1000 resultados para RAT CORPUS CAVERNOSUM
Resumo:
A reduced secretion of thyroid hormones with age has been documented in humans and animals with no substantial increase in TSH secretion, which may be indicative of an age-related impairment of the pituitary sensitivity to the negative control exerted by thyroid hormones. We have evaluated in rats the influence of sex and age on pituitary T3 nuclear receptors--known to be determinant in the regulation of TSH secretion--as well as on T3 concentration in the pituitary gland. As regards sex, the density of T3 receptors and the concentration of T3 in pituitary gland and plasma were greater in females than in males whereas pituitary and plasma TSH concentrations were less. As for age, the density of T3 receptors was greater in old male rats than in young ones with no changes in pituitary T3 and plasma TSH concentrations. In old female rats in contrast, there was no significant increase in T3 receptors but pituitary T3 was less and plasma TSH greater than in young female rats. In both sexes plasma thyroid hormones and pituitary TSH were reduced with age whereas TSH response to TRH was not altered. These results illustrate sex and age differences in pituitary T3 receptors and pituitary T3 concentration as well as in TSH secretion. In young animals of both sexes an inverse correlation is observed between the density of pituitary T3 receptors and plasma TSH. In contrast, in old animals the absence of this correlation is suggestive of an age-related impairment of T3 action on the thyrotrophs or of changes pertaining to other factors modulating TSH secretion.
Resumo:
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid metabolism. The biological roles of PPARalpha and PPARgamma are relatively well understood, but little is known about the function of PPARbeta. To address this question, and because PPARbeta is expressed to a high level in the developing brain, we used reaggregated brain cell cultures prepared from dissociated fetal rat telencephalon as experimental model. In these primary cultures, the fetal cells initially form random aggregates, which progressively acquire a tissue-specific pattern resembling that of the brain. PPARs are differentially expressed in these aggregates, with PPARbeta being the prevalent isotype. PPARalpha is present at a very low level, and PPARgamma is absent. Cell type-specific expression analyses revealed that PPARbeta is ubiquitous and most abundant in some neurons, whereas PPARalpha is predominantly astrocytic. We chose acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) 1, 2, and 3 as potential target genes of PPARbeta and first analyzed their temporal and cell type-specific pattern. This analysis indicated that ACS2 and PPARbeta mRNAs have overlapping expression patterns, thus designating the ACS2 gene as a putative target of PPARbeta. Using a selective PPARbeta activator, we found that the ACS2 gene is transcriptionally regulated by PPARbeta, demonstrating a role for PPARbeta in brain lipid metabolism.
Resumo:
Corpus constituido desde 1993 hasta la actualidad en el marco del proyecto Corpus del Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) de la Universidad Pompeu Fabra. Este proyecto recopila textos escritos en cinco lenguas diferentes (catalán, castellano, inglés, francés y alemán) de las áreas de especialidad de la economía, el derecho,el medio ambiente, la medicina y la informática.
Resumo:
Uno de los objetivos principales del trabajo terminográfico es la identificación de conocimientosobre los términos que aparecenen textos especializados. Para confeccionar diccionarios, glosarios u ontologías, los terminógrafos suelen buscar definiciones sobre los términos que pretenden definir. La búsqueda de definiciones se puede hacer apartir de corpus especializados, donde normalmente aparecen en contextos definitorios, es decir, en fragmentos de texto donde un autor explícitamente define el término en cuestión. Hoy en día hay un interés creciente por automatizar este proceso, basado enla búsqueda de patrones definitorios sobre corpus especializados anotados morfosintácticamente. En este artículo presentamos una investigación centrada en la extracción automática de contextos definitorios. Presentamos una metodología que incluye tres procesos automáticos diferentes: la extracción de ocurrencias de patrones definitorios, el filtradode contextos no relevantes, y la identificación de elementos constitutivos, es decir, términos, definiciones y patrones pragmáticos.
Resumo:
El projecte central que es duu a terme a l'Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra és el corpus de Llenguatges especialitzats. En el marc d'aquest projecte —que implica cinc dominis d'especialitat (dret, economia, informàtica, medi ambient i medicina) i cinc llengües (català, castellà, francès, anglès i alemany)— s'han desenvolupat dos etiquetaris per a la llengua catalana i castellana. Amb el desenvolupament d'aquests etiquetaris es pretén facilitar l'etapa del processament lingüístic del corpus. En aquest paper es discuteixen, d'una banda, alguns aspectes teòrics relatius a la construcció d'etiquetaris i, de l'altra, es presenten els dos etiquetaris que s'han elaborat a l'IULA.
