Euroopan unionin sotilaallinen kriisinhallinta vuonna 2030

Tulevaisuuden tutkimus on vielä nuori ja Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun opinnäytetöissä suhteellisen vähän käytetty tutkimuksen ala. Se on kuitenkin merkittävä osa strategista suunnittelua ja johtamista, mikä tekee siitä myös merkittävän tutkimussuuntauksen puolustusvoimien toiminnan kannalta. Tämän Pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena on arvioida tulevaisuudentutkimuksen tarjoamien menetelmien avulla Euroopan unionin sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan kehittymistä vuoteen 2030 asti. Tutkimuksen tutkimusongelmana on: ”Mitä Euroopan unionin sotilaallinen kriisinhallinta on vuonna 2030?” Tutkimusongelman lisäksi vastaan tutkimuksessa kahteen tutkimuskysymykseen, jotka ovat: ”Minkälaisia tulevaisuusskenaarioita on mahdollista rakentaa Euroopan unionin sotilaalliseen kriisinhallintaan liittyen?” sekä ”Millaiset tekijät vaikuttavat Euroopan unionin sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan kehittämiseen?” Tutkimuskysymysten avulla pyrin saamaan vastauksen tutkimusongelmaan. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytän tulevaisuudentutkimuksen menetelmiin kuuluvaa skenaariomenetelmää. Skenaarioiden rakentamisen apumetodina käytän tulevaisuustaulukkoa. Tutkimuksessa käyttämäni tulevaisuustaulukko koostuu kuudesta Euroopan unionin toimintaympäristöä sekä sen sisäistä kehitystä kuvaavasta muuttujasta, joille kullekin on asetettu kolme eriävää muuttujan tulevaisuutta kuvaavaa arvoa. Päädyin käyttämään tutkimuksessa taulukkometodia koska se mahdollistaa laajan aihealueen hallitun käsittelyn sekä monipuolisten skenaarioiden rakentamisen. Taulukon avulla rakennan viisi unionin sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan kehittymisen kannalta oleellista toimintaympäristöä kuvaavaa skenaariota. Näiden skenaarioiden perusteella rakennan edelleen viisi erilaista unionin sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan kehityksen suuntaa kuvaavaa vaihtoehtoa.Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on Euroopan unionin sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan nykytila, jonka muutosta tarkkailen eri skenaarioiden antamien perusteiden mukaisesti. Tutkimusaineistona käy-tän ainoastaan julkista lähdemateriaalia. Aihealuetta lähestyn strategian ja kansainvälisen politii-kan tutkimuksen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että Euroopan unionin kriisinhallinnan tulevaisuuden kehittymiseen vai-kuttavat merkittävästi sekä unioni-valtioiden sisäisten että ulkoisten suhteiden kehittyminen. Eri-tyisen merkittävänä unionin ulkopuolisena vaikuttajana tulee tulevaisuudessakin säilymään Yh-dysvallat. Taulukkometodin käyttöön liittyen selvisi, että muuttujien sekä muuttujien kehitysarvo-jen määrän rajallisuus vaikuttaa tutkimustuloksen luotettavuuteen. Samalla kuitenkin huomasin myös, että laajassa tulevaisuudentutkimuksessa kohteen käsittely on rajattava kurinalaisesti, jotta tutkimusmetodin tarkoitus täyttyy. Metodin käyttöön liittyen on myös huomioitava, että muuttuji-en valinta saattaa vaikuttaa suoranaisesti tutkimustulokseen. Kaikkien tutkimuksessa esittämieni Euroopan unionin sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan kehityssuuntia vuonna 2030 kuvaavien vaihtoehtojen toteutuminen on mahdollista. Muita todennäköisimmiksi osoittautui kuitenkin kaksi vaihtoehtoa. Toinen vaihtoehdoista kuvaa EU:n sotilaallisen kriisin-hallinnan hillityn kehityksen jatkumista myös tulevaisuudessa ja toinen unionin kriisinhallinnan painopisteen siirtymistä perinteiseen rauhanturvaamiseen ja siviilikriisinhallintaan.

