Atividades de quitinase e beta-1,3-glucanase após eliciação das defesas do tomateiro contra a mancha-bacteriana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de eliciadores biológicos e químicos sobre as atividades de duas proteínas relacionadas à patogênese (PR), quitinase e beta-1,3-glucanase, em folhas de tomateiro, e avaliar o potencial desses eliciadores na redução do progresso da mancha-foliar causada por Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Plantas de tomateiro da cultivar Santa Cruz Kada foram pulverizadas com: acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM; 0,2 g L-1); formulação biológica proveniente de biomassa cítrica, denominada Ecolife (5 mL L-1); suspensão de quitosana (MCp; 200 g L-1), proveniente de micélio de Crinipellis perniciosa; extrato aquoso de ramos de lobeira (Solanum lycocarpum) infectados por C. perniciosa (VLA; 300 g L-1). As plantas foram desafiadas com um isolado virulento da bactéria, quatro dias depois das pulverizações. Plantas pulverizadas com extratos biológicos mostraram redução da mancha-bacteriana. ASM proporcionou 49,3% de proteção, e foi igual à MCp e Ecolife e superior ao VLA. Este último não diferiu significativamente de MCp e Ecolife. Observou-se maior atividade das duas enzimas nas plantas tratadas, principalmente nas primeiras horas após as pulverizações.

Relação potássio-nitrogênio para o diagnóstico e manejo nutricional da cultura da batata

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a curva máxima de diluição do K e ajustar a relação com a curva de diluição do N, durante o ciclo de crescimento e desenvolvimento da batata, para fins de diagnóstico e manejo nutricional. Os tratamentos consistiram de soluções nutritivas com concentrações de K de 3,5; 5,5; 6,5; 8,0 e 9,5 mmol L-1. O delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi empregado com quatro repetições. Quatro plantas de cada tratamento foram coletadas, em intervalos semanais, para análise do crescimento e determinação dos teores de N e K. A curva máxima de diluição do K foi ajustada e a extração máxima foi determinada durante o ciclo de crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultura. Observou-se que a estimativa dos teores máximos de K pode ser obtida a partir dos teores críticos de N. As quantidades de K a serem fornecidas, para obtenção de determinada produtividade, podem ser estimadas com base no teor de N nos tecidos.

Potato plant growth and macronutrient uptake as affected by soil tillage and irrigation systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate potato plant growth and macronutrient uptake, as affected by soil tillage methods, in sprinkle and drip irrigated experiments. Eight treatments were set: T1, no tillage, except for furrowing before planting; T2, one subsoiling (SS); T3, twice rotary hoeing (RH); T4, one disc plowing (DP) + twice disc harrow leveling (DL); T5, 1DP + 2DL + 1RH; T6, 1DP + 2DL + 2RH; T7, 1SS + T6; T8, one moldboard plowing (MP) + 2DL. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. In both irrigation systems, plants presented higher emergence velocity index (EVI), when the soil was not tillaged, and the EVI was inversely related to the maximum tuber dry mass production. In both experiments, a functional direct relationship was found between the leaf area index and maximum tuber dry mass yield. The growth of plant organs (tuber, leaf, stem and root) and the macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) contents in potato plant responded positively to a deeper soil revolving caused by plowing, especially with moldboard plow.

Study and modeling of the desintegration kinetics of coated paper

The disintegration of recovered paper is the first operation in the preparation of recycled pulp. It is known that the defibering process follows a first order kinetics from which it is possible to obtain the disintegration kinetic constant (KD) by means of different ways. The disintegration constant can be obtained from the Somerville index results (%lsv and from the dissipated energy per volume unit (Ss). The %slv is related to the quantity of non-defibrated paper, as a measure of the non-disintegrated fiber residual (percentage of flakes), which is expressed in disintegration time units. In this work, disintegration kinetics from recycled coated paper has been evaluated, working at 20 revise rotor speed and for different fiber consistency (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14%). The results showed that the values of experimental disintegration kinetic constant, Ko, through the analysis of Somerville index, as function of time. Increased, the disintegration time was drastically reduced. The calculation of the disintegration kinetic constant (modelled Ko), extracted from the Rayleigh’s dissipation function, showed a good correlation with the experimental values using the evolution of the Somerville index or with the dissipated energy

Produção hidropônica de batata em diferentes concentrações de solução nutritiva e épocas de cultivo

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficiência fotossintética e a produção hidropônica de minitubérculos de batata, em função das concentrações da solução nutritiva e das épocas de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido em telado, em sistema hidropônico fechado com areia como substrato, durante os cultivos de outono e primavera de 2005. As concentrações da solução nutritiva de 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2 e 2,5 dS m-1 constituíram os tratamentos, dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Foram determinados: a massa de matéria seca total da parte aérea e de tubérculos; a massa de matéria fresca e o número de tubérculos; a eficiência fotossintética e os índices de área foliar e de colheita. A diluição da concentração da solução nutritiva pode ser utilizada em sistema hidropônico fechado, com areia como substrato, sem prejuízos para a produção de tubérculos. A eficiência fotossintética atinge maiores valores no plantio de primavera e depende da concentração da solução nutritiva.

