Práticas parentais maternas e a influência de variáveis familiares e do bebê

Parenting practices can be understood as the behaviors emitted by parents to educate and socialize their children. The present study investigates the influence of the parenting practices according to the baby sex and age, family configuration and number of children. For this, 50 adult mothers were questioned according to the Parental Styles Inventory for Mothers with Babies (IEPMB). An analysis with the results indicates that mothers with baby girls normally uses a more Positive Monitoring practice when compared with mothers with boy babies. A positive correlation (r = +0.54, p <0.001) was found, between the age of the baby and the practice of negligence, meaning that there is an increase of the usage in the practical as the baby age increases. Also a significant difference (p = 0.04) in the Inconsistent Punishment practice pointed out to the fact that mothers from nuclear families seem to use this practice more than mothers from other family configurations. And multiparous mothers use more Physical Abuse practical than primiparous mothers (p = 0.02). Concerning this analysis, we support a discussion in the present work about the importance of interventions that focus on the effect of specific positive practices, the reduction of negative practices and the role of the network support on the children development.

Estilos e práticas parentais de mães adolescentes: um programa de intervenção

The aim of this study was to describe the styles and parenting practices of adolescent mothers to evaluate the influence of participation in an intervention program of parental practices. 14 adolescent mothers contributed with this research. For the evaluation was used the Inventory of Parenting Styles of Babies Mothers (IEPMB). The results showed that the participants before beginning the group had an average of Parental Style Good, after participating in the group participants had an average of Parenting Style Great. The intervention group presented effectively promoting the acquisition and/or maintenance of positive parenting practices and the reduction in negative practices.

Práticas parentais e repertório infantil: caracterização da demanda por atendimento e predição de abandono

The objective of this paper is: (a) to characterize behaviors of the 47 primary caregivers and their children who sought for psychological services, (b) to compare groups: abandonment x participants; boy x girl. The participants answered the interview inventory (RE-HSE-P), inventory (IHS-Del Prette) and scales (Rathus Assertiveness Scale and CBCL). For the results, 60% of the children presented behavior problems at clinical level. There is correlation between negative parenting practices and behavior problems and social skills among caregivers (HSE-P) and children. People who drop out psychological services, present lower frequence and quality of HSE-P and more behavior problems. There are not differences in comparisons between boys and girls. The results highlight the importance of evaluating clinical context, the contingent behaviors of parents and children employing different instruments in order to describe the relationship between behavior problem and potentialities of both interlocutors socially interacting.

Assessment of the effects of a parental intervention with mothers of children with internalizing problems

The present study assesses the effects of a semi-structured intervention held exclusively with mothers and its effects on internalizing problems, social skills of children, and positive and negative parenting practices. The single subject experimental design with three participants was adopted. The three mothers had, in baseline, children diagnosed with internalizing and externalizing problems. The instruments used were CBCL, RE-HSE-P, QRSH-Pais and PHQ-9, they were performed in baseline, pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments. The intervention held is characterized as semi-structured for it promotes the development of parental practices that are considered positive by the literature on behavior problems, however, contingently to the difficulties and demands of each case. The number of sessions performed for each case was 14, 15 and 17, which lasted about two hours each. The data were analyzed according to the instruments' norms and under the perspective of each singular case. The results found include remission of internalizing problems, increase in frequency of the children's social skills, increase in frequency of positive parental practices, and decrease in variability of negative parental practices. All the improvements were maintained on the six months follow-up, with the exception of variability on the negative parental practices of one client. Results are discussed in a context of mental health promotion and indicate the need for strategies to prevent internalizing problems in children.

Efeitos de instrução e de treino parental em cuidadores de crianças com câncer

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos de instrução e de treino parental sobre comportamentos observados em cuidadores e em crianças com diagnóstico de câncer durante procedimento de punção venosa em ambulatório. Participaram nove cuidadores em três condições (Rotina, Manual e Treino). Fez-se análise de características familiares, estilo parental, efeitos de um manual de instruções e de treino parental, com sessões de observação direta do comportamento durante punção venosa. Os resultados apontam efeito positivo do manual para mudança de comportamento em curto prazo. Após treino parental, observou-se aumento nas taxas de monitoria positiva do cuidador, com relatos de generalização desses comportamentos para outros contextos. Discute-se a importância do estilo parental como fator de proteção à criança com câncer.