Electrical properties of some single crystal dodecaborides /|nby Jyoti Burte. -- 260 St. Catharines [Ont. : s. n.],

PreVi011.3 ':i or~ : indicat e('. tk~t ho t~)rE's sed ~-Al B 12 1i~2, ~' a semiconductor. r:Toreove r , the s i mpl.(~ electronic t heory also indi cates that ~ -AIB1 2 should be a semico nductor, since thf're is one nonbonding e 'Le ctrofl per AlB12- uni t. JPor these reasons, we decided to measure t he electrical n ropert i ~ s of ~ -AlB1 2 single crystal s . Singl e crystal s of¥- AIB 12 ab ou t 1 x 1 r1n1 . size were grown from a copper mel t at 12500 C. The melt technique coupled. 1,vi th slow cooling vilas used because of i ts advantages such as : siTYInle set- up of the expe rimon t ; only e ;l.sil y available c hemi cals are required and it i s a c omparatively strair::bt forvvard y,le t hod still yielding crystal s big enouGh for OtU' purpose . Copper rms used as a solvent , i nst8ad of previOl.wly used aluminum , because it allows c.l.'ystal growth at hig he r t emneratures. HovlGver, the cry s tals of ] -AlB12 shm'red very hi gh res i s t ance a t r oom temperature . From our neasureJ'lents we conclude that the r esistivity of j3- Al B12 is, at least, given as ~ = 4. x 107 oblD .em •• Those results are inc ons i s t ent wi 'uh the ones .. reported by IIiss Khin fo r bot- pressed j3-AlB12 g i ven a s = 7600 ohm . em . or I e s s . ' Since tbe hot pressing was done at about 800 - ' 9000C i n ~ rap hi te moul ds 1,7i th 97% AlB12- p oVJder, vie thi nk there is pas s ib i 1 i ty th a.t lower borides or borot] carbide are , being formed, ':.Jhich are k11 own to be good semiconductors . v7e tried to ro-pe r-AlB12 by addi'J,'?: agents s uch as l:Ig , IG.-InO 4. ' HgS04 , KI12PO 4·' etc. to t he melt .. However , all these re age 11 t eel either reduced the yield and size of t lJe crystals or r;ave crystals of high r esis'can ce again. We think tba t molten copper keeps t he i mpurities off . There is also a pos s i bil i ty t hc:!,t these doping agents get oxidi~::;ed at '1 250°C • Hence, we co ~ clud e that J -AIB12 has v~ ry high r es i stance at r oom temperature . This was a l s o C011 - fi rmed by checki ng the siYlgle and. polycrystals of .~-AIB12 from Norton Co., Ontario and Cooper Nletallurgical Association. Boron carbide has been reported to be a semiconductor with ~ - 0.3 to 0.8 ohm . cm. for hotpres sed s araples. Boron carbide b e inq: struct urally related to ¥-AIB12 , we de cided to study the electrical prone rties of it~ Single crystals. These crystals were cut from a Single melt grovvn crystal a t Norton Co., Ontario. The resistivity of th," se crystal s was measured by the Van der Pam-v' s ~ nethod, which \vas very c onvenient fo r our crystal sha-pp.s. Some of the crystals showed resistivity ~ == 0.50 ob,Tn.cr] . i n agreement with the previously reported results . However , a few crystals showed lower resistivity e.g . 0 .13 and 0.20 ohm.cra • • The Hall mobility could .not be measured and th8reiore i s lower than 0 .16 em 2 v - 1 sec -1 • This is in agreement \vith t he re1)orted Hall mobility for pyrolytic boron . _ 2 -1 -1 carbide as 0.13 cm v sec • We also studied the orientation of the boron carbide crystals by the Jjaue-method. The inclination of c-axis with res pect to x-ray be81Il was det ermined . This was found to be 100 t o 20° f or normal resistivity sarnples (0.5 ohm . cm.) and 27 - 30° for t he lower r esistivity samples (0.1 ~5 to 0.20 ohm.cm .). This indica tes the possibility that th.e r es if.1tivity of B13C3 i s orientation dependent.

Petrography, Petrochemistry and petrogenesis of Huronian volcanic rocks of the Elliot Lake region, Ontario

In the Elliot lake region of northern Ontario, Yolcanlc lava piles represent the lowermost units of the Huronian SUpergroup. These rocks general1y trend east-west and belong to the Elliot lake Group. They are s1tuated on the north and south limbs or the QuIrke lake Syncline. The volcanIc rocks of this study contain a secondary minerai assemblage consisting of actinolite, biotite, chlorIte, eptdote/cllnozoislte tttanomagnettte and calcite characteristic of greenschist metamorphism. Compilation of data suggests that metamorphism of the volcanic rocks proceeded between 325- and 425-C and between 2.4 and 4.7 kb. Geochemtcally these lavas represent tholeiitic and calc-alkaline assemblages. The tholeiites are character1sttcally enriched tn Fe and Tt and consist mainly of basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites. These rocks are believed to have formed by the partIal melting of a peridottte source at low P-T. In contrast, the calc-alkaline rocks are depleted in Fe and TI, but show a signIficant enrichment In 51 and Zr; andesIte Is the major rock type for thIs assemblage. I·t Is postUlated that the calc-alkalIne sU1te of rocks was the result of eIther the partIal meltIng of abasaltic·magma at shallow depth, or the melttng of s1al1c crustal materIal due to the added we1ght of tholeiitIc material on an unstable crust and to downwarplng processes Inttlated by convection cells.

