Avaliação do potencial da fibra e casca de coco maduro, casca de coco verde e cacto pré-tratados visando à produção de etanol

The present work investigated the potential of different residual lignocellulosic materials generated in rural and urban areas (coconut fibre mature, green coconut shell and mature coconut shell), and vegetable cultivated in inhospitable environments (cactus) aimed at the production of ethanol, being all materials abundant in the Northeast region of Brazil. These materials were submitted to pretreatments with alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by sodium hydroxide (AHP-SHP), autohydrolysis (AP), hydrothermal catalyzed with sodium hydroxide (HCSHP) and alkali ethanol organosolv (AEOP). These materials pretreated were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis and strategies of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and saccharification and fermentation semi-simultaneous (SSSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis. It was also evaluated the presence of inhibitory compounds (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, acetic acid, formic acid and levulinic acid) and seawater during the fermentative process. Materials pretreated with AHP-SHP have resulted in delignification of the materials in a range between 54 and 71%, containing between 51.80 and 54.91% of cellulose, between 17.65 and 28.36% of hemicellulose, between 7.99 and 10.12% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversions in glucose between 68 and 76%. Conversion yields in ethanol using SSF and SSSF for coconut fibre mature pretreated ranged from 0.40 and 0.43 g/g, 0.43 and 0.45 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AP showed yields of solids between 42.92 and 92.74%, containing between 30.65 and 51.61% of cellulose, 21.34 and 41.28% of lignin. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in glucose conversions between 84.10 and 92.52%. Proceeds from conversion into ethanol using green coconut shell pretreated, in strategy SSF and SSSF, were between 0.43 and 0.45 g/g. Coconut fibre mature pretreated by HCSHP presented solids yields between 21.64 and 60.52%, with increased in cellulose between 28.40 and 131.20%, reduction of hemicellulose between 43.22 and 69.04% and reduction in lignin between 8.27 and 89.13%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion in glucose of 90.72%. Ethanol yields using the SSF and SSSF were 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Materials pretreated by AEOP showed solid reductions between 10.75 and 43.18%, cellulose increase up to 121.67%, hemicellulose reduction up to 77.09% and lignin reduced up to 78.22%. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the conversion of glucose between 77.54 and 84.27%. Yields conversion into ethanol using the SSF and SSSF with cactus pretreated ranged from 0.41 and 0.44 g/g, 0.43 and 0.46 g/g, respectively. Fermentations carried out in bioreactors resulted in yields and ethanol production form 0.42 and 0.46 g/g and 7.62 and 12.42 g/L, respectively. The inhibitory compounds showed negative synergistic effects in fermentations performed by P. stipitis, Z. mobilis and S. cerevisiae. Formic acid and acetic acid showed most significant effects among the inhibitory compounds, followed by hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and levulinic acid. Fermentations carried out in culture medium diluted with seawater showed promising results, especially for S. cerevisiae (0.50 g/g) and Z. mobilis (0.49 g/g). The different results obtained in this study indicate that lignocellulosic materials, pretreatments, fermentative processes strategies and the microorganisms studied deserve attention because they are promising and capable of being used in the context of biorefinery, aiming the ethanol production.

Reaproveitamento de condensado e vapor flash em uma planta têxtil com ênfase no setor de acabamento

This study focused object a steam generation system, steam distribution and condensate return a textile plant located in Rio Grande do Norte. The work was based on the following objectives: Knowing the use of saturated water vapor in the dyeing and finishing processes in a textile plant; To study the various aspects of a steam distribution system to identify the ways in which energy losses occur; Obtain quantitative information of the main loss in steam generation system and steam distribution and to measure the losses, water and steam system; Using the flash steam as a means of cost reduction. For it was made use of the calculation of financial gains made in their respective improvements. As a database for the development of working registers are used in industrial processes, data from utility systems, laboratory data analysis and on-line analyzers, covering the period 2013. Using the principles set conservation laws mass and energy, those data showed that the loss of water and energy in the steam system are significant and that the environmental and economic gains to be obtained with improvement actions are quite significant. Based on the data and results suggest that future studies deem the continuity approach to steam generation systems, distribution and mainly condensate return.