Parental Ethnotheories of Child Development: Looking Beyond Independence and Individualism in American Belief Systems

Over the past several decades, the topic of child development in a cultural context has received a great deal of theoretical and empirical investigation. Investigators from the fields of indigenous and cultural psychology have argued that childhood is socially and historically constructed, rather than a universal process with a standard sequence of developmental stages or descriptions. As a result, many psychologists have become doubtful that any stage theory of cognitive or socialemotional development can be found to be valid for all times and places. In placing more theoretical emphasis on contextual processes, they define culture as a complex system of common symbolic action patterns (or scripts) built up through everyday human social interaction by means of which individuals create common meanings and in terms of which they organize experience. Researchers understand culture to be organized and coherent, but not homogenous or static, and realize that the complex dynamic system of culture constantly undergoes transformation as participants (adults and children) negotiate and re-negotiate meanings through social interaction. These negotiations and transactions give rise to unceasing heterogeneity and variability in how different individuals and groups of individuals interpret values and meanings. However, while many psychologists—both inside and outside the fields of indigenous and cultural psychology–are now willing to give up the idea of a universal path of child development and a universal story of parenting, they have not necessarily foreclosed on the possibility of discovering and describing some universal processes that underlie socialization and development-in-context. The roots of such universalities would lie in the biological aspects of child development, in the evolutionary processes of adaptation, and in the unique symbolic and problem-solving capacities of the human organism as a culture-bearing species. For instance, according to functionalist psychological anthropologists, shared (cultural) processes surround the developing child and promote in the long view the survival of families and groups if they are to demonstrate continuity in the face of ecological change and resource competition, (e.g. Edwards & Whiting, 2004; Gallimore, Goldenberg, & Weisner, 1993; LeVine, Dixon, LeVine, Richman, Leiderman, Keefer, & Brazelton, 1994; LeVine, Miller, & West, 1988; Weisner, 1996, 2002; Whiting & Edwards, 1988; Whiting & Whiting, 1980). As LeVine and colleagues (1994) state: A population tends to share an environment, symbol systems for encoding it, and organizations and codes of conduct for adapting to it (emphasis added). It is through the enactment of these population-specific codes of conduct in locally organized practices that human adaptation occurs. Human adaptation, in other words, is largely attributable to the operation of specific social organizations (e.g. families, communities, empires) following culturally prescribed scripts (normative models) in subsistence, reproduction, and other domains [communication and social regulation]. (p. 12) It follows, then, that in seeking to understand child development in a cultural context, psychologists need to support collaborative and interdisciplinary developmental science that crosses international borders. Such research can advance cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, and indigenous psychology, understood as three sub-disciplines composed of scientists who frequently communicate and debate with one another and mutually inform one another’s research programs. For example, to turn to parental belief systems, the particular topic of this chapter, it is clear that collaborative international studies are needed to support the goal of crosscultural psychologists for findings that go beyond simply describing cultural differences in parental beliefs. Comparative researchers need to shed light on whether parental beliefs are (or are not) systematically related to differences in child outcomes; and they need meta-analyses and reviews to explore between- and within-culture variations in parental beliefs, with a focus on issues of social change (Saraswathi, 2000). Likewise, collaborative research programs can foster the goals of indigenous psychology and cultural psychology and lay out valid descriptions of individual development in their particular cultural contexts and the processes, principles, and critical concepts needed for defining, analyzing, and predicting outcomes of child development-in-context. The project described in this chapter is based on an approach that integrates elements of comparative methodology to serve the aim of describing particular scenarios of child development in unique contexts. The research team of cultural insiders and outsiders allows for a look at American belief systems based on a dialogue of multiple perspectives.

