Thioxanthone Sensitized Photodegradation of Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Films

The thioxanthone-sensitized photodegradation of poly(alkyl methacrylate) films [alkyl = methyl, ethyl, butyl, and hexyl] was studied using near UV-vis light. The photooxidation process continued even after the total consumption of the sensitizer, possibly due to the excitation of the ketyl groups formed during the first stages of the process. The rate of oxidation, as well as the formation of hydroxy, peroxy, and ketyl groups was faster for polymers with larger ester groups. The decrease of the molecular weight of the degradated polymers was also larger for the hexyl substituted polymer. The side-chain size effect was attributed to the larger amount of secondary hydrogens available for abstraction by the triplet state of thioxanthone, present in the larger ester groups. The lower glass transition temperature of the hexyl substituted polymer allows a better diffusion of oxygen to the deeper layers of the films that also contributes to the faster photodegradation rate. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 1283-1288, 2010

Estudo da estabilidade acelerada de solução oral de paracetamol 200mg/mL, distribuída no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS

O paracetamol é um fármaco de ação analgésica e antipirética, obtido através da metabolização da fenacetina, um analgésico derivado do alcatrão. Seu mecanismo de ação consiste em inibir a enzima responsável pela síntese de prostaglandina no cérebro, reduzindo a febre e induzindo a analgesia. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as possíveis alterações físicas e químicas da solução de paracetamol distribuída pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por meio do estudo de estabilidade acelerada. Cada amostra foi armazenada em condições ambientais diferentes e foi analisada no momento inicial, após 60 dias e após 90 dias. As amostras foram examinadas segundo a Farmacopeia brasileira, quarta edição, nos requisitos de aspecto, pH e doseamento. Através do referido estudo, foi possível verificar que o método de espectrofotometria em UV não é recomendado para estudos de estabilidade térmica de solução de paracetamol, por sofrer interferência de seu produto de degradação.

Nanoemulsões catiônicas como sistemas de liberação de oligonucleotídeos : formulação e caracterização físico-química

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido recentemente consideradas como potenciais sistemas de liberação de oligonucleotídeos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adição de quantidades crescentes dos lipídeos catiônicos estearilamina (EA), oleilamina (OA) ou DOTAP (DT) sobre propriedades físico-químicas de nanoemulsões como sistemas de liberação de um oligonucleotídeo modelo (pdT16). As formulações foram preparadas pelo procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. As nanoemulsões constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, lecitina de gema de ovo, glicerol, quantidades crescentes dos lipídeos catiônicos (até 20 mM) e água foram caracterizadas em termos de diâmetro médio, pH, potencial zeta e viscosidade. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, as formulações contendo EA, OA e DT na concentração de 2 mM foram selecionadas para a continuidade do trabalho, uma vez que apresentam diâmetro de gotícula e potencial zeta de cerca de 250 nm e 40-50 mV, respectivamente. A taxa de associação do pdT16 às nanoemulsões foi determinada, indiretamente, pelo doseamento deste, na fase aquosa externa após separação em membranas de ultrafiltração/centrifugação, por meio de espectrofotometria no UV. A maior taxa de associação do pdT16 foi detectada para a formulação contendo o lipídeo catiônico DT (até ~70 mg/g de fase interna). Evidências adicionais da associação do pdT16 com as nanoemulsões foram detectadas pelo aumento do diâmetro de gotícula, inversão do potencial zeta e morfologia das gotículas. Em uma última etapa, um estudo preliminar da liberação do pdT16 foi realizado especialmente para a formulação contendo o lipídeo catiônico DT. O fator de diluição e relação de cargas [+/-] foram identificados como os principais parâmetros que influenciam a liberação do pdT16 a partir das nanoemulsões. Em conclusão, o conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra a influência da concentração e da natureza do lipídeo catiônico empregado sobre as propriedades físico-químicas de nanoemulsões catiônicas como sistemas de liberação de oligonucleotídeos.

Avaliação das variáveis analíticas dos métodos de determinação do teor de taninos totais baseados na formação de complexos com substâncias protéicas e derivados da polivinilpirrolidona

