Developing corporate image in higher education sector: a case study of University of East Anglia Norwich, United Kingdom’ [de] Muhammad Amjad, Muhammad Moazam Fraz [recensão crítica]

Recensão crítica do livro "AMJAD, Muhammad; FRAZ, Muhammad Moazam - Developing corporate image in higher education sector: a case study of University of East Anglia Norwich, United Kingdom. Lisboa: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012”.

Study of vanadium doped ZnO films prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering at different substrate temperatures

ZnO films doped with vanadium (ZnO:V) have been prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique at different substrate temperatures (RT–500 C). The effects of the substrate temperature on ZnO:V films properties have been studied. XRD measurements show that only ZnO polycrystalline structure has been obtained, no V2O5 or VO2 crystal phase can be observed. It has been found that the film prepared at low substrate temperature has a preferred orientation along the (002) direction. As the substrate temperature is increased, the (002) peak intensity decreases. When the substrate temperature reaches the 500 C, the film shows a random orientation. SEM measurements show a clear formation of the nano-grains in the sample surface when the substrate temperature is higher than 400 C. The optical properties of the films have been studied by measuring the specular transmittance. The refractive index has been calculated by fitting the transmittance spectra using OJL model combined with harmonic oscillator.

Pilot monitoring study of ibuprofen in surface waters of north of Portugal

Ibuprofen is amongst the most worldwide consumed pharmaceuticals. The present work presents the first data in the occurrence of ibuprofen in Portuguese surface waters, focusing in the north area of the country, which is one of the most densely populated areas of Portugal. Analysis of ibuprofen is based on pre-concentration of the analyte with solid phase extraction and subsequent determination with liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. A total of 42 water samples, including surface waters, landfill leachates,Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), and hospital effluents, were analyzed in order to evaluate the occurrence of ibuprofen in the north of Portugal. In general, the highest concentrations were found in the river mouths and in the estuarine zone. The maximum concentrations found were 48,720 ngL−1 in the landfill leachate, 3,868 ngL−1 in hospital effluent, 616 ngL−1 in WWTP effluent, and 723 ngL−1 in surface waters (Lima river). Environmental risk assessment was evaluated and at the measured concentrations only landfill leachates reveal potential ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms. Owing to a high consumption rate of ibuprofen among Portuguese population, as prescribed and nonprescribed medicine, the importance of hospitals, WWTPs, and landfills as sources of entrance of pharmaceuticals in the environment was pointed out. Landfill leachates showed the highest contribution for ibuprofen mass loading into surface waters. On the basis of our findings, more studies are needed as an attempt to assess more vulnerable areas.

Photoluminescence and electrical study of fluctuating potentials in Cu2ZnSnS4-based thin films

In this work, we investigated structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties from a set of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited on soda lime glass substrates coated with or without molybdenum. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed the formation of single-phase Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films. A good crystallinity and grain compactness of the film was found by scanning electron microscopy. The grown films are poor in copper and rich in zinc, which is a composition close to that of the Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells with best reported efficiency. Electrical conductivity and Hall effect measurements showed a high doping level and a strong compensation. The temperature dependence of the free hole concentration showed that the films are nondegenerate. Photoluminescence spectroscopy showed an asymmetric broadband emission. The experimental behavior with increasing excitation power or temperature cannot be explained by donor-acceptor pair transitions. A model of radiative recombination of an electron with a hole bound to an acceptor level, broadened by potential fluctuations of the valence-band edge, was proposed. An ionization energy for the acceptor level in the range 29–40 meV was estimated, and a value of 172 ±2 meV was obtained for the potential fluctuation in the valence-band edge.

A study of ternary Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 thin films prepared by sulfurizing stacked metal precursors

Thin films of Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 were grown by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered Sn–Cu metallic precursors in a S2 atmosphere. Different maximum sulfurization temperatures were tested which allowed the study of the Cu2SnS3 phase changes. For a temperature of 350 ◦C the films were composed of tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3. The films sulfurized at a maximum temperature of 400 ◦C presented a cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 phase. On increasing the temperature up to 520 ◦C, the Sn content of the layer decreased and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 was formed. The phase identification and structural analysis were performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Raman scattering analysis was also performed and a comparison with XRD and EBSD data allowed the assignment of peaks at 336 and 351 cm−1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, 303 and 355 cm−1 for cubic Cu2SnS3, and 318, 348 and 295 cm−1 for the Cu3SnS4 phase. Compositional analysis was done using energy dispersive spectroscopy and induced coupled plasma analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the layers. Transmittance and reflectance measurements permitted the estimation of absorbance and band gap. These ternary compounds present a high absorbance value close to 104 cm−1. The estimated band gap energy was 1.35 eV for tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3, 0.96 eV for cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 and 1.60 eV for orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. A hot point probe was used for the determination of semiconductor conductivity type. The results show that all the samples are p-type semiconductors. A four-point probe was used to obtain the resistivity of these samples. The resistivities for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 are 4.59 × 10−2 cm, 1.26 × 10−2 cm, 7.40 × 10−4 cm, respectively.