Lâminas de água salina e doses de adubação orgânica na produção de palma Miúda adensada no semiárido

Cactus pear is an important forage for livestock in semi-arid region of Brazil, due to its adaptation to climate conditions in this region, high productivity and nutritional value. The yield of this cactus has positively responded to techniques such as planting density, fertilization and cutting managements, however, in Rio Grande do Norte State, only certain areas have favorable climate conditions to the development of this crop. Drip irrigation, with a small amount of water, has proven to be an alternative to the viability of cactus pear cultivation in these areas. The research aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of saline water and manure organic fertilization on the morphological characteristics and production of fresh and dry matter of the prickly-pear cactus cv. Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dick) in a dense planting system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Terras Secas (EMPARN), Pedro Avelino, latitude 5°31'21" South and longitude 36°23'14" West. The soil was classified as Typical Cambisol Haplicum Carbonate and the water used in irrigation, C4S1T3 (5,25 dS.m-1), with planting spacing of 2.0 x 0.25 m (20,000 plants ha-1). A completely randomized design in a split plot was used, where water levels (0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 mm month-1) with 10 days intervals, were the main plots and organic fertilization (0 , 25 and 50 Mg ha-1 yr-1) the subplots, with four replicates. The measured morphological characteristics were number of cladodes, height and volume of the plant; length, width, perimeter, thickness, area and cladodes area index, fresh and dry matter production, dry matter content, water use efficiency (WUE) and damage promoted by cochineal pest (Diaspis echinocacti) and soft rot (Erwinia carotovora). There was no influence (P>0.05) of organic fertilization on most variables, particularly in relation to the production of fresh and dry matter. The water levels had a significant influence (P<0.05) on most variables, promoting higher height and volume of the plants, larger and thicker cladodes, and increase on fresh and dry matter production (13.55 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1). The absence of irrigation caused a significant expansion in plant damage caused by the cochineal pest and when irrigated with different water levels there was an increase in damage and stand loss, caused by soft rot, been more intense at the higher water level.

Cidade média do agronegócio: os efeitos da reestruturação produtiva no município de Rio Verde/GO

The average cities inserted in the areas of the Brazilian Cerrado are restructuring in the rural and urban areas in recent decades as a result of agricultural investments. Representative of this process, we chose Rio Verde due to two processes: to develop socioeconomically depending on agricultural production restructuring Cerrado after 1970 and offer average city features regional centrality and intra-urban contradictions. So we have as the problem situation the fact of Rio Verde be inserted in an agricultural region, where the restructured field creates cooperation with the agricultural industry and the tertiary sector, structuring a regional agribusiness success. However, let us doubts about the effects of the restructuring process in socio-economic and environmental terms, in relation to the field and the city. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to contribute to the discussion about the medium- sized Cerrado cities whose functions are linked to agribusiness, and understand the logic and the effects of the restructuring process in rural and urban areas, having Rio Verde – GO as the reference for studying. Regarding the methodological practice research, it is a qualitative research, developed based on three pillars: theoretical, documentary and field. We conclude the thesis stating that the modern field, the result of agricultural production restructuring, fomented an economy specialized in agribusiness, which led to the enrichment of the field, the formation of agro-industrial complex and the formation of an average city, specializing in agribusiness, whose centrality exceeds its micro-region. In terms of effects, we conclude that process agricultural production restructuring, generated positive impacts for the insertion of Savannahs in the national economy, and to the cities inserted in the modern field. On the other hand, country and city inserted in agricultural regions, masked under the agribusiness speech, perverse effects of socioeconomic and environmental order, is an inviting system to invest and exclusionary, when there is nothing to offer. Thus, the problems are choked on site, leaving only the speech of wealth to be disclosed in the national order.

