Locating home : the diverse experiences of recent newcomer youth and first generation youth within Ontario's education system

This study has found that youth who or whose parents had left their home country for fear-based reasons were less involved within their school and wider community than youth who left or whose parents left for reasons concerning their social mobility. Many existing studies focus on the challenges newcomer youth experience within the education system (see Anisef, Brown, Phythian, & Sweet, 2010), however through the use of qualitative methodologies this study expanded on the current literature by further examining why it is some youth are successful in overcoming such challenges, while others are not. This study supported what has been demonstrated in the literature regarding challenges faced by newcomer youth and resources to address such challenges. Despite challenges experienced within the education system, youth planned to complete secondary school and attend a postsecondary institution. However, not all youth anticipated remaining in Canada upon completion of their education, with youth or youth whose parents left their home country for fear-based reasons frequently discussing the possibility of returning to their or their parents' home country. Thus, perhaps these youth were less involved within their school, as their goal was not necessarily to establish or maintain connections within their community as they may have viewed residing in Canada as temporary. This finding has important implications, as there are benefits to involvement in extracurricular activities, which may assist youth in overcoming challenges encountered within the education system. Therefore, it would seem that youth who had or whose parents had left their home country for reasons concerning their social mobility may have be at an advantage within the education system with respect to their involvement in school. Perhaps then this differential involvement may at least partially explain why it is some newcomer youth are able to overcome challenges they experience in the education system, while others are not. Both policy and theoretical implications are discussed.

Introduction to engineering : a case study of an interdisciplinary course in Mathematics, Science and Technology

This thesis research was a qualitative case study of a single class of Interdisciplinary Studies: Introduction to Engineering taught in a secondary school. The study endeavoured to explore students' experiences in and perceptions of the course, and to investigate the viability of engineering as an interdisciplinary theme at the secondary school level. Data were collected in the form of student questionnaires, the researcher's observations and reflections, and artefacts representative of students' work. Data analysis was performed by coding textual data and classifying text segments into common themes. The themes that emerged from the data were aligned with facets of interdisciplinary study, including making connections, project-based learning, and student engagement and affective outcomes. The findings of the study showed that students were positive about their experiences in the course, and enjoyed its project-driven nature. Content from mathematics, physics, and technological design was easily integrated under the umbrella of engineering. Students felt that the opportunity to develop problem solving and teamwork skills were two of the most important aspects of the course and could be relevant not only for engineering, but for other disciplines or their day-to-day lives after secondary school. The study concluded that engineering education in secondary school can be a worthwhile experience for a variety of students and not just those intending postsecondary study in engineering. This has implications for the inclusion of engineering in the secondary school curriculum and can inform the practice of curriculum planners at the school, school board, and provincial levels. Suggested directions for further research include classroom-based action research in the areas of technological education, engineering education in secondary school, and interdisciplinary education.

Burgoyne Centre for Entrepreneurship fonds

An Entrepreneurship Centre was established at Brock University in 1988 as a joint venture between the University and the City of St. Catharines. In Januaray 1989, a generous donation was made to the Centre by the Burgoyne family, proprietors of the St. Catharines Standard. The Centre subsequently became known as the Burgoyne Centre for Entrepreneurship (BCE). The Centre’s mission was to “promote excellence in research, education and training for entrepreneur development and new venture creation”. To achieve this objective, it was necessary for the BCE to become a community focal point and serve as a link between academic, private and government sectors in the Niagara Region that were involved in entrepreneurial activities. This was primarily done with the provision of educational programs offered through cooperating organizations. Funding for the Centre came from multiple sources, including fees for services and contract research, endowments and grants, as well as Brock University. An Advisory Council, composed of local prominent businesspeople and chaired by Henry Burgoyne, assisted the Centre with promotion and fundraising. The partnerships established by the BCE with other community bodies such as the Lincoln County Board of Education and the Niagara Region Development Corporation resulted in important collaborative community initiatives such as the Niagara Enterprise Agency and the New Enterprise Store. Such collaborations increased the Centre’s profile without duplicating or competing with services offered by existing agencies. The BCE was also instrumental in establishing an entrepreneurship curriculum for secondary school students, and collaborated with the Faculty of Education at Brock University to offer an Ontario Secondary School Entrepreneurship Specialist Teaching Certificate Program to teachers. As the BCE became more prolific in the community, and the iniatives it fostered in the community began to thrive, the Centre’s leadership required the authority to make instantaneous decisions. This was at odds with the hierarchical structure of the University, to which the BCE was accountable. Ultimately, this situation led to the demise of the Centre. The university focused its efforts on academic research and undergraduate courses, while the community partners took responsibility for any joint programs.