Burden of maternal bipolar disorder on at-risk offspring: A controlled study on family planning and maternal care

Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly incapacitating disease typically associated with high rates of familial dysfunction. Despite recent literature suggesting that maternal care is an important environmental factor in the development of behavioral disorders, it is unclear how much maternal care is dysfunctional in BD subjects. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize maternal care in DSM-IV/SCID diagnosed BD type I subjects compared to healthy controls with (PD) and without (NPD) other psychiatric diagnoses. Materials and methods: Thirty-four BD mothers and 106 controls underwent an interview about family planning and maternal care, obstetrical complications, and mother-child interactions. K-SADS-PL questions about violence exposure were used to ascertain domestic violence and physical/sexual abuse. Results: BD mothers were less likely to have stable unions (45.5%; p < 0.01) or to live with the biological father of their children (33.3%; p < 0.01), but had higher educational level and higher rates of social security use/retirement. They also had fewer children and used less contraceptive methods than controls. Children of BD women had higher rates of neonatal anoxia, and reported more physical abuse (16.1%; p = 0.02) than offspring of NPD mothers. Due to BD mothers' symptoms, 33.3% of offspring suffered physical and/or psychological abuse. Limitations: Post hoc analysis, and the use of questions as a surrogate of symptoms as opposed to validated instruments. Conclusion: This is one of few reports confirming that maternal care given by BD women is dysfunctional. BD psychopathology can lead to poor maternal care and both should be considered important environmental risk factors in BD, suggesting that BD psychoeducation should include maternal care orientation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Criminal career-related factors among female robbers in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and a presumed 'revolving-door' situation

Introduction: Risk-taking behaviors, family criminality, poverty, and poor parenting have been frequently associated with an earlier onset of criminal activities and a longer criminal career among male convicts. Objective: This study aims to identify factors related to the onset and recurrence of criminal behavior among female robbers in the State of Sao Paulo - Brazil. Method: It was a cross-sectional study carried out inside a feminine penitentiary in Sao Paulo. From June 2006 to June 2010, 175 inmates convicted only for robbery were recruited to be evaluated about family antecedents of criminal conviction, alcohol and drug misuse, impulsiveness, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial features. Results: Having family antecedents of criminal conviction consistently predicted an earlier onset of criminal activities and a longer criminal career among female robbers. Drug use in youth and the severity of drug misuse were significantly related to the initiation and recurrence of criminal behavior, respectively. Discussion: Prisons must systematically screen detainees and provide treatments for those with health problems in general. Children of inmates should obtain help to modify the negative consequences of their parents' incarceration in order to mitigate the negative consequences of pursuing this 'static' factor.

Adoção suficientemente boa: experiência de um casal com filhos biológicos

A partir de um estudo de caso, aborda-se a experiência de adoção de uma criança de quatro meses de idade por um casal com três filhos biológicos. Os dados obtidos por entrevistas semiestruturadas mostraram que a parentalidade adotiva foi experienciada em meio a temores/fantasias de perda/roubo da criança adotada. Isso pode ser associado ao modo como foi realizada a adoção, sem os cuidados preconizados pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e a nova lei de adoção. O processo de adoção figurou para os adotantes como fonte de intensa carga emocional, permeada por sentimentos ambivalentes que merecem atenção dos profissionais da Psicologia. Os resultados ilustram a necessidade de atenção psicossocial-jurídica a adotantes, adotado e família biológica do adotado.