Study of optical and structural properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

Cu2ZnSnS4 is a promising semiconductor to be used as absorber in thin film solar cells. In this work, we investigated optical and structural properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films grown by sulphurization of metallic precursors deposited on soda lime glass substrates. The crystalline phases were studied by X-ray diffraction measurements showing the presence of only the Cu2ZnSnS4 phase. The studied films were copper poor and zinc rich as shown by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a good crystallinity and compactness. An absorption coefficient varying between 3 and 4×104cm−1 was measured in the energy range between 1.75 and 3.5 eV. The band gap energy was estimated in 1.51 eV. Photoluminescence spectroscopy showed an asymmetric broad band emission. The dependence of this emission on the excitation power and temperature was investigated and compared to the predictions of the donor-acceptor-type transitions and radiative recombinations in the model of potential fluctuations. Experimental evidence was found to ascribe the observed emission to radiative transitions involving tail states created by potential fluctuations.

Study of polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 films by Raman scattering

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a p-type semiconductor that has been seen as a possible low-cost replacement for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 in thin film solar cells. So far compound has presented difficulties in its growth, mainly, because of the formation of secondary phases like ZnS, CuxSnSx+1, SnxSy, Cu2−xS and MoS2. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), which is mostly used for phase identification cannot resolve some of these phases from the kesterite/stannite CZTS and thus the use of a complementary technique is needed. Raman scattering analysis can help distinguishing these phases not only laterally but also in depth. Knowing the absorption coefficient and using different excitation wavelengths in Raman scattering analysis, one is capable of profiling the different phases present in multi-phase CZTS thin films. This work describes in a concise form the methods used to grow chalcogenide compounds, such as, CZTS, CuxSnSx+1, SnxSy and cubic ZnS based on the sulphurization of stacked metallic precursors. The results of the films’ characterization by XRD, electron backscatter diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques are presented for the CZTS phase. The limitation of XRD to identify some of the possible phases that can remain after the sulphurization process are investigated. The results of the Raman analysis of the phases formed in this growth method and the advantage of using this technique in identifying them are presented. Using different excitation wavelengths it is also analysed the CZTS film in depth showing that this technique can be used as non destructive methods to detect secondary phases.

Transport mechanism in ionic liquid membranes and the study of thiomersal biodegradation

The initial goal of this work was the development of a supported liquid membrane (SLM) bioreactor for the remediation of vaccine production effluents contaminated with a highly toxic organomercurial – thiomersal. Therefore, two main aspects were focused on: 1) the development of a stable supported liquid membrane – using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) – for the selective transport of thiomersal from the wastewater to a biological compartment, 2) study of the biodegradation kinetics of thiomersal to metallic mercury by a Pseudomonas putida strain. The first part of the work focused on the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids and on the SLMs’ operational stability. The results obtained showed that, although it is possible to obtain a SLM with a high stability, water possesses nonnegligible solubility in the RTILs studied. The formation of water clusters inside the hydrophobic ionic liquid was identified and found to regulate the transport of water and small ions. In practical terms, this meant that, although it was possible to transport thiomersal from the vaccine effluent to the biological compartment, complete isolation of the microbial culture could not be guaranteed and the membrane might ultimately be permeable to other species present in the aqueous vaccine wastewater. It was therefore decided not to operate the initially targeted integrated system but, instead, the biological system by itself. Additionally, attention was given to the development of a thorough understanding of the transport mechanisms involved in the solubilisation and transport of water through supported liquid membranes with RTILs as well as to the evaluation of the effect of water uptake by the SLM in the transport mechanisms of water-soluble solutes and its effect on SLM performance. The results obtained highlighted the determinant role played by water – solubilised inside the ionic liquids – on the transport mechanism. It became clear that the transport mechanism of water and water-soluble solutes through SLMs with [CnMIM][PF6] RTILs was regulated by the dynamics of water clusters inside the RTIL, rather than by molecular diffusion through the bulk of the ionic liquid. Although the stability tests vi performed showed that there were no significant losses of organic phase from the membrane pores, the formation of water clusters inside the ionic liquid, which constitute new, non-selective environments for solute transport, leads to a clear deterioration of SLM performance and selectivity. Nevertheless, electrical impedance spectroscopy characterisation of the SLMs showed that the formation of water clusters did not seem to have a detrimental effect on the SLMs’ electrical characteristics and highlighted the potential of using this type of membranes in electrochemical applications with low resistance requirements. The second part of the work studied the kinetics of thiomersal degradation by a pure culture of P. putida spi3 strain, in batch culture and using a synthe tic wastewater. A continuous ly stirred tank reactor fed with the synthetic wastewater was also operated and the bioreactor’s performance and robustness, when exposed to thiomersal shock loads, were evaluated. Finally, a bioreactor for the biological treatment of a real va ccine production effluent was set up and operated at different dilution rates. Thus it was possible to treat a real thiomersal-contaminated effluent, lowering the outlet mercury concentration to values below the European limit for mercury effluent discharges.