Strategies for economic development in the Commonwealth Caribbean: a comparative study of the foreign economic policy strategies adopted by the Manley government in Jamaica and the Williams government in Trinidad and Tobago

This thesis compares the foreign economic poUcy dimension of the development strategies adopted by the governments of two Commonwealth caribbean countries: The Hardey government In Jamaica, and the· Williams government in Trlnidad and T ooago, The foreign economic policIes adopted by these governments appeared, on the surface~ to be markedly dissimilar. The Jamakan strategv on the one hand, emphasised self-reliance and national autonomy; and featured the espousal of radical oonaHgnment together with attempts to re-deftne the terms of the Islands externaa economIc relaUoos. The Trinidadian strategy 00 the other hand, featured Uberal externaUy-oriented growth poUctes, and close relatjoos with Western governments and financial institutions. Th1s study attempts to identify the explanatory factors that account for the apparent dlssimUarUy 1n the foreign economic policies of these two govemnents. The study is based on a comparison of how the structural bases of an underdeveloped ecooomYg and the foreign penetration and vulnerabUUy to external pressures asSOCiated wUh dependence, shape and influence foreign economic poUcy strategy. The framework views fore1gn ecooom1c strategy as an adaptive response on the part of the decision makers of a state to the coostralnts and opportunities provided by a particular situation. The · situat i 00' in this case being the events, conditions, structures and processes, associated wUh dependente and underdevelopment. The results indicate that the similarities and dissimHarities in the foreign economic policies of the governments of Jamaica and Trinidad were a reflecUon of the simHarities and dissimilarities in their respective situations. The conclusion derived suggests that If the foreign pol1cy field as an arena of choice, Is indeed one of opportunities and constraints for each and every state, then poHcy makers of smaU, weak, hlghW penetrated and vulnerable states enter thlS arena with constraints outweighing opportunities. This places effective limits 00 their decisional latitude and the range of policy options avaUable. Policy makers thus have to decide critical issues with few estabUshed precedents, in the face of domestic social and political cleavages, as wen as serious foreign pressures. This is a reflection not only of the trappings of dependence, but also of the Umned capabilities arising from the sman size of the state, and the Impact of the resource-gap In an underdeveloped economy. The Trinidadian strategy 1s UlustraUve of a development strategy made viable through a combination of a fortuitous circumstance, a confluence of the interests of influential groups» and accurate perception on the part of poUcy makers. These factors enabled policy makers to minimise some of the constraints of dependence. The faUure of Manlets strategy on the other hand, 15 iHustraUve of the problems involved tn the adoption of poUcles that work against the interest of internal and external political and economic forces. It is also tUustraUve of the consequences of the faUure 00 the part of policy makers to clarify goals, and to reconcile the values of rapid economic growth with increased self-reliance and national autonomy. These values tend to be mutuany Incompatible given the existing patterns of relations in the jnternational economy.

The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of sec-Butyl peroxide in liquid phase /|nby Sandor Szilagyi. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

Re~tes artd pJ~oducts of tllerma]. d,ecom.position of sec-butyl peroxide at 110 - 150°C i.n four solvents h,ave been determined. The d,ecompos i tion vJas sb.o\'\Tn to be tlnlmolecl.llar wi tho energies of activation in toluene, benzene, and cyclohexane of 36 .7-+ 1.0, 33.2 +- 1..0, 33.t~) +.. 1.0 I'(:cal/mol respectively. The activation energy of thermal decomposition for the d,et.1terated peroxide was found to be 37.2 4:- 1.0 KC8:1/1TIol in toluene. A.bo1J.t 70 - 80/~ ol~ tJJ.e' pl~od.1..1CtS could, be explained by kn01rJ11 reactions of free allcoxy raclicals J and very littJ...e, i.f allY, disPl"Opox~tiol'lation of tll10 sec-butoxy radica.ls in t116 solvent cage could be detected. The oth,er 20 - 30% of the peroxide yielded H2 and metb.:'ll etb..yl 1{etol1e. Tl1.e yield. o:f H2 "'lIas unafJ:'ected by the nature or the viscosity of the solvent, but H2 was not formed when s-t1U202 lrJaS phctolyzed. in tolttene at 35°C nor 'tl!Jrl.en the peroxide 1;'JaS tl1.ermally o..ecoJnposed. in the gas p11ase. ~pC-Dideutero-~-butYlperoxide was prepared and decomposed in toluene at 110 - 150°C. The yield of D2 was about ·•e1ne same 248 the yield. of I{2 from s-Bu202, bU.t th.e rate of decomposition (at 135°C) 1iJas only 1/1.55 as fast. Ivlecl1.anisms fOl') J:1ydrogen produ.ction are discussed, but none satisfactorily explains all the evidence.