Tutela dei minori e recupero della genitorialità: il caso dell'accoglienza in comunità

La tesi di Matteo Allodi intende analizzare alcune pratiche socio-assistenziali rivolte a minori e famiglie in difficoltà relative a progetti di accoglienza presso alcune strutture residenziali. In particolare, Matteo Allodi si sofferma su progetti di accoglienza elaborati presso alcune Comunità familiari la cui metodologia d’intervento si caratterizza per un orientamento verso un modello di lavoro sociale di tipo sussidiario nell’ottica del recupero dei legami e delle competenze genitoriali. La tesi affronta nella prima parte la dimensione teorica relativa a un approccio progettuale di intervento sociale che, mettendo al centro le relazioni dei soggetti in gioco, possa promuovere la loro attivazione in funzione della realizzazione dell’obiettivo del recupero della genitorialità. Allodi si concentra dal punto di vista teorico sulle modalità di realizzazione di un servizio alla persona guidato dal principio di sussidiarietà, ovvero orientato alla valorizzazione delle capacità riflessive degli attori. Nella seconda, parte Allodi presenta l’indagine condotta in alcune Comunità di tipo familiare di Parma. La strategia iniziale d’indagine è quella del case study. Allodi sceglie di indagare il fenomeno partendo da un’osservazione partecipata di orientamento etnometodologico integrata con interviste agli attori privilegiati. In questa fase si è proceduto a una prima ricerca qualitativa, attraverso la metodologia dello studio di caso, che ha permesso di entrare in contatto con alcune tipologie di strutture residenziali per minori al fine di completare il quadro generale del fenomeno delle Comunità familiari e impostare una prima mappatura esplorativa. La ricerca prosegue con uno studio longitudinale prospettico volto a monitorare e valutare il lavoro di rete della comunità e dei servizi, osservando principalmente la mobilitazione verso l’autonomia e l’empowerment dei soggetti (minori) e delle reti ancorate al soggetto (single case study). Si è voluto comprendere quali modalità relazionali gli attori della rete di coping mettono in gioco in funzione del “cambiamento sociale”.

Prematurità: Interazioni Precoci e Sintomatologia Materna

La prematurità rappresenta un fattore di rischio per la qualità delle interazioni precoci e la sintomatologia materna, soprattutto in caso di nascita VLBW (peso ≤ 1500 grammi) ed ELBW (≤1000 grammi). Scopo dello studio è valutare a 3 e 9 mesi di età corretta le modalità interattive delle diadi madre-bambino e lo stato affettivo materno in due campioni di prematuri, ELBW e VLBW, confrontandoli con un gruppo di bambini nati a termine (GC). Un campione di 119 diadi madre-bambino, di cui 71 nati prematuri (30 VLBW e 21 ELBW) e 68 a termine, sono stati valutati all'età di 3 e 9 mesi. Durante gli assessment, è avvenuta la videoregistrazione dell’interazione madre-bambino, codificata mediante le Global Rating Scales (a 3 mesi) ed il CARE Index Infant (a 9 mesi), e la valutazione della sintomatologia materna, attraverso Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Social Interaction and Anxiety Scale, Social Phobia Scale, Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Questionari italiani del Temperamento. A 3 mesi, le madri di ELBW appaiono più demanding e meno sensibili rispetto a quelle di VLBW; più intrusive rispetto a quelle di GC. Tali madri, inoltre, sono significativamente meno sensibili di quelle del GC anche a 9 mesi. In entrambi gli assessment, tali madri presentano livelli significativamente maggiori di depressione, ansia generalizzata e stress, rispetto a quelle di entrambi gli altri gruppi. Non emergono differenze rispetto all'ansia sociale nè alla percezione del temperamento. Le analisi della correlazione hanno evidenziato specifiche relazioni tra la sintomatologia materna e i pattern interattivi nei tre gruppi. La nascita pretermine rappresenta un fattore di rischio solo per le madri di ELBW, che presentano difficoltà interattive ed elevata sintomatologia; quelle dei VLBW, infatti, tendono a presentare pattern interattivi affini a quelle del GC, mostrando adeguata sensibilità e bassi livelli di depressione, ansia e stress.