Narratives of Experience in Education: Living and Working Through Poverty in a Rural Community

In this study, I use my own experiences in education as a former elementary student, research assistant, and as a current secondary school teacher, to examine how living in a marginalised rural community challenged by poverty affected my formal education. The purpose of this study was to use stories to: (a) explore my formative elementary education growing up in a community that was experiencing poverty, and; (b) to examine the impact and implications of these experiences for me as a teacher and researcher considering the topic of poverty and education. This study used narrative inquiry to explore stories of education, focusing on experiences living and working in a rural community. My role in the study was both as participant and researcher as I investigate, through story, how I was raised in a marginalised, rural community faced with challenges of poverty and how I relate to my current role as a teacher working in a similar, rural high school. My own experiences and reflections form the basis of the study, but I used the contributions of secondary participants to offer alternative perspective of my interpretation of events. Participants in this study were asked to write about and/or retell their lived stories of working in areas affected by challenging circumstances. From my stories and those of secondary participants, three themes were explored: student authorship, teaching practice, and community involvement. An examination of these themes through commonplaces of place, sociality and time (Connelly and Clandinin, 2006) provide a context for other educators and researchers to consider or reconsider teaching practices in school communities affected by poverty.

A Home at School: Building Stronger Indigenous People through Cultural Resurgence in an Urban Ontario Public School Context.

In this thesis, I work through the educational narratives of young Aboriginal women and men as I explore the relationship between cultural programming and student engagement. My analysis is structured through a collaborative Indigenous research project. My overarching task is to explore how a cultural support program, the Native Youth Advancement with Education Hamilton (NYA WEH) Program, offered at Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School, located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, attempts to re-imagine Aboriginal education in ways that directly challenge the residential school legacy. In particular, I work to illuminate how particular forms of Aboriginal education are connected to the graduation rates of Aboriginal youth. I argue that the ways in which the NYA WEH Program navigates Native Studies curriculum, relationships, and notions of culture and tradition are significant to the engagement of Aboriginal youth. This research develops theoretical connections between the contemporary experience of Aboriginal social inequality and educational initiatives which attempt to reverse that legacy. By placing the NYA WEH Program narratives side-by-side with literature supporting Aboriginal education for Self-determination, I work to learn how to best support and encourage Aboriginal student engagement in secondary schools across Ontario.

A Shift in Role: The Perspectives of Ontario Secondary Principals Working in Data-Driven Environments

This study occurred in 2009 and questioned how Ontario secondary school principals perceived their role had changed, over a 7 year period, in response to the increased demands of data-driven school environments. Specifically, it sought to identify principals' perceptions on how high-stakes testing and data-driven environments had affected their role, tasks, and accountability responsibilities. This study contextualized the emergence of the Education Quality and Accountability Offices (EQAO) as a central influence in the creation of data-driven school environments, and conceptualized the role of the principal as using data to inform and persuade a shift in thinking about the use of data to improve instruction and student achievement. The findings of the study suggest that data-driven environments had helped principals reclaim their positional power as instructional leaders, using data as an avenue back into the classroom. The use of data shifted the responsibilities of the principal to persuade teachers to work collaboratively to improve classroom instruction in order to demonstrate accountability.