Crystallinity, Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Bi doped LaVO3

We report the results of crystal structure, magnetization and resistivity measurements of Bi doped LaVO3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that if doping Bi in the La site is less than ten percent, the crystal structure of La1-xBixVO3 remains unchanged and its symmetry is orthorhombic. However, for higher Bi doping (>10%) composite compounds are found where the XRD patterns are characterized by two phases: LaVO3+V2O3. Energy-dispersive analysis of the x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) results are used to find a proper atomic percentage of all samples. The temperature dependence of the mass magnetization of pure and single phase doped samples have transition temperatures from paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic region at TN=140 K. This measurement for bi-phasic samples indicates two transition temperatures, at TN=140 K (LaVO3) and TN=170 K (V2O3). The temperature dependence of resistivity reveals semiconducting behavior for all samples. Activation energy values for pure and doped samples are extracted by fitting resistivity versus temperature data in the framework of thermal activation process.

Investigation of Frustrated Quasi-One-Dimensional Quantum Spin-Chain Materials

Copper arsenite CuAs2O4 and Copper antimonite CuSb2O4 are S=1/2 (Cu2+ 3d9 electronic configuration) quasi-one-dimensional quantum spin-chain compounds. Both compounds crystallize with tetragonal structures containing edge sharing CuO6 octahedra chains which experience Jahn-Teller distortions. The basal planes of the octahedra link together to form CuO2 ribbon-chains which harbor Cu2+ spin-chains. These compounds are magnetically frustrated with competing nearest-neighbour and next-nearest-neighbour intrachain spin-exchange interactions. Despite the similarities between CuAs2O4 and CuSb2O4, they exhibit very different magnetic properties. In this thesis work, the physical properties of CuAs2O4 and CuSb2O4 are investigated using a variety of experimental techniques which include x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility measurements, heat capacity measurements, Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, neutron diffraction, and dielectric capacitance measurements. CuAs2O4 exhibits dominant ferromagnetic nearest-neighbour and weaker antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbour intrachain spin-exchange interactions. The ratio of the intrachain interactions amounts to Jnn/Jnnn = -4.1. CuAs2O4 was found to order with a ferromagnetic groundstate below TC = 7.4 K. An extensive physical characterization of the magnetic and structural properties of CuAs2O4 was carried out. Under the effect of hydrostatic pressure, CuAs2O4 was found to undergo a structural phase transition at 9 GPa to a new spin-chain structure. The structural phase transition is accompanied by a severe alteration of the magnetic properties. The high-pressure phase exhibits dominant ferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbour spin-exchange interactions and weaker ferromagnetic nearest-neighbour interactions. The ratio of the intrachain interactions in the high-pressure phase was found to be Jnn/Jnnn = 0.3. Structural and magnetic characterizations under hydrostatic pressure are reported and a relationship between the structural and magnetic properties was established. CuSb2O4 orders antiferromagnetically below TN = 1.8 K with an incommensurate helicoidal magnetic structure. CuSb2O4 is characterized by ferromagnetic nearest-neighbour and antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbour spin-exchange interactions with Jnn/Jnnn = -1.8. A (H, T) magnetic phase diagram was constructed using low-temperature magnetization and heat capacity measurements. The resulting phase diagram contains multiple phases as a consequence of the strong intrachain magnetic frustration. Indications of ferroelectricity were observed in the incommensurate antiferromagnetic phase.

Effet de la surexpression du gène Hoxb4 sur la prolifération homéostatique des cellules T mémoires