O presente trabalho objetivou estudar as principais variáveis analíticas associadas aos métodos espectrofotométricos de quantificação do teor de taninos utilizando caseína e pó-de-pele, os reagentes de Folin-Denis e Folin-Ciocalteu, bem como a avaliação de diferentes tipos de PVPP (Divergan® F, Divergan® RS, Kollidon® CL e PVPP-P6755) na substituição dos substratos protéicos. Para tanto, dois métodos de análise, um espectrofotométrico e outro por CLAE foram desenvolvidos, utilizando os polifenóis catequina, ácido tânico, ácido gálico e pirogalol como substâncias de referência e rutina como flavonóide modelo. Para maiores inferências uma solução extrativa de folhas secas de Psidium guajava L também foi quantificada. A análise comparativa assinalou o uso vantajoso do reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu, em relação ao reagente de Folin-Denis. Em termos de reprodutibilidade, a caseína grau técnico (GT) mostrou-se superior à caseína purificada, embora essa última possua maior afinidade pelos polifenóis testados. Contudo, as análises por UV-VIS e por CLAE em comprimentos de onda de 280m e 352 nm, demonstraram que tanto a caseína GT quanto o pó-de-pele não são seletivos para complexar taninos, de acordo com as normas do ICH. Tanto o pó-de-pele quanto a caseína GT foram capazes de complexar polifenóis e rutina de maneira inespecífica. Isso foi evidenciado quando misturas de um único polifenol e rutina ou a fração flavonoídica de P. guajava foram testadas. A capacidade de complexação de polifenóis e rutina por parte da PVPP foi avaliada por UV-VIS, DSC e CLAE. Os melhores resultados foram observados para PVPP-P6755, no entanto com restrições. De maneira similar a caseína GT e pó-depele a PVPP-P6755 foram capazes de complexar de maneira inespecífica rutina e outros flavonóides do extrato de P. guajava. Uma validação plena para o caso específico de folhas de P. guajava é questionável. No entanto, o método baseado na utilização de PVPP mostrou-se passível de padronização utilizando 500,0 mg de pó de droga, 2,0 mL de reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu, tempo de leitura 30 min após adição desse reagente e quantificação em 760 nm. Sob essas condições, a análise comparativa demonstrou que 50,0 mg de PVPP foram, em termos analíticos, equivalentes a 100,0 mg de pó-de-pele ou a 750 mg de caseína GT.

Síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas FeOx/Au/Ag em multicamada núcleo-concha

Nesta dissertação, apresenta-se o trabalho realizado no decorrer do segundo ano do Mestrado em Bioquímica Aplicada. Prepararam-se nanopartículas metálicas através da redução química de sais metálicos em solução. Obtiveram-se soluções coloidais monometálicas de Au, Ag e FeOx e bimetálicas de Au/Ag, Ag/Au, FeOx/Au e FeOx/Ag seguindo ou adaptando métodos publicados na literatura. Numa primeira fase foram sintetizadas nanopartículas monometálicas de prata e ouro utilizando-se β-D-glucose, borohidreto de sódio e β-ciclodextrina como agente redutor dos iões metálicos. Seguidamente, por co-redução de uma mistura de iões prepararam-se ligas de nanopartículas de prata e ouro e por redução sucessiva de Ag e Au sintetizaram-se nanopartículas com uma estrutura núcleo-concha. As nanopartículas de FeOx foram preparadas por co-precipitação de Fe (III) e Fe (II). O revestimento com ouro foi conseguido através da redução com citrato de sódio e para a deposição de prata utilizou-se o ácido ascórbico. As soluções coloidais preparadas foram caracterizadas através de estudos de espetroscopia do UV-vis, tendo sido registados os máximos de absorvância característicos do ouro e da prata e os desvios esperados para o caso das nanopartículas núcleo-concha. As análises por dispersão dinâmica de luz permitiram auferir o tamanho das nanopartículas, eventual aglomeração e, portanto, permitiram a apreciação da estabilidade dos coloides. Com o intuito de confirmar a formação de estruturas em camada núcleo-concha foi feita a caracterização das amostras por microscopia eletrónica de transmissão e espetroscopia de raios-X de energia dispersiva. Alguns dos espetros obtidos confirmam o sucesso na preparação de uma estrutura em multicamada. Finalmente, demonstrou-se a biocompatibilidade de algumas amostras preparadas através da realização de estudos de citotoxicidade na linha celular fibroblástica NIH 3T3.

New metallomolecular wires based on carbon-rich bridging systems: a systematic study

This dissertation presents and discusses the preparation of molecular wires (MW) candidates that would then be probed for electron transfer properties. These wires are bridged by 1,4-diethynylbenzene derivatives with alkoxy side chains with palladium and ruthenium metal complex termini. Characterization of these compounds was performed by usual spectroscopic techniques like 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR, MS, FTIR and UV-Vis as well as by cyclic voltammetry which allowed classifying the candidates in the Robin–Day system and determination of bridges side chain and length effects on electronic transport. Preparation of the 1,4-diethynylbenzene derivatives was done with synthetic pathways that relied heavily in palladium catalyzed cross-couplings (Sonogashira). A family of single ringed 1,4-diethynylbenzene ligands with different length alkoxy side chains (OCH3, OC2H5, OC7H15) was thus prepared allowing for the influence of these ring decorations to be assessed. The ruthenium binuclear rods showed communication between metal centres only when the shorter ligands were used whereas the longer Ru complexes showed only one redox pair in CV studies which is in agreement to non-communicating metal centres. Cyclic voltammetry studies show irreversible one wave processes for palladium dinuclear complexes, making these rods function as molecular insulators. Fluorescence decay studies performed on the prepared compounds (ligands and complexes) show a pattern of decreasing decay times upon coordination to the metal centres which can due to ligand charge redistribution upon coordination leading to non-radiative relaxation paths. Regarding the X-ray structures, two new ligand related structures were obtained as well as new structure for a palladium rod. The effect of the side chains was observed to be important to the wires’ electronic properties when comparing with the analogues without a side chain. The effect brought by longer chains is nevertheless almost negligible.