Aboriginal Parental Involvement/Engagement for Student Success

An increasing body of knowledge links parental involvement with student success but few studies address Aboriginal parental involvement in urban settings. While some critics argue traditional Aboriginal knowledge is best delivered at home, Aboriginal children who share parents’ stories in the classroom benefit other children who draw connections to these stories. Moreover, Aboriginal learners need to function in mainstream Western society and in public school settings in which educators often have a difficult time engaging Aboriginal parents. Consequently, this research sought to explore the perceptions and sense of engagement of parents/caregivers in the Aboriginal Student Program (ASP) in a publicly funded secondary school in Ontario. The study was an extension of the researcher’s existing work and focused specifically on a sample of parents/caregivers taking part in an Aboriginal feast at an Ontario secondary school. Nine individuals accepted an invitation to participate in a Talking Circle and shared perceptions of their children’s educational experiences. Data were collected and coded, and findings indicated that parental involvement in children’s educational journeys contributed significantly to a sense of parental engagement in the school and in Aboriginal programs. Results also suggest that Eurocentric pedagogy can be modified in mainstream secondary schools to directly involve Aboriginal parents/caregivers. Although many participants’ stories revealed they experienced racism during their own schooling, study findings demonstrate that the parents/caregivers want to be involved in their children’s education nonetheless. This thesis discusses the data that were grounded in the participants’ voices that in turn led to several key recommendations.

Colin Duquemin fonds, 1935, 1968-2001, n.d.

Colin Duquemin was born in 1932 in Guernsey, British Channel Islands, and came to Canada as a young adult. He attended McMaster University (B.A.), the University of Toronto (B.Ed.), the State University of New York at Buffalo (M.A.) and the University of London, London, England (M.Sc.). He began his career as a tea taster and tea buyer in Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), but later became a teacher. He spent most of his teaching career as a manager of the St. Johns Outdoor Studies Centre, north of Fonthill, Ontario, developing environmentally related programmes for elementary and secondary school students. He was also active in many local organizations, serving as Associate Director of the St. Catharines Grape and Wine Festival Board, Chairman of the St. Catharines Historical Museum Board, President of the Niagara Military Institute and President of the Canadian Canal Society. In addition to the numerous curriculum materials he authored, Colin wrote the Driver’s Guide Series, highlighting the many points of interest in the Niagara region, including the Welland Canal, battlefields of the War of 1812, and the Niagara Parkway. He also wrote A Guide to the Grand River Canal (1980) with Daniel Glenney, The Fur Trade in Rupert’s Land: Opening up the Canadian Northwest (1992), Stick to the Guns! A short history of the 10th field battery, Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery (1996), Niagara Rebels: the Niagara Frontier Incidents in the Upper Canada Rebellion, 1837-1838 ( 2001), and edited and contributed to A Lodge of Friendship: the History of Niagara Lodge, No. 2, A.F. & A.M, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada, 1792-1992 (1991). He died in December 2012.

Entrance Examination Certificate Collegiate Institutes and High Schools of Ontario - Mary Willson

A certificate from the Collegiate Institutes and High Schools of Ontario of the Education Department of Ontario stating: "It is hereby certified that Mary Willson has passed the entrance examination required by the Education Department for admission to a Collegiate Institute or High School. Dated at Welland August 1st, 1908. Signed John W. Marshall, B.A. Inspector of Public Schools.

Towards Equitable Access to Postsecondary Education: Learning From the Voices of First Generation Students

This qualitative, phenomenological study investigated first generation students’ perceptions of the challenges they experienced in the process of accessing higher education and the type of school-based support that was received. Particular emphasis was placed on the impact of parental education level on access to postsecondary education (PSE) and how differences in support at the primary and secondary levels of schooling influenced access. Purposeful, homogenous sampling was used to select 6 first generation students attending a postsecondary institution located in Ontario. Analysis of the data revealed that several interrelated factors impact first generation students’ access to postsecondary education. These include familial experiences and expectations, school streaming practices, secondary school teachers’ and guidance counselors’ representations of postsecondary education, and the nature of school-based support that participants received. The implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed and recommendations for enhancing school-based support to ensure equitable access to postsecondary education for first generation students are provided.