Les cellules T mémoires (Tm) protègent l’organisme contre les réinfections de pathogènes qu’il a déjà combattu. Les Tm possèdent plusieurs propriétés en commun avec les cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH), notamment la capacité de se différencier, de s’auto-renouveler et de maintenir une population relativement constante au sein de l’organisme via des mécanismes homéostatiques. Il a été démontré que Hoxb4, un membre de la famille des facteurs de transcription Hox, était capable d’induire l’expansion des CSH in vivo et in vitro de façon rapide. Au vu de ces parallèles, nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la surexpression de Hoxb4 pourrait induire l’expansion de populations de Tm. Nous avons analysé les populations de Tm et lymphocytes T naïfs (Tn) dans les organes lymphoïdes de souris transgéniques surexprimant Hoxb4 et les avons comparées à des souris de type sauvage (wt). Alors que la fréquence des cellules T matures Hoxb4 diminuait avec l’âge, leur phénotype ainsi que leur viabilité demeuraient inchangés. Ensuite, nous avons procédé à des transplantations en compétition de Tm (CD4+CD44hi) Hoxb4 et wt chez des hôtes dépourvus de lymphocytes T (CD3-/-) dans le but d’évaluer leur contribution à la reconstitution du compartiment T après 2 mois. Au final, les Tm wt avait contribué un peu plus que les Tm Hoxb4 à la reconstitution (~60%). Des analyses fonctionnelles et phénotypiques ont montré que les Tm Hoxb4 possédaient une fonctionnalité normale, mais se distinguaient des Tm wt par la présence d’une faible population qui présentait un phénotype « mémoire central » (Tcm), conférant habituellement une longévité accrue. Les cellules des ganglions lymphatiques totaux des hôtes furent transplantées de façon sérielle chez trois générations de nouveaux hôtes. Le phénotype Tcm observés chez les Tm Hoxb4 était récapitulé chez les hôtes secondaires uniquement. Les ratios sont demeurés en faveur des Tm wt lors des deux transplantations suivantes, mais les Tm Hoxb4 ont commencé à montrer un avantage compétitif chez certains hôtes quaternaires. Une transplantation en compétition à court terme de Tm Hoxb4 et wt marqués avec un marqueur cytoplasmique ont démontré la présence chez les Tm Hoxb4 seulement d’une faible population CD62Lhi proliférant lentement. Ainsi, l’expansion préférentielle de Tcm CD4 par le biais d’une sélection ou d’une différenciation induite par la surexpression de Hoxb4 pourrait potentiellement leur permettre de maintenir un état de quiescence leur permettant de persister plus longtemps suite à des transplantations sérielles.

Identification et caractérisation d’une souris mutante Skam26Jus comme un nouveau modèle des anomalies du tube neural

Les anomalies du tube neural (ATN) sont des malformations congénitales très fréquentes chez l’humain en touchant 1-2 nouveau-nés sur 1000 naissances. Elles résultent d’une fermeture incomplète du tube neural lors de l’embryogenèse. L’étiologie des ATN est complexe impliquant des facteurs environnementaux et des facteurs génétiques. La souris représente un outil puissant afin de mieux comprendre la génétique des ATN. Particulièrement, la souris modèle a impliqué fortement la voie de la polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP) dans ces malformations. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié et caractérisé une nouvelle souris mutante, Skam26Jus dans le but d’identifier un nouveau gène causant les ATN. Skam26Jus a été générée par l’agent mutagène N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosuera. Cette souris est caractérisée par une queue en forme de boucle ou de crochet, soit un phénotype associé aux ATN. La complémentation génétique de la souris Skam26Jus avec une souris mutante d’un gène de la voie PCP Vangl2 (Looptail) a montré une interaction génétique entre le gène muté chez Skam26Jus et Vangl2, suggérant que ces deux gènes fonctionnent dans des voies de signalisation semblables ou parallèles. Un total de 50% des embryons doubles hétérozygotes avec un phénotype de la queue présentent un spina bifida. La cartographie par homozygotie du génome entier suivie par un clonage positionnel a permis d’identifier Lrp6 comme le gène muté chez Skam26Jus. Une mutation homozygote, p.Ile681Arg, a été identifiée dans Lrp6 chez les souris ayant une queue en boucle/crochet. Cette mutation était absente dans 30 souches génétiques pures indiquant que cette mutation est spécifique au phénotype observé. Une étude de phénotype-génotype évalue la pénétrance à 53 % de la mutation Ile681Arg. Lrp6 est connu pour activer la voie canonique Wnt/β-caténine et inhiber la voie non canonique Wnt/PCP. Le séquençage de la région codante et de la jonction exon-intron de LRP6 chez 268 patients a mené à l’identification de quatre nouvelles rares mutations faux sens absentes chez 272 contrôles et de toutes les bases de données publiques. Ces mutations sont p.Tyr306His ; p.Tyr373Cys ; p.Val1386Ile; p.Tyr1541Cys et leur pathogénicité prédite in silico indiquent que p.Val1386Ile est bénigne, et que p.Tyr306Hiset p.Tyr373Cys et p.Tyr1541Cys sont i possiblement dommageables. Les mutations p.Tyr306His, p.Tyr373Cys et p.Tyr1541Cys ont affecté l’habilité de LRP6 d’activer la voie Wnt/β-caténine en utilisant le système rapporteur luciférase de pTOPflash. Nos résultats suggèrent que LRP6 joue un rôle dans le développement des ATN chez une petite fraction de patients ayant une ATN. Cette étude présente aussi Skam26Jus comme un nouveau modèle pour étudier les ATN chez l’humain et fournit un outil important pour comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine des A TN.

