Kansakunnan parhaaksi. : Suomalaiset naisten- ja lastensairaalat 1920 1940-luvulla arkkitehtonisena, lääketieteellisenä ja yhteiskunnallisena suunnittelukohteena

This dissertation addresses the modernization process of Finnish hospital architecture between the First and Second World War, with focus on facilities explicitly designed for women and children, which as special hospitals reflect specialization, a distinct feature of the modern era. The facilities considered in the study are the Salus hospital, Dr. Länsimäki s women s hospital, the Folkhälsan in Svenska Finland association s child-care institute, the Helsinki Women s Clinic, the Viipuri Women s Hospital, the Helsinki Children s Clinic and the Children's Castle (Lastenlinna) in Helsinki. The study considers hospital architecture as an architectural, medical and social object of design. The theoretical starting point and perspective are the views of the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault (1925 1983) concerning the relationship of bio-power and architecture. Underlying the construction of health-care facilities for women and children were not only the desire to help but also issues of population policy, social policies, training and professionalization. In this study, hospital architecture is interpreted as reflecting developments in medicine, while also producing and reinforcing discourses associated with the ideologies of the time of design and construction. The results of the present research provide new information on the field of hospital design. The design of hospitals was no longer the sole prerogative of architects. Instead, modern hospital design involved the collaboration and networking of experts in various fields. During the period studied, the pavilion system was incorporated in hospital architecture in the block system, which was regarded as a rational. Rationalization was implemented upon the conditions of medical work. This led to spatial design in accordance with medical practices, through which norms were reinforced and created. An important aspect of the material is that the requirements of light, air, openness and hygiene created architecture in glass of an x-ray character, strongly associated with the element of discipline. The alliance of hygiene and architecture became a strategy for controlling the behaviour and encounters of people, for producing pedagogical and moral hygiene, and for reinforcing class hygiene. The modern hospital building also had to meet the requirements of aesthetic hygiene. Health-care facilities designed for women and children became production-oriented machinery, instruments for producing a healthy population and for reinforcing medical discourses.

Visual demands in modern Australian primary school classrooms

BACKGROUND The visual demands of modern classrooms are poorly understood yet are relevant in determining the levels of visual function required to perform optimally within this environment. METHODS Thirty-three Year 5 and 6 classrooms from eight south-east Queensland schools were included. Classroom activities undertaken during a full school day (9 am to 3 pm) were observed and a range of measurements recorded, including classroom environment (physical dimensions, illumination levels), text size and contrast of learning materials, habitual working distances (distance and estimated for near) and time spent performing various classroom tasks. These measures were used to calculate demand-related minimum criteria for distance and near visual acuity, contrast and sustained use of accommodation and vergence. RESULTS The visual acuity demands for distance and near were 0.33 ± 0.13 and 0.72 ± 0.09 logMAR, respectively (using habitual viewing distances and smallest target sizes) or 0.33 ± 0.09 logMAR assuming a 2.5 times acuity reserve for sustained near tasks. The mean contrast levels of learning materials at distance and near were greater than 70 per cent. Near tasks (47 per cent) dominated the academic tasks performed in the classroom followed by distance (29 per cent), distance to near (15 per cent) and computer-based (nine per cent). On average, children engaged in continuous near fixation for 23 ± 5 minutes at a time and during distance-near tasks performed fixation changes 10 ± 1 times per minute. The mean estimated habitual near working distance was 23 ± 1 cm (4.38 ± 0.24 D accommodative demand) and the vergence demand was 0.86 ± 0.07Δ at distance and 21.94 ± 1.09Δ at near assuming an average pupillary distance of 56 mm. CONCLUSIONS Relatively high levels of visual acuity, contrast demand and sustained accommodative-convergence responses are required to meet the requirements of modern classroom environments. These findings provide an evidence base to inform prescribing guidelines and develop paediatric vision screening protocols and referral criteria.

Football supporter cultures in modern-day Brazil: Hypercommodification, networked collectivisms and digital productivity

This thesis analyses the implications for football cultures of the profound socio-economic changes that Brazil has experienced in the last decade. It explores two major impacts: the economic boom of the domestic football sector, and the large-scale adoption of new technologies in fans' activities. The study identified a new phase of football culture in Brazil, characterised by the domination of market logics and intense commercialisation. The empirical findings also showed that new technologies are changing how supporters coordinate activities that challenge the gentrification of the game.