Investigating Formative Assessment: Exploring the Impact on the Self-Efficacy and Motivation of Mathematics Students

This is a study of the implementation and impact of formative assessment strategies on the motivation and self-efficacy of secondary school mathematics students. An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was implemented where quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed sequentially in 2 different phases. The first phase involved quantitative data from student questionnaires and the second phase involved qualitative data from individual student and teacher interviews. The findings of the study suggest that formative assessment is implemented in practice in diverse ways and is a process where the strategies are interconnected. Teachers experience difficulty in incorporating peer and self-assessment and perceive a need for exemplars. Key factors described as influencing implementation include teaching philosophies, interpretation of ministry documents, teachers’ experiences, leadership in administration and department, teacher collaboration, misconceptions of teachers, and student understanding of formative assessment. Findings suggest that overall, formative assessment positively impacts student motivation and self-efficacy, because feedback is provided which offers encouragement and recognition by highlighting the progress that has been made and what steps need to be taken to improve. However, students are impacted differently with some considerations including how students perceive mistakes and if they fear judgement. Additionally, the impact of formative assessment is influenced by the connection between self-efficacy and motivation, namely how well a student is doing is a source of both concepts.

L'influence de l'engagement de l'élève sur le lien entre le redoublement et le décrochage scolaire

Malgré une diminution de sa prévalence au cours des dernières décennies, le décrochage scolaire demeure une problématique inquiétante et ses effets ont de lourdes conséquences au niveau de l’individu et de la société. Parmi les nombreux facteurs de risque identifiés par les recherches dans le domaine de l’éducation, le redoublement est l’un des prédicteurs les plus puissants du décrochage scolaire. L’engagement scolaire a quant à lui été à plusieurs reprises identifié comme étant une variable prometteuse dans la prévention et l’intervention de l’abandon des études. L’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier l’effet potentiellement médiateur de l’engagement scolaire sur le lien entre le redoublement et le décrochage scolaire chez une population d’adolescents québécois provenant de milieux défavorisés. Malgré que les résultats ne démontrent pas un effet médiateur, ils permettent d’affirmer la présence d’un effet additif de l’engagement de l’élève au redoublement scolaire dans la prédiction du décrochage scolaire.

La résilience sous l'angle de l'autodétermination pour une meilleure santé psychologique des enseignants : déterminer des types de résilience