Étude de la différenciation des lymphocytes T CD8+ effecteurs et mémoires : rôle de la cellule présentatrice d’antigène et de la voie de signalisation Notch

Lors d’une infection par un pathogène, des lymphocytes T CD8+ naïfs (LTn) spécifiques de l’antigène sont activés, prolifèrent et se différencient en LT effecteurs (LTe). Les LTe produisent différentes cytokines et acquièrent une activité cytotoxique menant à l’élimination du pathogène. Seulement 5 à 10 % des LTe survivront et se différencieront en LT mémoires (LTm), qui sont capables de répondre plus rapidement lors d’une seconde infection par le même pathogène, contribuant au succès de la vaccination. Toutefois, la compréhension de l’ensemble des mécanismes régulant le développement des LTe et des LTm demeure incomplète. Afin de mieux comprendre les signaux requis pour la différenciation des LT CD8+ lors de la réponse immune, nous avons posé deux hypothèses. Nous avons d’abord proposé que différentes cellules présentatrices d’antigène (CPA) fournissent différents signaux au moment de la reconnaissance antigénique influençant ainsi le devenir des LT CD8+. Vu leur potentiel d’utilisation en immunothérapie, nous avons comparé la capacité d’activation des LT CD8+ par les lymphocytes B activés via le CD40 (CD40-B) et les cellules dendritiques (CD). Nous avons montré que l’immunisation avec des CD40-B induit une réponse effectrice mais, contrairement à l’immunisation avec des CD, pratiquement aucun LTm n’est généré. Les LTe générés sont fonctionnels puisqu’ils sécrètent des cytokines, ont une activité cytotoxique et contrôlent une infection avec Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Nous proposons qu’une sécrétion plus faible de cytokines par les CD40 B ainsi qu’une interaction plus courte et moins intime avec les LT CD8+ comparativement aux CD contribuent au défaut de différenciation des LTm observé lors de la vaccination avec les CD40-B. Ensuite, nous posé l’hypothèse que, parmi les signaux fournis par les CPA au moment de la reconnaissance antigénique, la voie de signalisation Notch influence le développement des LTe, mais aussi des LTm CD8+ en instaurant un programme génétique particulier. D’abord, grâce à un système in vitro, le rôle de la signalisation Notch dans les moments précoces suivant l’activation du LT CD8+ a été étudié. Ce système nous a permis de démontrer que la voie de signalisation Notch régule directement l’expression de la molécule PD-1. Ensuite, grâce à des souris où il y a délétion des récepteurs Notch1 et Notch2 seulement chez les LT CD8+ matures, un rôle de la voie de signalisation Notch dans la réponse immune des LT CD8+ a été démontré. Nos résultats démontrent que suite à une infection avec Lm ou à une immunisation avec des CD, la signalisation Notch favorise le développement de LTe, exprimant fortement KLRG1 et faiblement CD127, destinés à mourir par apoptose. Toutefois, la signalisation Notch n’a pas influencé la génération de LTm. De façon très intéressante, l’expression des récepteurs Notch influence la production d’IFN- en fonction du contexte d’activation. En effet, suite à une infection avec Lm, l’absence des récepteurs Notch n’affecte pas la production d’IFN- par les LTe, alors qu’elle est diminuée suite à une immunisation avec des CD suggérant un rôle dépendant du contexte pour la voie de signalisation Notch. Nos résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension des signaux fournis par les différentes CPA et de la voie de signalisation Notch, donc des mécanismes moléculaires régulant la différenciation des LT CD8+ lors de la réponse immunitaire, ce qui pourrait ultimement permettre d’améliorer les stratégies de vaccination.

Hypothalamic 5-HT functional regulation through 5-HTIA and 5-HT2c receptors during pancreatic regeneration

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Studies on the macrobenthic community of Cochin backwaters with special reference to culture of Eriopisa chilkensis (Gammaridae-Amphipoda)