Respostas ecofisiológicas de Cybistax antisyphilitica Mart. (Ipê verde) em função das alterações na intensidade de luz

Light varies widely in both time and space in forest formation of “Bioma Cerrado”. Cybistax antisyphilitica occurs in areas typical of this biome, such as cerrado sensu stricto, “cerradões”, and altered areas. The aim of this study was to understand the morphological and physiological responses of C. antisyphilitica to alterations in light intensity. Juvenile plants (5 month of age) were taken to a fragment of semideciduous forest in Uberlândia-MG, and were divided into three treatments: 50 were maintained under the canopy (UC) 20 were kept in small gap (SG) and 20 were maintained under in full sun (FS). The daily courses of chlorophyll a fluorescence were made at the beginning, middle and end of dry season in 2015. At the end of the experiment measurements of chlorophyll content, gas exchange and growth were made. The plants showed dynamic photoinhibition as exhibited by reductions on Fv/Fm close to midday at the end of the dry season. Regarding the effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm'), plants under FS showed reduced values that coincided with the higher values of electron transport rates (ETR). Plants under FS showed higher values of net CO2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, water use efficiency and chlorophyll content compared to plants under UC. The stem diameter, dry mass of leaves and stem, total dry mass and relative growth rate were higher in plants under FS than plants under UC. On the other hand, plants under UC showed superior values of height, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio. Our results indicate that C. antisyphilitica has plasticity to survive in the contrasting light environments of the semideciduous forests, but this species was able to growth better under full sun conditions.

Guía para la selección de estrategias de apoyo a la comunicación con personas mayores en centros de día y residencias

Esta "Guía para la Selección de estrategias de apoyo a la comunicación con personas mayores en Centros de Día y/o Residencias"; es el resultado de las observaciones llevadas a cabo por profesionales del sector a través del Cuestionario de observación de la actividad comunicativa de las personas mayores “Yo te cuento”. La heterogeneidad dentro del colectivo de personas mayores, sus diferentes características y capacidades, su bagaje cultural, social y familiar, etc., nos remite a diseñar un sistema de comunicación compartida que sea único, particular e individualizado para la persona y sus interlocutores. En este documento se recogen ideas y sugerencias para mejorar la comunicación, basadas en la experiencia de los profesionales que han participado en el proyecto "Yo te cuento, cuenta conmigo". Se trata de una Guía de carácter práctico, que invita a la reflexión sobre esta importante actividad que nos permite estar conectados con el mundo y en la sociedad. Por ese motivo, trata de ser un punto de partida para que el profesional pueda, una vez realizada la evaluación previa, sentar las bases para el diseño de un sistema de comunicación alternativo para la persona mayor, sus familiares, sus seres queridos y todas las personas que la rodean.

Aprendo en el recreo: una guía para desarrollar habilidades sociales en alumnos con TEA en el entorno educativo

Esta guía nace de años de experiencia trabajando con alumnos con TEA y de relaciones con otros profesionales tanto del ámbito educativo como del terapéutico; en ella se puede encontrar una serie de recomendaciones, actividades e ideas para trabajar en los recreos las habilidades sociales, y su lectura permite el desarrollo de pautas de intervención en habilidades socio-comunicativas en alumnos con TEA y en sus compañeros. El recreo es el momento del día en el que todos los alumnos se relacionan con otros iguales. Teniendo en consideración las dificultades que presentan los alumnos con TEA en los aspectos socio-comunicativos, es imprescindible una intervención explícita e individualizada sobre ellos. Para llevar a cabo dicha intervención y desarrollar las competencias socio-comunicativas de estos alumnos, se ha de ofrecer apoyos ajustados a sus necesidades, que les ayuden a comprender mejor las situaciones sociales del día a día, así como mostrar una conducta más adaptada a las mismas.