Ce projet propose une nouvelle approche de la résilience en vue d’assurer le bien-être chez les enseignants. Les raisons qui nous amènent à un tel intérêt sont notamment le stress intense ressenti dans le corps professoral où la tâche est lourde et particulièrement difficile. Sera donc abordé au chapitre premier, le fait que l’environnement de travail, par ses caractéristiques, génère du stress et des effets néfastes. Par la suite, la résilience étant sollicitée pour retenir les travailleurs en poste, nous décrirons son historique, ce qui nous amènera à soulever une problématique d’importance, notamment le fait qu’elle ne soit pas nécessairement accompagnée d’un bien-être salutaire. En contrepartie, un des indicateurs du bien-être est la motivation autodéterminée. Nous détaillerons ces notions et verrons comment elles sont atteintes par les conditions mêmes de travail. Cette mise en contexte nous permettra, en chapitre deuxième, de concevoir la résilience sous un autre jour grâce à la mise en lien avec les motivations autodéterminées. S’y dessineront deux types importants, dans lesquels motivation et bien-être devraient différer sensiblement. Cela pourrait expliquer la raison d’un bien-être mitigé. Nous terminerons ce chapitre par nos hypothèses. Nous aborderons ensuite la vérification de la proposition de types de résilience sous-tendues par la motivation. Au chapitre troisième, la méthodologie décrira l’échantillon de 465 enseignants québécois du primaire et du secondaire, les différents questionnaires de résilience, motivation et bien-être aux fins de l’étude transversale. Le chapitre suivant traitera des résultats des ANOVA , MANOVA et ANOVA factorielles entreprises. Notamment, les différences statistiques de bien-être et de motivation seront détaillées, ainsi que la non interaction entre motivation et résilience. Les effets principaux de résilience à tous les niveaux de motivation seront décrits. Les résultats obtenus nous permettrons une discussion au chapitre cinquième avant de conclure qu’effectivement, des différences sont observables, que la résilience pourrait s’opérer en deux formes durant lesquelles les motivations et le bien-être sont différents. Il sera possible d’envisager la résilience non pas comme une caractéristique personnelle stable ou un résultat statique, mais comme un processus pouvant prendre différentes formes qu’il serait alors possible de promouvoir. En découle également une mise en garde contre le fait de penser qu’il n’est plus nécessaire d’agir auprès des personnes étiquetées de résilientes. Le soutien semble encore nécessaire pour soutenir un processus efficace.

Construction identitaire d'enseignantes de la danse en milieu scolaire : sphères de négociation, tensions et stratégies identitaires

Depuis 1981, les jeunes du primaire et secondaire sont sensibilisés à la danse par des enseignants qui l’offrent au sein du curriculum de la formation générale des jeunes. Les enseignants de la danse en milieu scolaire (EDMS) du Québec, bénéficient d’une formation universitaire à la fois disciplinaire, pédagogique et pratique qui développe leurs compétences tant artistiques que professionnelles. Au sein de cette formation initiale, commence le développement de l’identité professionnelle de l’enseignant (Lessard et Tardif, 2003) qui continue à se développer durant toute la carrière. Toutefois, la construction identitaire de l’EDMS n’a pas fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie car l’enseignement de la danse en milieu scolaire est une profession relativement nouvelle, non-traditionnelle et méconnue. Ainsi, dans le cadre d’une approche sociologique constructiviste, nous nous penchons sur les tensions et stratégies identitaires inhérentes aux trajectoires biographiques et aux représentations professionnelles de praticiens dans le but de mieux connaître qui ils sont. Nous cherchons à comprendre le sens qu’ils donnent, dans leur construction identitaire, à leur parcours de formation, à leur travail, à leurs relations dans le travail, aux savoirs, et aux institutions en élaborant les rapports qu’ils entretiennent avec autrui ainsi que la perception de leurs rôles, statuts et fonctions artistiques et éducatifs. Un cadre conceptuel nous a permis de faire un portrait sociologique des sphères de négociations identitaires inhérentes à la construction de l’identité professionnelle grâce à l’analyse de la double transaction biographique et relationnelle, un concept de Dubar (1991). Les données de cette étude, recueillies auprès de dix-huit EDMS, proviennent d’un questionnaire sociodémographique ainsi que d’un questionnaire et d’entretiens sur leurs représentations professionnelles, leurs héritages et sur les incidents critiques de leurs trajectoires biographiques. L’analyse inductive des données par l’approche de théorisation ancrée, vérifiée par quinze participantes, a permis de dégager six sphères internes et externes de négociations identitaires communes à la construction de l’identité professionnelle d’EDMS : Devenir, Se réaliser, Se projeter, Faire sa place, Rencontrer l’autre et Agir. Ces sphères se présentent comme des espaces d’identification dans lesquelles l’EDMS construit son identité professionnelle en se positionnant par rapport aux identités héritées, acquises, prescrites, réelles et projetées. Cependant, les écarts entre les logiques opposées, les postures complémentaires et les rôles à jouer pour soi et pour autrui dans la pratique peuvent engendrer des tensions identitaires intrasubjectives et intersubjectives que nous avons identifiées. Pour réduire les écarts entre les représentations polaires et pour apaiser les zones d’incertitudes identitaires, l’EDMS mobilise des stratégies temporelles et spatiales. Neuf ont été relevées: conversion, conciliation, différenciation, implication multiple, maintien identitaire, défense, promotion, alternance des rôles et formation continue. Cette étude expose des façons d’EDMS de se définir pour soi et pour autrui qui permettent d’accéder aux référents identitaires des sphères par des exemples concrets issus des verbalisations de participantes sur le terrain. L’interprétation de nos résultats nous conduit à décrire six profils identitaires provisoires. Nos résultats offrent des retombées possibles en formation initiale et continue.