Determination of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in Solanum Lycopersicum L. tomato from Gordal variety by LL-USAE combined with UHPLC-PDA/FLR

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is one of the main constituents of the Mediterranean diet. Its consumption has been proposed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. It is therefore one of the most popular and extensively consumed vegetable crop worldwide. To gain insights on the potential of Lycopersicon esculentum L. as bioactive food, two analytical methodologies were developed to determine the levels of the lipophilic -tocopherol, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lycopene; and hydrophilic antioxidants ascorbic acid. The quantification of total carotenoids (β-carotene and lycopene) was assessed through a liquid–liquid ultrasound assisted extraction (LL-USAE) in combination with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), according to method of mean, for total carotenoids (λmáx = 450 nm. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic using both photodiode array and fluorescence detection (UHPLC-PDA/FLR), allows the identification and quantification of the target lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants. This methodology UHPLC-PDA/FLR is fast, simple and revealed a high sensitivity for the compounds under study. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) obtained were much lower (about 10 times) than the reported in literature. The method LL-USAE/UV-Vis was validated and applied to different tomato foodstuffs. The results reveal a small increase of carotenoids content during maturation, reaching the maximum level when ripe. These results complement those obtained by the ORAC and TBARS assays that show an increase of antioxidant capacity during maturation. The LODs ans LOQs obtained were also about 10 times lower than reported in literature. The carotenoid content was also evaluated by LL-USAE/UV-Vis in different tomatoes varieties. Regional variety present the high carotenoid level, followed by campari and gordal, and at last grape. This methodology was also applied to different processed food samples containing tomatoes derivatives. Highest carotenoids content were obtained in concentrated tomato foodstuffs.

Otimização do processo de síntese do aluminato de cobalto via método de polimerização de complexos (MPC) através do planejamento fatorial fracionado

In the ceramics industry are becoming more predominantly inorganic nature pigments. Studies in this area allow you to develop pigments with more advanced properties and qualities to be used in the industrial context. Studies on synthesis and characterization of cobalt aluminate has been widely researched, cobalt aluminate behavior at different temperatures of calcinations, highlighting especially the temperatures of 700, 800 and 900° C that served as a basis in the development of this study, using the method of polymerization of complex (CPM), economic, and this method applied in ceramic pigment synthesis. The procedure was developed from a fractional factorial design 2 (5-2) in order to optimize the process of realization of the cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4), having as response surfaces the batch analysis data of Uv-vis spectroscopy conducted from the statistic software 7.0, for this were chosen five factors as input variables: citric acid (stoichiometric manner), puff or pyrolysis time (h), temperature (° C), and calcinations (° C/min), at levels determined for this study. By applying statistics in the process of obtaining the CoAl2O4 is possible the study of these factors and which may have greater influence in getting the synthesis. The pigments characterized TG/DSC analyses, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) in order to establish the structural and morphological aspects of pigment CoAl2O4, among the factors studied it were found to statically with increasing calcinations temperature 700°< 800 <900 °C, the bands of Uv-vis decrease with increasing intensity of absorbance and that with increasing time of puff or pyrolysis (h) there is an increase in bands of Uv-vis proportionally, the generated model set for the conditions proposed in this study because the coefficient of determination can explain about 99.9% of the variance (R²), response surfaces generated were satisfactory, so it s possible applicability in the ceramics industry of pigments

Membrana de alumina anódica: comportamento da microestrutura e estudo das propriedades ópticas após tratamento térmico