La Guía de Gestión Autónoma de la Medicación: una experiencia brasileña de participación social en salud mental

La Guia de Gestão Autônoma da Medicação (Guía GAM) es una experiencia de investigación de carácter cualitativo llevada a cabo conjuntamente por usuarios y profesionales del ámbito de la salud mental e investigadores universitarios. Desarrollada originariamente en Québec (Canadá), el artículo se centra en la experiencia de adaptación e implementación de la guía al contexto brasileño. La Guía GAM aborda la cuestión de la medicación antipsicótica y la posible gestión compartida del tratamiento por parte de los actores implicados. La metodología utilizada por la GAM propicia abrir un espacio de diálogo en relación al tratamiento farmacológico configurándose como una herramienta que permite alterar las relaciones de poder existentes en el ámbito de la atención a la salud mental, facilitando la participación y la implicación efectiva de los afectados en la toma de decisiones en relación con su proceso de atención. El artículo aborda asimismo el proceso de trasformación seguido por dicha experiencia desde sus inicios como investigación académica hasta su implementación en los servicios de atención a la salud mental del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul como herramienta de trabajo, incluyendo los desafíos y oportunidades que ello supuso.

Guía para la administración de riesgos en el manejo de los recursos financieros de la alcaldía de San Carlos, Morazán

Para llevar a cabo la investigación denominada “Guía para la Administración de Riesgos en el manejo de los Recursos Financieros en la Alcaldía Municipal de San Carlos, Morazán”, se implementaran una serie de mecanismos que permitirán desarrollar el estudio de forma sistemática y ordenada. Se delimitara la población o universo de investigación con las respectivas unidades de estudio, de las cuales se obtendrá la información requerida. Para esto se utilizaran algunas técnicas de campo como la entrevista y observación directa. Posteriormente se llevara a cabo el levantamiento de datos, que conllevara la utilización de recursos humanos, materiales y financieros, así como tiempo y espacio, finalizando con el procesamiento de la información recopilada. Con el diseño de esta guía para la administración de riesgos en el manejo de los recursos financieros, se espera que la municipalidad de San Carlos Morazán, se beneficie debido a que con dicha guía pueda identificar, medir, cuantificar y principalmente administrar los riesgos potenciales que se involucren en la gestión de los recursos financieros de la municipalidad, tanto en la entrada como salida de dinero, y con ello promover la eficiencia, eficacia, seguridad y transparencia en el manejo de recursos financieros.

Material para construção civil a partir de lodo de estação de tratamento de água, lama de polimento de mármore e resíduo de produção de cal

The rapid population growth is the great motivator for the development of the construction industry and the increased demand for drinking water, resulting in a gradual increase in the generation of solid waste. Thus, this work was carried out in order to recycle industrial and municipal wastes incorporating them into materials for civil construction. The composite produced from water treatment sludge and marble polishing mud, applying lime production waste as a binder, was evaluated for its mechanical performance and its morphological structure. The raw materials were characterized for their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, particle size and also the moisture content. With the featured materials nine compositions have been developed varying the content of the water treatment sludge between 25 to 50%, marble polishing mud between 35 to 50% and the lime production waste between 10 to 30%. The composites were subjected to mechanical strength tests, water absorption, chemical and mineralogical composition and morphology. The developed materials presented, on the 3rd day of hydration, maximum strength value of 4.65 MPa, the 7th day 6.36 MPa, on the 14th day 6.74 MPa, the 28th day 5.98 MPa, on the 60th day 8.52 MPa at 90th day 11.75 MPa and 180th day 12.06 MPa. The water absorption values after 28 days of hydration ranged from 16.27% to 26.32% and after 90 days, from 13.57% to 23.56%.