This thesis Entitled studies on the macrobenthic community of cochin backwaters with special reference to culture of eriopisa chilkensis (Gammaridae- amphipoda).Benthic organisms are usually studied for environmental impact assessment, pollution control and resource conservation. The benthic monitoring component has three major objectives: 1) characterize the benthic communities to assess the estuarine health, 2) determine seasonal and spatial variability in benthic communities, and 3) detect changes in the estuarine community through examination of changes in abundances of specific indicator taxa and other standard benthic indices.Cochin backwaters situated at the tip of the northern Vembanad lake is a tropical positive estuarine system. The backwaters of Kerala support as much biological productivity and diversity as tropical rain forest and are responsible for the rich fishery potential of Kerala. Backwaters also act as nursery grounds for commercially important prawns and fishes.The thesis has been subdivided into seven chapters. The first chapter gives a general introduction about the topic and also highlights the scope and purpose of the study. The second chapter covers the methodology adopted for the collection and analysis of water quality parameters, sediment and the macrobenthic fauna.Chapter 3 deals with hydrographic features, sediment characteristics and the spatial variation and abundance of macrobenthic fauna in the Cochin estuary.Chapter 4 explains the impact of organic enrichment on macrobenthic popUlation in the Cochin estuary and includes the comparison of the present data with the earlier work in this region.Chapter 5 deals with seasonal variability in abundance of macrobenthic species in the estuary. The study was conducted from 9 stations during three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) in 2003.Chapter 6 deals with Life history and Population Dynamics of Eriopisa chilkensis Chilton (Gammaridae-Amphipoda). The life cycle of the gammarid amphipod Eriopisa chilkensis from the Cochin estuary, south west coast of India was studied for the first time under laboratory conditions.

Speech sample estimation from composite zerocrossings and encoding via adaptive switching of transforms

This thesis investigates the potential use of zerocrossing information for speech sample estimation. It provides 21 new method tn) estimate speech samples using composite zerocrossings. A simple linear interpolation technique is developed for this purpose. By using this method the A/D converter can be avoided in a speech coder. The newly proposed zerocrossing sampling theory is supported with results of computer simulations using real speech data. The thesis also presents two methods for voiced/ unvoiced classification. One of these methods is based on a distance measure which is a function of short time zerocrossing rate and short time energy of the signal. The other one is based on the attractor dimension and entropy of the signal. Among these two methods the first one is simple and reguires only very few computations compared to the other. This method is used imtea later chapter to design an enhanced Adaptive Transform Coder. The later part of the thesis addresses a few problems in Adaptive Transform Coding and presents an improved ATC. Transform coefficient with maximum amplitude is considered as ‘side information’. This. enables more accurate tfiiz assignment enui step—size computation. A new bit reassignment scheme is also introduced in this work. Finally, sum ATC which applies switching between luiscrete Cosine Transform and Discrete Walsh-Hadamard Transform for voiced and unvoiced speech segments respectively is presented. Simulation results are provided to show the improved performance of the coder

Biogeochemistry of the shelf sediments of south eastern Arabian sea: Effect on benthic bacterial heterotrophs

The composition and variability of heterotrophic bacteria along the shelf sediments of south west coast of India and its relationship with the sediment biogeochemistry was investigated. The bacterial abundance ranged from 1.12 x 103 – 1.88 x 106 CFU g-1 dry wt. of sediment. The population showed significant positive correlation with silt (r = 0.529, p< 0.05), organic carbon (OC) (r = 0.679, p< 0.05), total nitrogen (TN) (r = 0.638, p< 0.05), total protein (TPRT) (r = 0.615, p< 0.05) and total carbohydrate (TCHO) (r = 0.675, p< 0.05) and significant negative correlation with sand (r = -0.488, p< 0.05). Community was mainly composed of Bacillus, Alteromonas, Vibrio, Coryneforms, Micrococcus, Planococcus, Staphylococcus, Moraxella, Alcaligenes, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium and Aeromonas. BIOENV analysis explained the best possible environmental parameters i.e., carbohydrate, total nitrogen, temperature, pH and sand at 50m depth and organic matter, BPC, protein, lipid and temperature at 200m depth controlling the distribution pattern of heterotrophic bacterial population in shelf sediments. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the environmental variables showed that the first and second principal component accounted for 65% and 30.6% of the data variance respectively. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed a strong correspondence between bacterial distribution and environmental variables in the study area. Moreover, non-metric MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) analysis demarcated the northern and southern latitudes of the study area based on the bioavailable organic matter

Provenance, Isolation and Characterisation of Organic Matter in the Cochin Estuarine Sediment-“a Diagenetic Amino Acid Marker Scenario