Déterminants individuels et contextuels de la mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans en Afrique au sud du Sahara : analyse comparative des enquêtes démographiques et de santé

La santé des enfants demeure une question prioritaire en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les disparités en matière de mortalité entre pays et au sein des pays persistent et se sont fortement accrues durant la dernière décennie. En dépit de solides arguments théoriques voulant que les variables contextuelles soient des déterminants importants de la santé des enfants, ces facteurs, et particulièrement les influences du contexte local, ont été étudiées beaucoup moins souvent que les caractéristiques individuelles. L'objectif principal de la présente thèse est d’identifier les déterminants individuels et contextuels associés à la mortalité des enfants de moins de 5 ans en Afrique sub-saharienne. L’analyse systématique est basée sur les données les plus récentes des enquêtes démographiques et de santé (DHS/EDS). Deux questions spécifiques sont examinées dans cette thèse. La première évalue la mesure dans la quelle le contexte local affecte la mortalité infanto-juvénile, net des caractéristiques individuelles. La seconde question est consacrée à l’examen de l’effet du faible poids à la naissance sur le risque de décès avant 5 ans. Par rapport à la première question, les analyses multi-niveaux confirment pour plusieurs pays étudiés l’importance simultanée de l’environnement familial et du contexte local de résidence dans l’explication des différences de mortalité infanto-juvénile. Toutefois, par comparaison au contexte familial, l’ampleur de l’effet de l’environnement local paraît assez modeste. Il apparaît donc que le contexte familial reste un puissant déterminant de la mortalité des enfants de moins de 5 ans en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les résultats indiquent en outre que certains attributs du contexte local de résidence influencent le risque de décès des enfants avant 5 ans, au-delà des facteurs individuels dans plusieurs pays. Cette thèse confirme l’effet contextuel de l’éducation sur la mortalité des enfants. Cet effet s’ajoute, dans certains pays, à l'effet positif du niveau individuel d’éducation de la mère sur la survie de l'enfant. Les résultats montrent aussi que le degré d’homogénéité ethnique de la localité influence fortement la probabilité de mourir avant 5 ans dans certains pays. Globalement, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que le défi de réduire la mortalité des enfants va au-delà des stratégies visant uniquement les facteurs individuels, et nécessite une meilleure compréhension de l’influence des facteurs contextuels. Par rapport à la deuxième question, les résultats montrent également que les facteurs individuels restent aussi très importants dans l’explication des différences de mortalité des enfants dans plusieurs pays étudiés. Nos résultats indiquent que les différences de mortalité selon le poids à la naissance sont significatives dans tous les pays inclus dans l’analyse. Les enfants nés avec un faible poids (moins de 2500 grammes) courent presque 2 à 4 fois plus de risques de mourir au cours des cinq premières années de vie que les enfants de poids normal, même après correction pour l’hétérogénéité non observée. Ce résultat suggère qu’en plus des mesures visant à réduire la pauvreté et les inégalités de revenus, la réduction de l’incidence du faible poids à la naissance pourrait apporter une contribution majeure aux Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement; spécialement comme une stratégie efficace pour réduire le niveau de mortalité parmi les enfants de moins de cinq ans.