APROVEITAMENTO DA CASCA DO COCO-VERDE ( Cocos nucifera L.) PARA PRODUÇÃO DE POLPA CELULÓSICA

A casca do coco-verde é um resíduo do consumo da água de coco. Em cidades litorâneas este resíduo já tem se tornado um grande problema, pois é de difícil decomposição. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a casca do coco-verde ( Cocos nucifera L.) para a produção de celulose kraft. A matéria-prima foi caracterizada com relação à densidade básica, composição química, dimensão das fibras e proporção de elementos anatômicos. Foram realizados três cozimentos-teste sendo que um deles foi escolhido para repetição. Em cada um deles variou-se a carga alcalina visando à elaboração de curvas de cozimento. Nos resultados do processo de polpação foram encontrados valores altos de número kappa, baixos rendimentos e baixos teores de rejeito. As seguintes características do material, baixa densidade básica (0,128 g/cm³), alta quantidade de extrativos (33,68%) e baixa proporção de fibras (22,11%), corroboraram para estes resultados. Assim, a produção de polpa celulósica a partir da casca do coco-verde pelo processo kraft, não se mostrou como uma alternativa viável tecnicamente.

Efeito da salinidade da água do mar no rendimento, composição e atividades biológicas de frações polissacarídicas da Chlorophyta Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata

Seaweeds sulfated polysaccharides have been described as having various pharmacological activities. However, nothing is known about the influence of salinity on the structure of sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweed and pharmacological activities they perform. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity of seawater on yield and composition of polysaccharides-rich fractions from green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, collected in two different salinities beaches of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, and to verify the influence of salinity on their biological activities. We extracted four sulfated polysaccharides-rich fractions from C. cupressoides collected in Camapum beach (denominated CCM F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0), which the seawater has higher salinity, and Buzios beach (denominated CCB F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0). Different from that observed for other seaweeds, the proximate composition of C. cupressoides did not change with increased salinity. Moreover, interestingly, the C. cupresoides have high amounts of protein, greater even than other edible seaweeds. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the yield of polysaccharide fractions of CCM and its CCB counterparts, which indicates that salinity does not interfere with the yield of polysaccharide fractions. However, there was a significant difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio of F0.3 (p<0.05) and F0.5 (p<0.01) (CCM F0.3 and CCB F0.5 was higher than those determined for their counterparts), while the sulfate/sugar ratio the F1.0 and F2.0 did not change significantly (p>0.05) with salinity. This result suggested that the observed difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio between the fractions from CCM and CCB, is not merely a function of salinity, but probably also is related to the biological function of these biopolymers in seaweed. In addition, the salinity variation between collection sites did not influence algal monosaccharide composition, eletrophoretic mobility or the infrared spectrum of polysaccharides, demonstrating that the salinity does not change the composition of sulfated polysaccharides of C. cupressoides. There were differences in antioxidant and anticoagulant fractions between CCM and CCB. CCB F0.3 (more sulfated) had higher total antioxidant capacity that CCM F0.3, since the chelating ability the CCM F0.5 was more potent than CCB F0.5 (more sulfated). These data indicate that the activities of sulfated polysaccharides from CCM and CCB depend on the spatial patterns of sulfate groups and that it is unlikely to be merely a charge density effect. C. cupressoides polysaccharides also exhibited anticoagulant activity in the intrinsic (aPTT test) and extrinsic pathway (PT test). CCB F1.0 and CCM F1.0 showed different (p<0,001) aPTT activity, although F0.3 and F0.5 showed no difference (p>0,05) between CCM and CCB, corroborating the fact that the sulfate/sugar ratio is not a determining factor for biological activity, but rather for sulfate distribution along the sugar chain. Moreover, F0.3 and F0.5 activity in aPTT test was similar to that of clexane®, anticoagulant drug. In addition, F0.5 showed PT activity. These results suggest that salinity may have created subtle differences in the structure of sulfated polysaccharides, such as the distribution of sulfate groups, which would cause differences in biological activities between the fractions of the CCM and the CCB