Attualità del divieto assoluto di procreazione medicalmente assistita eterologa in Italia e prospettive di superamento

La presente ricerca si fonda su un’attenta ed approfondita analisi della normativa vigente in Italia in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita (P.M.A.), con particolare riferimento al divieto assoluto di P.M.A. eterologa, di cui all’art. 4, comma 3, L. 19 febbraio 2004, n. 40, consentita invece – sia pure con la previsione di limitazioni differenti – nella quasi totalità dei paesi europei. Dopo aver esaminato la “questione etica” del ricorso alle tecniche di fecondazione assistita e le normative vigenti in Europa in materia di P.M.A. eterologa, il presente lavoro analizza i profili civilistici della L. n. 40/2004 ed i conseguenti dubbi interpretativi che la normativa italiana pone in materia di fecondazione eterologa, con specifico riguardo al consenso prestato dai coniugi o conviventi, al divieto di disconoscimento di paternità e di anonimato della madre ed, infine, al diritto del nato da fecondazione eterologa di conoscere le proprie origini biologiche. Ne consegue che, in una materia che coinvolge la sfera più intima e personale della vita privata e familiare, quale quella della P.M.A., il legislatore avrebbe dovuto intervenire con misura, individuando soluzioni ragionevoli ed equilibrate nel rispetto della pluralità di etiche contrapposte ed interessi in conflitto. Attraverso una capillare analisi della recente giurisprudenza nazionale ed europea, la presente ricerca mira, dunque, a valutare possibili prospettive di superamento del divieto assoluto di P.M.A. eterologa previsto dalla L. n. 40/2004. I risultati a cui la presente indagine ha consentito di pervenire dimostrano quanto sia opportuna l’adozione in Italia di un “modello liberale”, in cui sia lecita anche la fecondazione eterologa (con la previsione di limiti e condizioni volti a tutelare primariamente il superiore interesse del nascituro), onde consentire l’adeguamento al nuovo concetto di “genitorialità” ormai prevalente e l’arresto del cd. “turismo procreativo”.

La valutazione degli strumenti per la diagnosi sociale della genitorialita'. Uno studio di caso sulla provincia di Bologna

La ricerca dottorale che ho sviluppato si propone di analizzare il percorso di valutazione della genitorialità recentemente delineato dai servizi sociali territoriali della provincia di Bologna attraverso la sperimentazione di strumenti per la diagnosi sociale, valutando gli esiti dell’applicazione, anche in confronto all’utilizzo di metodi tradizionali. Il progetto ha il suo fulcro tematico, nel qualificare le pratiche professionali, con il fine ultimo di giungere ad un percorso di diagnosi sociale scientificamente fondato. Il mio obbiettivo quindi non è stato analizzare in termini astratti e idealtipici le metodologie professionali di riferimento per i 32 operatori coinvolti, quanto piuttosto di formarli all’utilizzo di una serie di strumenti elaborati nelle fasi precedenti del progetto, e condurre una ricerca empirica su un numero, sufficientemente ampio, di “casi concreti” costituito da nuclei familiari in carico ai servizi sociali. Più precisamente l'ambito privilegiato d’analisi è stato individuato nel rapporto tra operatore ed utente, allo scopo di evidenziare pregi e difetti dell'utilizzo di strumenti professionali finalizzati alla diagnosi sociale. Inoltre va sottolineato che l’analisi della letteratura sul tema ha evidenziato l’esistenza di un numero molto limitato di studi empirici sulle metodologie di servizio sociale, condotti peraltro su un numero di casi e di variabili molto ristretto, e per lo più in territorio statunitense, dove il sistema di Welfare si caratterizza per una impostazione tale da rendere veramente difficile la comparazione con la realtà italiana. Quello a cui ho inteso pervenire non è un giudizio ultimo sull’efficacia di questa specifica metodologia tout-court, ma piuttosto analizzare, attraverso l’utilizzo di materiali quanti-qualitativi derivati dalla sperimentazione, quelle che sono le condizioni che si vengono a determinare quando, nel percorso di presa in carico sociale, vengono introdotti strumenti specifici, metodologia chiara e alto coinvolgimento delle componenti relazionali del processo: operatori, familiari e rete sociale allargata.