Study and modeling of the desintegration kinetics of coated paper

The disintegration of recovered paper is the first operation in the preparation of recycled pulp. It is known that the defibering process follows a first order kinetics from which it is possible to obtain the disintegration kinetic constant (KD) by means of different ways. The disintegration constant can be obtained from the Somerville index results (%lsv and from the dissipated energy per volume unit (Ss). The %slv is related to the quantity of non-defibrated paper, as a measure of the non-disintegrated fiber residual (percentage of flakes), which is expressed in disintegration time units. In this work, disintegration kinetics from recycled coated paper has been evaluated, working at 20 revise rotor speed and for different fiber consistency (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14%). The results showed that the values of experimental disintegration kinetic constant, Ko, through the analysis of Somerville index, as function of time. Increased, the disintegration time was drastically reduced. The calculation of the disintegration kinetic constant (modelled Ko), extracted from the Rayleigh’s dissipation function, showed a good correlation with the experimental values using the evolution of the Somerville index or with the dissipated energy

Rhizosphere bacterial communities of potato cultivars evaluated through PCR-DGGE profiles

The objective of this work was to determine the shifts on the PCR-DGGE profiles of bacterial communities associated to the rhizosphere of potato cultivars, in order to generate baseline information for further studies of environmental risk assessment of genetically modified potato plants. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with five potato cultivars (Achat, Bintje, Agata, Monalisa and Asterix), cultivated in pots containing soil from an integrated system for agroecological production. The experiment was conducted in a split plot randomized block design with five cultivars, three sampling periods and five replicates. Rhizosphere samples were collected in three sampling dates during plant development. DNA of rhizosphere microorganisms was extracted, amplified by PCR using bacterial universal primers, and analyzed through DGGE. Shifts on the rhizosphere bacterial communities associated to rhizosphere of different cultivars were related to both cultivar and plant age. Differences among rhizosphere bacterial communities were clearest at the earliest plant age, tending to decrease in later stages. This variation was detected among bacterial communities of the five tested cultivars. The characterization of soil microbial communities can be part of plant breeding programs to be used on studies of environmental risk assessment of genetically modified potatoes.

Desenvolvimento e rendimento de clones de batata na primavera e no outono

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da radiação solar, da temperatura do ar e do fotoperíodo, no desenvolvimento e rendimento de clones de batata, cultivados em condições climáticas de primavera e outono. Foram avaliados os clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3, SMINIA97145-2 e a cultivar Macaca, nos cultivos de primavera e outono, em Santa Maria, RS. Foram determinados: número de folhas no início da tuberização e no final, filocrono, soma térmica acumulada da emergência ao início da tuberização e do início da tuberização ao início da senescência, e rendimento. As condições de temperatura e fotoperíodo modificaram os valores de soma térmica acumulada nas fases emergência-início da tuberização e início da tuberização-início da senescência, o rendimento e o número de folhas no início da tuberização, porém, não afetaram o filocrono e o número de folhas final. A soma térmica acumulada necessária ao aparecimento de folhas variou entre os clones. A determinação do número de folhas no início da tuberização, na primavera e no outono, pode ser utilizada para a identificação de clones com potencial de cultivo, em ambas as estações. O desenvolvimento das plantas de batata é pouco afetado pelas condições de cultivo. A disponibilidade de radiação solar determina as diferenças de rendimento dos cultivos de primavera e outono, no Rio Grande do Sul.

Blanc sota negre. Treballs des de l'imperceptible / 2. Mar Arza: Lectures i consums...

En els treballs de Mar Arza es percep una preocupació sostinguda per les línies escrites queapareixen sobre les superfícies. En els inicis, alterava les pàgines i les lletres dels llibres de vell. Recentment, ha intervingut la lletra escrita i els buits de qualsevol paper imprès –llibretes d’estalvis, factures de la llum, volants mèdics, fulls de calendaris, dècims de loteria...

Resistance of genetically modified potatoes to Potato virus Y under field conditions

The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance of genetically modified clones of potato to Potato virus Y (PVY) under field conditions. Genetically modified plants were compared with nontransformed plants of the same cultivar. The plots were flanked with potato plants infected with both PVYº and PVY N strains (spread lines), in order to provide the experimental area with the source of virus, which was naturally spread by the native aphid population. The experiment was weekly monitored by visual inspections and by DAS-Elisa in the plants produced from the harvested tubers, in order to evaluate the resistance of transgenic plants throughout the plant growth cycle. By the end of the third year, no infection symptoms were observed in the 1P clone; clone 63P showed 1% of infection, in contrast to about 90% of nontransformed plants infected. The stable expression of resistance to PVY provided by the coat protein gene was obtained in genetically modified clones of potato plants cultivar Achat under field conditions, during three consecutive years.

