 40 %). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies.

Checklists for counteracting race and sex bias in educational materials /

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Mode of access: Internet.

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Mode of access: Internet.