Resumo:
En aquest paper, es presenten els criteris de treball que s'han seguit durant els 10 anys en què s'ha anat constituint el corpus de l'IULA. S'exposa l'estat de les dades del corpus, els recursos lèxics utilitzats per al tractament de les dades (diccionaris i etiquetaris) i les eines constituïdes o adaptades. Es dedica especial atenció a la documentació de la cadena de treball de processament del corpus, des de l'adquisició dels textos en format electrònic fins a la seva incorporació definitiva al corpus.
Resumo:
El principal projecte de recerca desenvolupat a l'Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra és el projecte de Llenguatges especialitzats, sota el qual s'aglutina la totalitat dels investigadors pertanyents a aquest centre. És en aquest marc de recerca on es duu a terme la constitució d'un corpus plurilingüe (català, castellà, francès, anglès i alemany), especialitzat en les àrees del dret, l'economia, la informàtica, el medi ambient i la medicina. En aquest article es descriuen els criteris que s'han tingut en compte per al disseny d'aquest recurs lingüístic i cada una de les fases de desenvolupament que s'han seguit. El resultat de diferents estadis en el procés d'elaboració del corpus es mostra en un conjunt d'annexos al final de l'article, on s'incorpora, a més, una síntesi de l'estat actual del projecte, periòdicament actualitzada.
Resumo:
L'edició de textos fent ús de mitjans informàtics ha comportat avantatges i inconvenients. Mentre que ha fet molt accessible l'edició acurada de textos també ha provocat tot un seguit de problemes, un del quals és la dificultat de compartir recursos.Per altra banda, la lingüística necessita emprar corpus voluminosos per conèixer amb més precisió i fonament el comportament real del llenguatge. És evident que l'obtenció i consegüent preparació d'un corpus per a la seva explotació esdevé un procés costós en temps i recursos, motiu pel qual és força atractiu i gairebé necessari compartir aquest material de recerca amb altres organitzacions. En aquest treball s'examinen les diferents propostes d'aplicació de l'estàndard SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) en la constitució de corpus textuals per a la recerca lingüística, amb èmfasi especial en les solucions proposades a l'Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
Resumo:
En el presente trabajo se presenta un estado de la cuestión desde diferentes disciplinas sobre los sintagmas nominales extensos especializados (SNEE) de más de tres tokens en inglés y en español en textos especializados del nivel experto-experto en el área del genoma. Se propone una metodología para describir y clasificar los SNEE a partir de 500.000 palabras en cada lengua de modo que se definan regularidades y se propongan soluciones para los diferentes profesionales del lenguaje.
Resumo:
The concentrations of the general neuronal markers D2-protein (N-CAM), D3-protein and neuron specific enolase (NSE) in reaggregating cultures of fetal rat telencephalon cells were affected by the presence of 30 nM triiodothyronine in the defined culture medium. The extent of normal developmental changes were enhanced by triiodothyronine, as demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. From 13 to 19 days in culture, the concentration of D2-protein decreased, and the concentrations of both D3-protein and NSE increased. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was without effect on the development of these general neuronal markers. However, as shown previously both triiodothyronine and NGF increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase, a marker for cholinergic neurons. The results suggest an enhanced overall differentiation of several types of telencephalon neurons in the presence of triiodothyronine, and a specific stimulation of cholinergic telencephalon neurons by NGF.
Resumo:
A medida que el tamaño de un corpus aumenta, aumenta también el número de concordancias obtenidas al consultar una forma. Un número muy elevado de concordancias, de cientos o de miles, dificulta la sistematicidad de la tarea del lexicógrafo. La propuesta del artículo consiste en el uso de un sistema automático de agrupación de concordancias según su similitud léxica (es decir, qué elementos léxicos comparten), con el objetivo de presentar dichas concordancias agrupadas y asociadas a un único representante de todo el conjunto de las que son consideradas como léxicamente similares, de manera que la cardinalidad efectiva de los datos de corpus se vea reducida. El sistema se ha desarrollado teniendo en cuenta las ventajas de una arquitectura distribuida, por lo que cada una de las partes del sistema (stemming, identificación de stop words, cálculo de similitud entre concordancias, ordenación final de los datos, etc.) se ha desarrollado en módulos diferentes que pueden estar alojados en servidores, ya que las necesidades de cálculo del sistema harían que su uso desde un ordenador personal resultara muy lento.