An RNS based transform Architecture for H.264/AVC

This paper presents the architecture and the VHDL design of an integer 2-D DCT used in the H.264/AVC. The 2-D DCT computation is performed by exploiting it’s orthogonality and separability property. The symmetry of the forward and inverse transform is used in this implementation. To reduce the computation overhead for the addition, subtraction and multiplication operations, we analyze the suitability of carry-free position independent residue number system (RNS) for the implementation of 2-D DCT. The implementation has been carried out in VHDL for Altera FPGA. We used the negative number representation in RNS, bit width analysis of the transforms and dedicated registers present in the Logic element of the FPGA to optimize the area. The complexity and efficiency analysis show that the proposed architecture could provide higher through-put.

A multi-microprocessor architecture for solving partial differential equations

This paper presents the architecture of a fault-tolerant, special-purpose multi-microprocessor system for solving Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). The modular nature of the architecture allows the use of hundreds of Processing Elements (PEs) for high throughput. Its performance is evaluated by both analytical and simulation methods. The results indicate that the system can achieve high operation rates and is not sensitive to inter-processor communication delay.

Garden gate to Daijas' father's house Architecture; Residences; Exterior

Verso: Das Gartentor zu Daijas Vaterhaus Georg lebete um die Ecke

A Novel Cache Architecture and Placement Framework for Packet Forwarding Engines

Packet forwarding is a memory-intensive application requiring multiple accesses through a trie structure. With the requirement to process packets at line rates, high-performance routers need to forward millions of packets every second with each packet needing up to seven memory accesses. Earlier work shows that a single cache for the nodes of a trie can reduce the number of external memory accesses. It is observed that the locality characteristics of the level-one nodes of a trie are significantly different from those of lower level nodes. Hence, we propose a heterogeneously segmented cache architecture (HSCA) which uses separate caches for level-one and lower level nodes, each with carefully chosen sizes. Besides reducing misses, segmenting the cache allows us to focus on optimizing the more frequently accessed level-one node segment. We find that due to the nonuniform distribution of nodes among cache sets, the level-one nodes cache is susceptible t high conflict misses. We reduce conflict misses by introducing a novel two-level mapping-based cache placement framework. We also propose an elegant way to fit the modified placement function into the cache organization with minimal increase in access time. Further, we propose an attribute preserving trace generation methodology which emulates real traces and can generate traces with varying locality. Performanc results reveal that our HSCA scheme results in a 32 percent speedup in average memory access time over a unified nodes cache. Also, HSC outperforms IHARC, a cache for lookup results, with as high as a 10-fold speedup in average memory access time. Two-level mappin further enhances the performance of the base HSCA by up to 13 percent leading to an overall improvement of up to 40 percent over the unified scheme.

Gottschalk residence; Zeppelinstrasse 2, Hannover, Germany. architecture residences

Verso: Possibly the Gottschalk house at Zeppelinstrasse 2 in Hannover, Germany, dated 1911. Removed from an unknown scrapbook.

Parallel polygon scan conversion algorithms: Performance evaluation on a shared bus architecture

In this paper, three parallel polygon scan conversion algorithms have been proposed, and their performance when executed on a shared bus architecture has been compared. It has been shown that the parallel algorithm that does not use edge coherence performs better than those that use edge coherence. Further, a multiprocessing architecture has been proposed to execute the parallel polygon scan conversion algorithms more efficiently than a single shared bus architecture.

Interior of Aenny Catzenstein's apartment; Onslo Court (?), London Architecture Residences Interior

Aenny Catzenstein is seen sitting on a sofa in the left corner of the picture

Interior of Aenny Catzenstein's apartment; Onslo Court (?), London Architecture Residences Interior

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Interior of Aenny Catzenstein's apartment; Onslo Court (?), London Architecture Residences Interior

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Interior of Aenny Catzenstein nee Gottschalk's cottage during WW II; Ascona, Switzerland Architecture Residences Interiors

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"Klo-KU-BA", Hans and Elizabeth Krakauer's first marital apartment in the basement of the Jewish Hospital; Hannover, Germany Architecture; Residences; Interior

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