Incidence of hypo- and hyper-capnia in a cross-sectional European cohort of ventilated newborn infants

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of hypo- and hyper-capnia in a European cohort of ventilated newborn infants. DESIGN AND SETTING Two-point cross-sectional prospective study in 173 European neonatal intensive care units. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patient characteristics, ventilator settings and measurements, and blood gas analyses were collected for endotracheally ventilated newborn infants on two separate dates. RESULTS A total of 1569 blood gas analyses were performed in 508 included patients with a mean±SD Pco2 of 48±12 mm Hg or 6.4±1.6 kPa (range 17-104 mm Hg or 2.3-13.9 kPa). Hypocapnia (Pco2<30 mm Hg or 4 kPa) and hypercapnia (Pco2>52 mm Hg or 7 kPa) was present in, respectively, 69 (4%) and 492 (31%) of the blood gases. Hypocapnia was most common in the first 3 days of life (7.3%) and hypercapnia after the first week of life (42.6%). Pco2 was significantly higher in preterm infants (49 mm Hg or 6.5 kPa) than term infants (43 mm Hg or 5.7 kPa) and significantly lower during pressure-limited ventilation (47 mm Hg or 6.3±1.6 kPa) compared with volume-targeted ventilation (51 mm Hg or 6.8±1.7 kPa) and high-frequency ventilation (50 mm Hg or 6.7±1.7 kPa). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that hypocapnia is a relatively uncommon finding during neonatal ventilation. The higher incidence of hypercapnia may suggest that permissive hypercapnia has found its way into daily clinical practice.

Less Oxygen, Later Intubation and Reduced Respiratory Pressures for ELBW Infants from 1997 to 2011.

INTRODUCTION Evidence concerning delivery room management in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW) has grown substantially within the last 20 years, leading to several guidelines and recommendations. However, it is unknown in which extent local treatment strategies have changed and if they reflect current recommendations. METHODS A detailed questionnaire about treatment strategies for ELBW infants was sent to all German neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) treating ELBW infants in 1997. A follow-up survey was conducted in 2011 and sent to all NICUs in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. RESULTS on delivery room management were compared to the first survey. RESULTS In 1997 and 2011, 63.6 and 66.2% of the approached hospitals responded. In 2011 similar results were observed between university and non-university hospitals as well as NICUs of different size. Differences between Germany, Austria and Switzerland were minimal. Changes over time were a lower initially applied fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and peak inspiratory pressure (PiP) in 2011 compared to 1997. A longer time of apnea was tolerated before tracheal intubation is performed; the time of apnea was less frequently a sole criterion for intubation and surfactant was applied at lower FiO2 in 2011. The time of no thorax excursions and transport of the infant were considered an indication for intubation in 30.2 and 22.5%, and did not change in the observation period. CONCLUSION Treatment strategies for delivery room management in ELBW infants changed significantly between 1997 and 2011 and largely reflect current recommendations.

Less invasive ventilation in extremely low birth weight infants from 1997 to 2011: survey versus evidence.

UNLABELLED Evidence for target values of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), CO2, and pH has changed substantially over the last 20 years. A representative survey concerning treatment strategies in extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBW) was sent to all German neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) treating ELBW infants in 1997. A follow-up survey was conducted in 2011 and sent to all NICUs in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. During the observation period, NICUs targeting SaO2 of 80, 85, and 90 % have increased, while units aiming for 94 and 96 % decreased (all p < 0.001). Similarly, NICUs aiming for pH 7.25 or lower increased, while 7.35 or higher decreased (both p < 0.001). Furthermore, more units targeted a CO2 of 50 mmHg (7.3 kPa) or higher (p < 0.001), while fewer targeted 40 or 35 mmHg (p < 0.001). Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) was used in 80.2 % of NICUs in 2011. The most frequently used ventilation modes were synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) (67.5 %) and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) (59.7 %) in 1997 and SIMV (77.2 %) and synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation (SIPPV) (26.8 %) in 2011. NICUs reporting frequent or always use of IPPV decreased to 11.0 % (p < 0.001). SIMV (77.2 %) and SIPPV (26.8 %) did not change from 1997 to 2011, while high-frequency oscillation (HFO) increased from 9.1 to 19.7 % (p = 0.018). Differences between countries, level of care, and size of the NICU were minimal. CONCLUSIONS Target values for SaO2 decreased, while CO2 and pH increased significantly during the observation period. Current values largely reflect available evidence at time of the surveys. WHAT IS KNOWN • Evidence concerning target values of oxygen saturation, CO 2 , and pH in extremely low-birth-weight infants has grown substantially. • It is not known to which extent this knowledge is transferred into clinical practice and if treatment strategies have changed. WHAT IS NEW • Target values for oxygen saturation in ELBW infants decreased between 1997 and 2011 while target values for CO 2 and pH increased. • Similar treatment strategies existed in different countries, hospitals of different size, or university versus nonuniversity hospitals in 2011.