Resumo:
Recent studies at high magnetic fields using the phase of gradient-echo MR images have shown the ability to unveil cortical substructure in the human brain. To investigate the contrast mechanisms in phase imaging, this study extends, for the first time, phase imaging to the rodent brain. Using a 14.1 T horizontal bore animal MRI scanner for in vivo micro-imaging, images with an in-plane resolution of 33 microm were acquired. Phase images revealed, often more clearly than the corresponding magnitude images, hippocampal fields, cortical layers (e.g. layer 4), cerebellar layers (molecular and granule cell layers) and small white matter structures present in the striatum and septal nucleus. The contrast of the phase images depended in part on the orientation of anatomical structures relative to the magnetic field, consistent with bulk susceptibility variations between tissues. This was found not only for vessels, but also for white matter structures, such as the anterior commissure, and cortical layers in the cerebellum. Such susceptibility changes could result from variable blood volume. However, when the deoxyhemoglobin content was reduced by increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) with a carbogen breathing challenge, contrast between white and gray matter and cortical layers was not affected, suggesting that tissue cerebral blood volume (and therefore deoxyhemoglobin) is not a major source of the tissue phase contrast. We conclude that phase variations in gradient-echo images are likely due to susceptibility shifts of non-vascular origin.
Resumo:
AIM: The antihypertensive effect of renal denervation in hypertensive patients is partially explained by increased tubular natriuresis. To study the possible contribution of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) to this natriuretic effect in rats, we measured kallikrein activity (KA) and bradykinin concentrations (BK) in plasma and tissues. METHODS: To measure KA, we adapted and validated an enzymatic assay that cleaves para-nitroaniline (pNA) from the tripeptide H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA. The coefficients of variation (CV) within- and between-assays were less than 8% for plasma and tissue KA (plasma n=6 and 13; tissue n=4). Linear results for serially diluted samples confirmed the assay specificity. Tissue BK determinations were based on an established assay for plasma BK: tissue was homogenized and kinins extracted in ethanol, and BK was isolated by high-performance (HPLC) liquid chromatography and quantitated by radioimmunassay. Within- and between-assay CV for plasma BK were 18% (n=8 and n=35, respectively) and for BK in various tissues less than 16% (n=5-8). RESULTS: In male Wistar rats (n=3), plasma BK was 8.2±6.6 fmol/mL (mean±SD), and tissue BK (fmol/g) in 14 tested organs varied between brain (14±3) and submaxillary gland (521±315). Six days after left-sided unilateral renal denervation, left renal tissue BK (89±9) was not different from right renal BK (75±23). Similarly, KA was comparable in the two kidneys (left 18.0±1.5, right 15.8±1.4μkat/g). CONCLUSION: Any possible effect of unilateral renal denervation on the kidney's KKS would have to be bilateral.
Resumo:
The intravenous, short-acting general anesthetic propofol was applied to three-dimensional (aggregating) cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon. Both the clinically used formulation (Disoprivan, ICI Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, England) and the pure form (2,6-diisopropylphenol) were tested at two different periods of brain development: immature brain cell cultures prior to synaptogenesis and at the time of intense synapses and myelin formation. At both time periods and for clinically relevant concentrations and time of exposure (i.e., concentrations > or = 2.0 micrograms/ml for 8 hr), propofol caused a significant decrease of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. This effect persisted after removal of the drug, suggesting irreversible structural changes in GABAergic neurons. The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) blocking agents bicuculline and picrotoxin partially attenuated the neurotoxic effect of propofol in cultures treated at the more mature phase of development. This protective effect was not observed in the immature brain cells. The present data suggest that propofol may cause irreversible lesions to GABAergic neurons when given at a critical phase of brain development. In contrast, glial cells and myelin appeared resistant even to high doses of propofol.