Sfide familiari e disabilita'. Il ruolo educativo dei padri

Il progetto si pone in sintonia con i nuovi scenari di ricerca – sia in ambito nazionale che internazionale - della Pedagogia Speciale per l’inclusione e la piena e attiva partecipazione all’interno della società delle persone con disabilità e delle loro famiglie (Convenzione Onu, 2006). La riflessione sul ruolo educativo del padre riguardo alla disabilità di un/una figlio/a è una questione complessa e controversa che necessita di una premessa che ponga al centro dell’attenzione pedagogica la funzione paterna in senso ampio. L’obiettivo principale del progetto è quello di indagare il ruolo educativo del padre – nelle situazioni di disabilità - con riflessioni più ampie riguardanti le funzioni parentali, i modelli di genitorialità e l’educare nella nostra società.I risultati attesi potranno gettare luce su alcune Linee Guida - riguardo alla presa in carico della famiglia e del sostegno alla genitorialità - utili ai professionisti impegnati in quest’area e agli educatori dei servizio socio-educativi e sanitari.

Mother-Child Spiritual Discourse: A Mixed Methods Study

Parents and children, starting at very young ages, discuss religious and spiritual issues¿where we come from, what happens to us after we die, is there a God, and so on. Unfortunately, few studies have analyzed the content and structure of parent-child conversation about religion and spirituality (Boyatzis & Janicki, 2003; Dollahite & Thatcher, 2009), and most studies have relied on self-report with no direct observation. The current study examined mother-child (M-C) spiritual discourse to learn about its content, structure, and frequency through a survey inventory in combination with direct video observation using a novel structured task. We also analyzed how mothers¿ religiosity along several major dimensions related to their communication behaviors within both methods. Mothers (N = 39, M age = 40) of children aged 3-12 completed a survey packet on M-C spiritual discourse and standard measures of mothers¿ religious fundamentalism, intrinsic religiosity, sanctification of parenting (how much the mother saw herself as doing God¿s work as a parent), and a new measure of parental openness to children¿s spirituality. Then, in a structured task in our lab, mothers (N = 33) and children (M age = 7.33) watched a short film or read a short book that explored death in an age-appropriate manner and then engaged in a videotaped conversation about the movie or book and their religious or spiritual beliefs. Frequency of M-C spiritual discourse was positively related to mothers¿ religious fundamentalism (r = .71, p = .00), intrinsic religiosity (r = .77, p = .00), and sanctification of parenting (r = .79, p = .00), but, surprisingly, was inversely related to mothers¿ v openness to child¿s spirituality (r = -.52, p = .00). Survey data showed that the two most common topics discussed were God (once a week) and religion as it relates to moral issues (once a week). According to mothers their children¿s most common method of initiating spiritual discourse was to repeat what he or she has heard parents or family say about religious issues (M = 2.97; once a week); mothers¿ most common method was to describe their own religious/spiritual beliefs (M = 2.92). Spiritual discourse most commonly occurred either at bedtime or mealtime as reported by 26% of mothers, with the most common triggers reported as daily routine/random thoughts (once a week) and observations of nature (once a week). Mothers¿ most important goals for spiritual discourse were to let their children know that they love them (M = 3.72; very important) and to help them become a good and moral person (M = 3.67; very important). A regression model showed that significant variance in frequency of mother-child spiritual discourse (R2 = .84, p = .00) was predicted by the mothers¿ importance of goals during discourse (ß = 0.46, p = .00), frequency that the mother¿s spirituality was deepened through spiritual discourse (ß = 0.39, p = .00), and the mother¿s fundamentalism (ß = 0.20, p = .05). In a separate regression, the mother¿s comfort in the structured task (ß = 0.70, p = .00), and the number of open-ended questions she asked (ß = -0.26, p = .03) predicted the reciprocity between mother and child (R2 = .62, p = .00). In addition, the mother¿s age (ß = 0.22, p = .059) and comfort during the task (ß = 0.73, p = .00) predicted the child¿s engagement within the structured task. Other findings and theoretical and methodological implications will be discussed.