PICADAR: a diagnostic predictive tool for primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Symptoms of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) are nonspecific and guidance on whom to refer for testing is limited. Diagnostic tests for PCD are highly specialised, requiring expensive equipment and experienced PCD scientists. This study aims to develop a practical clinical diagnostic tool to identify patients requiring testing.Patients consecutively referred for testing were studied. Information readily obtained from patient history was correlated with diagnostic outcome. Using logistic regression, the predictive performance of the best model was tested by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. The model was simplified into a practical tool (PICADAR) and externally validated in a second diagnostic centre.Of 641 referrals with a definitive diagnostic outcome, 75 (12%) were positive. PICADAR applies to patients with persistent wet cough and has seven predictive parameters: full-term gestation, neonatal chest symptoms, neonatal intensive care admittance, chronic rhinitis, ear symptoms, situs inversus and congenital cardiac defect. Sensitivity and specificity of the tool were 0.90 and 0.75 for a cut-off score of 5 points. Area under the curve for the internally and externally validated tool was 0.91 and 0.87, respectively.PICADAR represents a simple diagnostic clinical prediction rule with good accuracy and validity, ready for testing in respiratory centres referring to PCD centres.

Evaluation of the March of Dimes Family Support Program with Focus on Parent to Parent Support

The March of Dimes NICU Family Support Program provides families with support specialists, educational materials, and community resources to aide in the emotional and physical adaptation to a new life with a premature infant. Parent-to-parent support has been shown to more effective than group support because the new NICU parent is able to connect on a more personal level with an experienced NICU parent. The purpose of the research was to develop and implement an evaluation instrument to assess the effectiveness of the March of Dimes NICU Family Support Program (MODFSP) in the NICU at the UConn Health Center, specifically parent-to-parent support. Steps involved in the process included determining areas of focus for the instrument, developing items based on MODFSP materials and literature review, piloting the materials on parents with infants in the NICU (with IRB approval), and utilizing descriptive statistics through SPSS Version 14 to assess the results from the instrument content. Qualitative items were also included in the evaluation, and descriptive qualitative methods, as appropriate, were used to analyze those items. The findings have supported the literature in that all parents that participated in parent to parent support agreed the program was beneficial in assisting them with their transition to life with a premature infant. In addition to evaluating the new NICU parent’s opinions of the program, researchers evaluated the staff and volunteer parents that were involved in the program. The results also revealed that the new NICU parent’s fear, anxiety, and stress decreased after the parent-to-parent interactions. The preliminary results were encouraging that the MODFSP has implemented an effective parent-to-parent support program to support parents through their time of crisis.

Breastfeeding the very preterm hospitalized infant: An ethnographic study

Purpose. To develop a greater understanding of the experience—including the thoughts, feelings, and actions—of mothers' initiation and maintenance of lactation within the context of the NICU following the birth of a very preterm infant. ^ Design. Mixed method with dominant focused ethnographic approach. Setting: A 76-bed neonatal intensive care unit in the largest children's hospital located in a large metropolitan city in southeast Texas. ^ Sample. Purposeful sampling resulted in 23 interviews with 14 subjects. ^ Methods. Mixed method design with a dominant qualitative approach combined with a quantitative component to further identify and expand upon the investigation of the population in question. Open-ended semi-structured interviews and fieldwork were used to explore the experience of breastfeeding in the context of the NICU for mothers of very preterm infants. Longitudinal data obtained from each subject included in-depth interviews, demographic and clinical information, milk expression patterns (including pumping frequency, duration, and milk volumes obtained), and scores obtained from the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). ^ Findings. Thematic analysis revealed that mothers of very preterm infants experienced an interruption in the process of becoming a mother, a paradoxical experience related to aspects of their milk expression routines and patterns, and negotiating the NICU environment. Sub-themes of becoming a mother-interrupted included: attribution, separation, connection, and navigation. Additional sub-themes related to the paradoxical experience included: the pump sometimes acting as a wedge or link to the infant; diversionary thoughts/activities during pumping; and perceptions of milk flow/volume. The process of negotiation included the environment, adaptive/maladaptive strategies related to milk expression, motivating factors related to the provision of breast milk, and learning their infant's feeding cues/abilities. EPDS scores did not reveal congruent differences in those mothers scoring high compared to those scoring low. ^ Conclusions. Understanding the experiences of the mothers in this study allows for a better perspective of breastfeeding the very preterm infant in the context of the NICU. Findings from this study validate the difficult and incremental process of attaining maternal identity and the significant burden placed on these women with regards to the provision of breast milk and breastfeeding during their infant's hospitalization. ^