Cochin estuarine system is among the most productive aquatic environment along the Southwest coast of India, exhibits unique ecological features and possess greater socioeconomic relevance. Serious investigations carried out during the past decades on the hydro biogeochemical variables pointed out variations in the health and ecological functioning of this ecosystem. Characterisation of organic matter in the estuary has been attempted in many investigations. But detailed studies covering the degradation state of organic matter using molecular level approach is not attempted. The thesis entitled Provenance, Isolation and Characterisation of Organic Matter in the Cochin Estuarine Sediment-“ A Diagenetic Amino Acid Marker Scenario” is an integrated approach to evaluate the source, quantity, quality, and degradation state of the organic matter in the surface sediments of Cochin estuarine system with the combined application of bulk and molecular level tools. Sediment and water samples from nine stations situated at Cochin estuary were collected in five seasonal sampling campaigns, for the biogeochemical assessment and their distribution pattern of sedimentary organic matter. The sampling seasons were described and abbreviated as follows: April- 2009 (pre monsoon: PRM09), August-2009 (monsoon: MON09), January-2010 (post monsoon: POM09), April-2010 (pre monsoon: PRM10) and September- 2012 (monsoon: MON12). In order to evaluate the general environmental conditions of the estuary, water samples were analysed for water quality parameters, chlorophyll pigments and nutrients by standard methods. Investigations suggested the fact that hydrographical variables and nutrients in Cochin estuary supports diverse species of flora and fauna. Moreover the sedimentary variables such as pH, Eh, texture, TOC, fractions of nitrogen and phosphorous were determined to assess the general geochemical setting as well as redox status. The periodically fluctuating oxic/ anoxic conditions and texture serve as the most significant variables controlling other variables of the aquatic environment. The organic matter in estuary comprise of a complex mixture of autochthonous as well as allochthonous materials. Autochthonous input is limited or enhanced by the nutrient elements like N and P (in their various fractions), used as a tool to evaluate their bioavailability. Bulk parameter approach like biochemical composition, stoichiometric elemental ratios and stable carbon isotope ratio was also employed to assess the quality and quantity of sedimentary organic matter in the study area. Molecular level charactersation of free sugars and amino acids were carried out by liquid chromatographic techniques. Carbohydrates are the products of primary production and their occurrence in sediments as free sugars can provide information on the estuarine productivity. Amino acid biogeochemistry provided implications on the system productivity, nature of organic matter as well as degradation status of the sedimentary organic matter in the study area. The predominance of carbohydrates over protein indicated faster mineralisation of proteinaceous organic matter in sediments and the estuary behaves as a detrital trap for the accumulation of aged organic matter. The higher lipid content and LPD/CHO ratio pointed towards the better food quality that supports benthic fauna and better accumulation of lipid compounds in the sedimentary environment. Allochthonous addition of carbohydrates via terrestrial run off was responsible for the lower PRT/CHO ratio estimated in thesediments and the lower ratios also denoted a detrital heterotrophic environment. Biopolymeric carbon and the algal contribution to BPC provided important information on the better understanding the trophic state of the estuarine system and the higher values of chlorophyll-a to phaeophytin ratio indicated deposition of phytoplankton to sediment at a rapid rate. The estimated TOC/TN ratios implied the combined input of both terrestrial and autochthonous organic matter to sedimentsAmong the free sugars, depleted levels of glucose in sediments in most of the stations and abundance of mannose at station S5 was observed during the present investigation. Among aldohexoses, concentration of galactose was found to be higher in most of the stationsRelative abundance of AAs in the estuarine sediments based on seasons followed the trend: PRM09-Leucine > Phenylalanine > Argine > Lysine, MON09-Lysine > Aspartic acid > Histidine > Tyrosine > Phenylalanine, POM09-Lysine > Histadine > Phenyalanine > Leucine > Methionine > Serine > Proline > Aspartic acid, PRM10-Valine > Aspartic acid > Histidine > Phenylalanine > Serine > Proline, MON12-Lysine > Phenylalanine > Aspartic acid > Histidine > Valine > Tyrsine > MethionineThe classification of study area into three zones based on salinity was employed in the present study for the sake of simplicity and generalized interpretations. The distribution of AAs in the three zones followed the trend: Fresh water zone (S1, S2):- Phenylalanine > Lysine > Aspartic acid > Methionine > Valine ῀ Leucine > Proline > Histidine > Glycine > Serine > Glutamic acid > Tyrosine > Arginine > Alanine > Threonine > Cysteine > Isoleucine. Estuarine zone (S3, S4, S5, S6):- Lysine > Aspartic acid > Phenylalanine > Leucine > Valine > Histidine > Methionine > Tyrosine > Serine > Glutamic acid > Proline > Glycine > Arginine > Alanine > Isoleucine > Cysteine > Threonine. Riverine /Industrial zone (S7, S8, S9):- Phenylalanine > Lysine > Aspartic acid > Histidine > Serine > Arginine > Tyrosine > Leucine > Methionine > Glutamic acid > Alanine > Glycine > Cysteine > Proline > Isoleucine > Threonine > Valine. The abundance of AAs like glutamic acid, aspartic acid, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in sediments of the study area indicated freshly derived organic matter.