Experimental study of proton induced nuclear reactions in 6,7 Li

This work presents the results of the experimental study of proton induced nuclear reactions in lithium, namely the 7Li(p,α) 4He, 6Li(p,α) 3He and 7Li(p,p)7Li reactions. The amount of 7Li and 6Li identified as primordial and observed in very old stars of the Milky Way galactic halo strongly deviates from the predictions of primordial nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution models which depend, among other factors, on the cross sections of reactions like 7Li(p,α) 4He and 6Li(p,α) 3He. These discrepancies have triggered a large amount of research in the fields of stellar evolution, cosmology, pre-galactic evolution and low energy nuclear reactions. Focusing on nuclear reactions, this work has measured the 7Li(p,α) 4He and 6Li(p,α) 3He reactions cross sections (expressed in terms of the astrophysical S -factor) with higher accuracy, and the electron screening effects in these reactions for different environments (insulators and metallic targets). The 7Li(p,α) 4He angular distributions were also measured. These measurementstook place in two laboratory facilities, in the framework of the LUNA (Laboratory for Undergroud Nuclear Astrophysics) international collaboration, namely the Laboratorio ´ de Feixe de Ioes ˜ in ITN (Instituto Tecnologico ´ e Nuclear) Sacavem, ´ Portugal, and the Dynamitron-TandemLaboratorium in Ruhr-Universitat¨ Bochum, Germany. The ITN target chamber was modified to measure these nuclear reactions, with the design and construction of new components, the addition of one turbomolecular pump and a cold finger. The 7Li(p,α) 4He and 6Li(p,α) 3He reactions were measured concurrently with seven and four targets, respectively. These targets were produced in order to obtain adequate and stable lithium depth profiles. In metallic environments, the measured electron screening potential energies are much higher than the predictions of atomic-physics models. The Debye screening model applied to the metallic conduction electrons is able to explain these high values. It is a simple model, but also very robust. Concerning primordial nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution models, these results are very important as they show that laboratory measurements are well controlled, and the model inputs from these cross sections are therefore correct. In this work the 7Li(p,p)7Li differential cross section was also measured, which is useful to describe the 7Li(p,α) 4He entrance channel.

A reconnaissance study of Upper Jurassic sediments of the Lusitanian Basin

The Upper Jurassic evolution of the Lusitanian Basin is shown to be linked to the rifting phase which preceded the separation of Iberia and the Grand Banks. Structural controls on sedimentation include both NNE-SSW trending faults in the Hercynian basement, and contemporaneous movement of salt diapirs. At the beginning of Upper Oxfordian times, the entire basin had been levelled to within a few metres of sea level, so that the freshwater algal marsh and marginal marine facies of the Cabaços and Vale Verde Beds rest on Triassic to Callovian strata. In the latter part of the Upper Oxfordian. carbonate sedimentation continued, with fluctuating salinity lagoons in the north (Pholodomya protei Beds) separated from shallow open marine carbonates in the south (Montejunto Beds) by the Caldas da Rainha diapir-barrier island complex. The commencement of rifting is recorded in the Kimmeridgian by the sudden influx of terrigenous clastics (developed in both fluviatile and deltaic/submarine fan environments) and accelerated depositional rates in excess of 10cm/10 k.yrs in association with contemporaneous faulting along the SE margin of the Arruda sub-basin. The Caldas-Santa Cruz chain of diapiric structures continued to influence the distribution of carbonate and clastic sediments. In the Portlandian, a simpler facies pattern occurs, with fluviatile clastics interfingering to the south with shallow low energy carbonates.

Simulation study of energy efficient scheduling for IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee cluster-treeWireless Sensor Networks with time-bounded data flows

The simulation analysis is important approach to developing and evaluating the systems in terms of development time and cost. This paper demonstrates the application of Time Division Cluster Scheduling (TDCS) tool for the configuration of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee beaconenabled cluster-tree WSNs using the simulation analysis, as an illustrative example that confirms the practical applicability of the tool. The simulation study analyses how the number of retransmissions impacts the reliability of data transmission, the energy consumption of the nodes and the end-to-end communication delay, based on the simulation model that was implemented in the Opnet Modeler. The configuration parameters of the network are obtained directly from the TDCS tool. The simulation results show that the number of retransmissions impacts the reliability, the energy consumption and the end-to-end delay, in a way that improving the one may degrade the others.