A study of nurses' perceptions of and participation in the resolution of treatment dilemmas for critically ill newborns

This study was an exploratory investigation of variables which are associated with neonatal intensive care nurses' perceptions of and participation in life-sustaining treatment decisions for critically ill newborns. The primary purpose of the research was to examine the extent to which assessment of infants' physical and mental prognoses, parents' preferences regarding treatment, and legal consequences of non-treatment influence nurses' recommendations about life-saving treatment decisions for handicapped newborns. Secondly, the research explored the extent and nature of nurses' reported participation in the resolution of treatment dilemmas for these critically ill newborns. The framework of the study draws upon the work of Crane (1977), Blum (1980), and Pearlman (1982) who have explored the sociological context of decision-making with critical care patients.^ Participants in the study were a volunteer sample of eighty-three registered nurses who were currently working in neonatal intensive care units in five large urban hospitals in Texas. Data were collected through the use of intensive interviews and case study questionnaires. Results from the study indicate that physical and mental prognoses as well as parent preferences and concerns about legal liability are related to nurses' treatment recommendations, but their levels of significance vary according to the type of handicapping condition and whether the treatment questions are posed in terms of initiating aggressive therapy or withdrawing aggressive therapy.^ The majority of nurses reported that the extent of their participation in formal decision-making regarding handicapped newborns was fairly minimal although they provide much of the definitive data used to make decisions by physicians and parents. There was substantial evidence that nurse respondents perceive their primary role as advocates for critically ill newborns, and believe that their involvement in the resolution of treatment dilemmas should be increased. ^

Confidential inquiry into perinatal mortality in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 1988

A review of 1985 neonatal death statistics in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas revealed an excessive perinatal death rate among Hispanics compared to Anglos. In order to identify factors contributing to perinatal mortality in the region and to determine if existing perinatal services were adequate, a confidential inquiry into each 1988 perinatal death was performed.^ Medical risk factors in the mothers were infrequent. The most commonly noted pregnancy complication was polyhydramnios. This complication is often associated with anencephalus which was the most frequent birth anomaly detected in the region.^ The study results did not reveal an association between lay midwife deliveries in the region and excessive perinatal mortality nor did perinatal mortality appear to be associated with a lack of neonatal intensive care facilities. Lack of prenatal care was the most commonly encountered preventable factor associated with perinatal death. It was not possible to determine if the level of care for Anglos and Hispanics differed because of the low number of Anglo deaths although the socioeconomic level of deaths in each of the ethnic groups was the same. ^

Transfusão de concentrado eritrocitário em Recém-Nascidos de Muito Baixo Peso e/ou Idade Gestacional menor ou igual a 32 semanas – experiência de 4 anos de uma Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatais

Introdução: A anemia é um problema frequente nos recém-nascidos (RN) pré-termo e a transfusão de concentrado eritrocitário (CE) é o tratamento mais rápido e eficaz. Objetivos: Verificar se a política transfusional da unidade de Neonatologia esteve de acordo com os Consensos Nacionais de Anemia da Prematuridade de 2004 e avaliar a morbilidade dos RN transfundidos e não transfundidos. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de RN com peso à nascença (PN) ≤1500g e/ou idade gestacional (IG) ≤32 semanas (janeiro 2010-dezembro 2013). Os RN foram agrupados de acordo com a realização de CE durante o internamento (grupo transfundido vs não transfundido). As variáveis demográficas foram: idade gestacional (IG), PN, género e índice de Apgar <7 ao 1º e 5º minuto. A comorbilidade incluiu displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), sépsis, persistência canal arterial (PCA), enterocolite necrosante, hemorragia peri-intraventricular (HPIV), leucomalácia periventricular (LPV) e retinopatia da prematuridade. Resultados: Foram incluídos 160 doentes: 88 realizaram pelo menos uma transfusão e 72 não realizaram transfusões. O grupo transfundido tinha menor IG e PN e maior duração de internamento. As transfusões de CE foram realizadas com valores médios de hemoglobina superiores nas situações de ventilação invasiva e menor idade pós-menstrual. A prevalência de DBP, sépsis, PCA, HPIV e LPV foi estatisticamente maior no grupo transfundido. Discussão e Conclusão: O tratamento da anemia nos prematuros de menor IG e PN associou-se a maior número de transfusões de CE. Os critérios transfusionais aplicados estiveram de acordo com os consensos nacionais de Neonatologia de 2004. O grupo transfundido teve maior prevalência de comorbilidade.