Grafted eggplant yield, quality and growth in infested soil with Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of grafting (onto Solanum torvum Sw.) on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of the Pala and Faselis eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars, grown in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Meloidogyne incognita, or in noninfested soil. Soil infestation decreased yield, plant height, final above-ground biomass, and also reduced fruit mean weight and shoot dry weight depending on cultivar or grafting. Grafting decreased fruit oxalic acid and the soluble solid contents, and increased mean fruit weight, depending on cultivar and soil infestation. Grafting also reduced the negative effects of the pathogens on disease index, plant height and shoot dry weight. Cultivar Pala was more vigorous than Faselis, and S. torvum was a vigorous rootstock. The combination of a vigorous rootstock with a weak cultivar (Faselis) is more profitable than that of a vigorous rootstock and a vigorous cultivar (Pala). Using S. torvum as a rootstock for cultivar Faselis, grown in soil infested with the pathogens, is most likely to be useful in conventional and low-input sustainable horticulture, since grafting increases protection against the pathogens, and reduces the losses in quality and yield.

Potato cultivar identification using molecular markers

The objective of this work was to evaluate a set of microsatellite markers for varietal identification and characterization of the most widespread potato cultivars in Brazil. The DNA from 14 potato cultivars was genotyped using microsatellite markers and the alleles were scored in silver-stained polyacrylamide gel. Twenty-four microsatellite markers were evaluated, and only one locus was monomorphic. Based on band patterns, a set of two microsatellites that were able to identify and differentiate all examined cultivars was obtained.

Produtividade simulada de tubérculos de batata em cenários de mudanças climáticas

The objective of this study was to simulate potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber yield in different climate change scenarios of increased carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] and air temperature, considering symmetric and asymmetric increases in minimum and maximum daily air temperatures. Spitters model was used to simulate Asterix cultivar tuber yield considering two growing seasons (spring and fall) recommended for Santa Maria, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each growing season, five planting dates were evaluated in climate scenarios of a hundred years with no increase in [CO2] and temperature (current scenario), and in scenarios with doubling [CO2] and temperature increases of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6ºC. A symmetric increase of 4ºC and an asymmetric increase of 5ºC in air temperature offset the yield beneficial effect of increasing [CO2] during spring, whereas increase in air temperature does not affect potato tuber yield during fall. Anticipating planting date in spring and delaying it in fall decrease the negative impact of the increasing air temperature on potato tuber yield.

Mating type, mefenoxam sensitivity, and pathotype diversity in Phytophthora infestans isolates from tomato in Brazil

The objective of this work was to characterize 79 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fields, as to mating type, mefenoxam sensitivity, and pathotype composition. The isolates were sampled in 2006 and 2007 in seven Brazilian states as well as in the Distrito Federal. They were characterised as to mating type (n=79), sensitivity to fungicide mefenoxam (n=79), and virulence to three major resistance genes Ph-1, Ph-2, and Ph-3/Ph-4 (n=62). All isolates were of the mating type A1. Resistant isolates were detected in all sampled states, and its average frequency was superior to 50%. No difference was detected in pathotype diversity, neither between subpopulations collected in 2006 and 2007 nor between isolates grouped as resistant or intermediately sensitive to mefenoxam. All major resistance genes were overcome at different frequencies: Ph-1, 88.7%; Ph-2, 64.5%; and Ph-3/Ph-4, 25.8%. Isolates with virulence genes able to overcome all major resistance genes were detected at low frequencies. Tomato breeding programs in Brazil must avoid the development of cultivars with resistance based exclusively on major genes.

Capacidade combinatória de híbridos de tomateiro de crescimento determinado, resistentes a Begomovirus e Tospovirus

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade combinatória de linhagens de tomateiro com hábito de crescimento determinado, com resistência múltipla a espécies dos gêneros Begomovirus e Tospovirus, e identificar combinações híbridas superiores. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com 14 híbridos obtidos do cruzamento de sete linhagens femininas (grupo I) com duas linhagens masculinas (grupo II), em um dialelo parcial. As seguintes características agronômicas foram avaliadas: produção total, produção precoce, massa média de frutos, formato, firmeza inicial e firmeza na meia-vida. As linhagens genitoras TOM-680 e TOM-682, do grupo I, se destacaram por exibir as maiores estimativas de capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) quanto às características produção total, produção precoce e massa média de frutos, enquanto a linhagem TOM-585 se destacou quanto aos maiores valores de produção total e massa média de frutos. No grupo II, a linhagem TOM-698 apresentou estimativas superiores de CGC para as características de produção total, produção precoce, massa média dos frutos e firmeza inicial dos frutos. O híbrido TOM-682xTOM-698 apresenta as maiores estimativas de capacidade geral e específica de combinação para produção total, produção precoce e meia-vida da firmeza, e é o genótipo mais promissor entre os materiais testados.