Spatial study of homicide rates in the state of Bahia, Brazil, 1996-2010

OBJECTIVE To analyze the spatial distribution of homicide mortality in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS Ecological study of the 15 to 39-year old male population in the state of Bahia in the period 1996-2010. Data from the Mortality Information System, relating to homicide (X85-Y09) and population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. The existence of spatial correlation, the presence of clusters and critical areas of the event studied were analyzed using Moran’s I Global and Local indices. RESULTS A non-random spatial pattern was observed in the distribution of rates, as was the presence of three clusters, the first in the north health district, the second in the eastern region, and the third cluster included townships in the south and the far south of Bahia. CONCLUSIONS The homicide mortality in the three different critical areas requires further studies that consider the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental characteristics in order to guide specific preventive and interventionist practices.

A comprehensive simulation study of slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we analyze the performance limits of the slotted CSMA/CA mechanism of IEEE 802.15.4 in the beacon-enabled mode for broadcast transmissions in WSNs. The motivation for evaluating the beacon-enabled mode is due to its flexibility for WSN applications as compared to the non-beacon enabled mode. Our analysis is based on an accurate simulation model of the slotted CSMA/CA mechanism on top of a realistic physical layer, with respect to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard specification. The performance of the slotted CSMA/CA is evaluated and analyzed for different network settings to understand the impact of the protocol attributes (superframe order, beacon order and backoff exponent) on the network performance, namely in terms of throughput (S), average delay (D) and probability of success (Ps). We introduce the concept of utility (U) as a combination of two or more metrics, to determine the best offered load range for an optimal behavior of the network. We show that the optimal network performance using slotted CSMA/CA occurs in the range of 35% to 60% with respect to an utility function proportional to the network throughput (S) divided by the average delay (D).

Optimization study of hybrid spot-welded/bonded single-lap joints

Joining of components with structural adhesives is currently one of the most widespread techniques for advanced structures (e.g., aerospace or aeronautical). Adhesive bonding does not involve drilling operations and it distributes the load over a larger area than mechanical joints. However, peak stresses tend to develop near the overlap edges because of differential straining of the adherends and load asymmetry. As a result, premature failures can be expected, especially for brittle adhesives. Moreover, bonded joints are very sensitive to the surface treatment of the material, service temperature, humidity and ageing. To surpass these limitations, the combination of adhesive bonding with spot-welding is a choice to be considered, adding a few advantages like superior static strength and stiffness, higher peeling and fatigue strength and easier fabrication, as fixtures during the adhesive curing are not needed. The experimental and numerical study presented here evaluates hybrid spot-welded/bonded single-lap joints in comparison with the purely spot-welded and bonded equivalents. A parametric study on the overlap length (LO) allowed achieving different strength advantages, up to 58% compared to spot-welded joints and 24% over bonded joints. The Finite Element Method (FEM) and Cohesive Zone Models (CZM) for damage growth were also tested in Abaqus® to evaluate this technique for strength prediction, showing accurate estimations for all kinds of joints.

A sensitivity study of the WRF model in wind simulation for an area of high wind energy

The performance of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model in wind simulation was evaluated under different numerical and physical options for an area of Portugal, located in complex terrain and characterized by its significant wind energy resource. The grid nudging and integration time of the simulations were the tested numerical options. Since the goal is to simulate the near-surface wind, the physical parameterization schemes regarding the boundary layer were the ones under evaluation. Also, the influences of the local terrain complexity and simulation domain resolution on the model results were also studied. Data from three wind measuring stations located within the chosen area were compared with the model results, in terms of Root Mean Square Error, Standard Deviation Error and Bias. Wind speed histograms, occurrences and energy wind roses were also used for model evaluation. Globally, the model accurately reproduced the local wind regime, despite a significant underestimation of the wind speed. The wind direction is reasonably simulated by the model especially in wind regimes where there is a clear dominant sector, but in the presence of low wind speeds the characterization of the wind direction (observed and simulated) is very subjective and led to higher deviations between simulations and observations. Within the tested options, results show that the use of grid nudging in simulations that should not exceed an integration time of 2 days is the best numerical configuration, and the parameterization set composed by the physical schemes MM5–Yonsei University–Noah are the most suitable for this site. Results were poorer in sites with higher terrain complexity, mainly due to limitations of the terrain data supplied to the model. The increase of the simulation domain resolution alone is not enough to significantly improve the model performance. Results suggest that error minimization in the wind simulation can be achieved by testing and choosing a suitable numerical and physical configuration for the region of interest together with the use of high resolution terrain data, if available.