Diseño de una guía de orientación crediticia canalizada por la fundación agencia de desarrollo económico local en beneficio de las micro y pequeñas empresas de la zona urbana de San Francisco Gotera, departamento de Morazán.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad ofrecer a los dirigentes de las micro y pequeñas empresas de la zona urbana de San Francisco Gotera, una “guía de orientación crediticia canalizada por la Fundación Agencia de Desarrollo Económico Local”, que permita facilitar la información crediticia. Para la elaboración de la propuesta se llevó a cabo una serie de investigaciones tanto bibliográficas como de campo para obtener la información necesaria y suficiente para el desarrollo sustancial de la misma; teniendo como objetivo primordial realizar un análisis general de la Fundación Agencia de Desarrollo Económico Local y de las micro y pequeñas empresas para conocer sobre el tema de investigación. Se presenta un marco teórico como punto de referencia para el desarrollo del trabajo de investigación, el cual incluye la situación geográfica y económica de Morazán, las generalidades de la Fundación Agencia de Desarrollo Económico Local de Morazán, generalidades de las micro y pequeñas empresas, generalidades del crédito destinado a las micro y pequeñas empresas; la información de enfoca básicamente a las generalidades necesarias para el desarrollo del tema. Lo antes mencionado permitió realizar la investigación de campo en la ciudad de San Francisco Gotera, encuestando a 41 personas dirigentes de las micro y pequeñas empresas y entrevistando a 7 personas claves que tienen relación directa con las instituciones oferentes de crédito para realizar un diagnóstico de la realidad crediticia en San Francisco Gotera. Como resultado de la investigación de campo se presenta como propuesta una “Guía de Orientación Crediticia en Beneficio de las Micro y Pequeñas Empresas de la Zona Urbana de San Francisco Gotera”. El costo de la impresión de los ejemplares será de $19.14; además se presenta un plan de implementación y el responsable de su actualización será la Fundación Agencia de Desarrollo Económico Local.

Guía de actuaciones y diligencias ante la administración tributaria de El Salvador.

Ante la problemática de qué manera afecta a los sujetos pasivos el hecho de no contar con una guía que les oriente sobre actuaciones y diligencias a realizar ante la Administración Tributaria que son regulados en las normativas, surge la necesidad de realizar una investigación que tiene como fin, establecer si la falta de material de consulta actualizado que involucre todos los escritos y formularios tributarios es la causa fundamental que originan problemas de incumplimientos en cada uno de los requisitos presentados en el Ministerio de Hacienda. Para dar cumplimiento a lo establecido anteriormente se plantea como objetivo final crear una herramienta de consulta que permita a todos los agentes involucrados en materia, ampliar sus conocimientos y evitar inconvenientes en cada uno de los casos hipotéticos planteados. Para el desarrollo de la investigación sobre la problemática expuesta se ha realizado una clasificación para definir el tipo de estudio de cómo se llevará a cabo la investigación la cual se define a continuación con base a cuatro criterios (propósito, lugar donde se realizará la investigación, nivel de profundidad y tratamiento de variables) Por el propósito, la investigación será aplicada ya que tiene todas las características para que el resultado de la investigación tenga su impacto en la realidad de los sujetos pasivos. Por el lugar donde se desarrollará la investigación, se ha definido que será de campo, aunque se cuente con información de carácter bibliográfica, lo fundamental será la investigación de campo para saber cómo se tienen que realizar las Actuaciones y diligencias ante la Administración Tributaria para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias. Con el material consultado en la sistematización bibliográfica se determina que no existe una herramienta completa y actualizada que refleje la totalidad de las obligaciones tributarias en materia de actuaciones y diligencias constituyendo ésta una de las principales causas del deficiente cumplimiento en las mismas, ocasionando inversiones de tiempo innecesarias por parte de los contribuyentes. Por todo lo anterior se recomienda hacer uso de la presente ilustración práctica del adecuado cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias contenidas en las diferentes normativas que regulan las referidas actuaciones y diligencias.

Projeto de implementação de um corredor verde no concelho de Torres Vedras

Dissertação de Mestrado, Arquitetura Paisagista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016