Thin commercial aluminum electrolytic and passed through reactions was obtained with anodic alumina membranes nanopores. These materials have applications in areas recognized electronic, biomedical, chemical and biological weapons, especially in obtaining nanostructures using these membranes as a substrate or template for processing nanowires, nanodots and nanofibers for applications noble. Previous studies showed that the membranes that have undergone heat treatment temperature to 1300° C underwent changes in morphology, crystal structure and optical properties. This aim, this thesis, a study of the heat treatment of porous anodic alumina membranes, in order to obtain and to characterize the behavior changes structures during the crystallization process of the membranes, at temperatures ranging between 300 and 1700° C. It was therefore necessary to mount a system formed by a tubular furnace resistive alumina tube and controlled environment, applying flux with special blend of Ag-87% and 13% N2, in which argon had the role of carrying out the oxygen nitrogen system and induce the closing of the pores during the densification of the membrane. The duration of heat treatment ranged from 60 to 15 minutes, at temperatures from 300 to 1700° C respectively. With the heat treatment occurred: a drastic reduction of porosity, grain growth and increased translucency of the membrane. For the characterization of the membranes were analyzed properties: Physical - thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area; morphological - SEM, EDS through compositional and, optical absorbance, and transmittance in the UV-VIS, and FTIR. The results using the SEM showed that crystallization has occurred, densification and significant changes in membrane structure, as well as obtaining microtube, the BET analysis showed a decrease in specific surface area of the membranes has to 44.381 m2.g-1 to less than 1.8 m2.g-1 and in the analysis of transmittance and absorbance was found a value of 16.5% in the range of 800 nm, characteristic of the near infrared and FTIR have confirmed the molecular groups of the material. Thus, one can say that the membranes were mixed characteristics and properties which qualify for use in gas filtration system, as well as applications in the range of optical wavelength of the infra-red, and as a substrate of nanomaterials. This requires the continuation and deepening of additional study

Propriedade fotoluminescente da ZrO2: Tb+3, Eu+3, Tm+3 obtida pelo método de polimerização de complexos

Recent studies are investigating a new class of inorganic materials which arise as a promising option for high performance applications in the field of photoluminescence. Highlight for rare earth (TR +3 ) doped, which have a high luminous efficiency, long decay time and being able to emit radiation in the visible range, specific to each element. In this study, we synthesized ZrO2: Tb +3 , Eu +3 , Tm +3 nanoparticles complex polymerization method (CPM). We investigated the influences caused by the heat treatment temperature and the content of dopants in zirconia photoluminescent behavior. The particles were calcined at temperature of 400, 500 and 600 ° C for two hours and ranged in concentration of dopants 1, 2, 4 and 8 mol% TR +3 . The samples were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence of measurements and uv-visible of spectroscopies. The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the tetragonal and cubic phases in accordance with the content of dopants. The photoluminescence spectra show emission in the region corresponding simultaneous to blue (450 nm), green (550 nm) and red (615 nm). According to the results, ZrO2 particles co-doped with rare earth ions is a promising material white emission with a potential application in the field of photoluminescence

Non-inclusion complexes between riboflavin and cyclodextrins

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Host-guest system of 4-nerolidylcatechol in 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin: preparation, characterization and molecular modeling

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Obtenção e caracterização de complexos de inclusão binários e ternários com praziquantel

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

LDPE/EVA Composites for Antimicrobial Properties

Composites with antimicrobial activity are of great interest nowadays and the development of titanium dioxide with these functional properties presents interest in academic and industrial sectors.An approach to develop PE composite containing silver microparticles to have an antimicrobial effect is presented. To obtain such antimicrobial composites, LDPE/EVA were processed with Ag particles on TiO2 particles as inorganic carrier substance. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (P-25) were covered with silver particles using Turkevich Method or citrate reduction method. The Ag/TiO2 particles were dispersed at concentration of 0,8 wt% and 1% wt% in LDPE/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)-(50% w/w) at the melt state in a Haake torque Rheometer. Silver microparticles were characterized with UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The composites thus prepared were characterized through XRD, Ares Rheometer, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and JIS Z 2801 antimicrobial tests to study the effects of the addition of particles on rheological properties, morphological behavior and antimicrobial properties. The results showed that incorporation of silver/titanium dioxide particles on composites obtained systems with differents dispersions. The Ag/TiO2 particles showed uniform distribution of Ag on TiO2 particles as observed by SEM-EDX and antimicrobial tests according to JIS Z 2801 shows excellent antimicrobial properties.

Interaction mechanism of poly (o-ethoxyaniline) and collagen blends

Blend films of poly (o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA) and collagen were fabricated by casting under optimized conditions and characterized by Raman scattering and UV-vis absorption spectroscopies. The UV-vis spectra showed that the addition of collagen in the aqueous solution of POEA promotes a dedoping of the POEA. This effect was also observed for the blend films as supported by Raman scattering and a mechanism for the chemical interaction between POEA-collagen is proposed. The influences of different percentage of collagen as well as the pH of stock solutions during the fabrication process of the blend films were also investigated. It was found that the preparation method plays an important role in the flexibility and freestanding properties of the films. Complementary, the surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy and the conductivity by dc measurements. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.