Atitude expectante na pré-eclâmpsia moderada tardia

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde e surtos infeciosos em unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatais e protocolos de seguimento

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Les effets de l’éclairage cyclique versus l’éclairage tamisé constant sur la stabilité physiologique et le niveau d’activité motrice de prématurés

Problématique : Les prématurés évoluent dans l’unité néonatale qui présente une intensité lumineuse parfois forte et variable, ce qui a pour effet de provoquer une instabilité physiologique, ainsi qu’une augmentation du niveau d’activité motrice chez ces derniers. Par ailleurs, le contrôle de l’éclairage à l’unité néonatale favorise la stabilité physiologique et réduit le niveau d’activité motrice des prématurés. Deux méthodes de contrôle de l’éclairage ont été étudiées, soit l’éclairage tamisé constant et l’éclairage cyclique. Or, la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage la plus appropriée au système nerveux immature des prématurés est inconnue et il y a ambivalence en ce qui concerne les résultats des études ayant évalué ces deux modes de contrôle de l’éclairage. But : Le but de cette étude était de mesurer les effets de l’éclairage cyclique versus l’éclairage tamisé constant sur la stabilité physiologique et le niveau d’activité motrice de prématurés nés entre 28 et 32 semaines d’âge gestationnel. Méthode : Un essai clinique randomisé a été réalisé. Les 38 prématurés recrutés dans une unité néonatale de niveaux II et III d’un hôpital universitaire, ont été randomisés dans l’un des deux groupes d’intervention, soit le groupe exposé à l’éclairage tamisé constant ou celui exposé à l’éclairage cyclique. Ces deux types d’éclairage ont été appliqués pendant 24 heures. La stabilité physiologique a été mesurée par le score Stability of the Cardio Respiratory System in Premature Infants (SCRIP) et le niveau d’activité motrice a été mesuré avec un accéléromètre (Actiwatch®). L’intensité lumineuse à laquelle les prématurés ont été exposés a été mesurée de façon continue à l’intérieur de l’incubateur à l’aide d’un photomètre. Résultats : L’analyse des données révèle qu’il n’y aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes d’intervention en ce qui a trait à la stabilité physiologique (valeur-p du score SCRIP de 0,54 à 0,96) et au niveau d’activité motrice (valeur-p de 0,09 à 0,88). Les participants des deux groupes ont manifesté une stabilité physiologique et un niveau d’activité motrice comparables. Conclusion : Des interventions de contrôle de l’éclairage doivent être adoptées à l’unité néonatale, que ce soit des interventions qui permettent la mise en œuvre de l’éclairage cyclique ou de l’éclairage tamisé constant, dans le but de favoriser l’adaptation du prématuré à l’environnement de l’unité néonatale. Des recherches additionnelles sont requises afin d’identifier la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage (éclairage cyclique ou éclairage tamisé constant) qui doit être implantée à l’unité néonatale.

Les effets de l’éclairage cyclique versus l’éclairage tamisé constant sur la stabilité physiologique et le niveau d’activité motrice de prématurés

Problématique : Les prématurés évoluent dans l’unité néonatale qui présente une intensité lumineuse parfois forte et variable, ce qui a pour effet de provoquer une instabilité physiologique, ainsi qu’une augmentation du niveau d’activité motrice chez ces derniers. Par ailleurs, le contrôle de l’éclairage à l’unité néonatale favorise la stabilité physiologique et réduit le niveau d’activité motrice des prématurés. Deux méthodes de contrôle de l’éclairage ont été étudiées, soit l’éclairage tamisé constant et l’éclairage cyclique. Or, la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage la plus appropriée au système nerveux immature des prématurés est inconnue et il y a ambivalence en ce qui concerne les résultats des études ayant évalué ces deux modes de contrôle de l’éclairage. But : Le but de cette étude était de mesurer les effets de l’éclairage cyclique versus l’éclairage tamisé constant sur la stabilité physiologique et le niveau d’activité motrice de prématurés nés entre 28 et 32 semaines d’âge gestationnel. Méthode : Un essai clinique randomisé a été réalisé. Les 38 prématurés recrutés dans une unité néonatale de niveaux II et III d’un hôpital universitaire, ont été randomisés dans l’un des deux groupes d’intervention, soit le groupe exposé à l’éclairage tamisé constant ou celui exposé à l’éclairage cyclique. Ces deux types d’éclairage ont été appliqués pendant 24 heures. La stabilité physiologique a été mesurée par le score Stability of the Cardio Respiratory System in Premature Infants (SCRIP) et le niveau d’activité motrice a été mesuré avec un accéléromètre (Actiwatch®). L’intensité lumineuse à laquelle les prématurés ont été exposés a été mesurée de façon continue à l’intérieur de l’incubateur à l’aide d’un photomètre. Résultats : L’analyse des données révèle qu’il n’y aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes d’intervention en ce qui a trait à la stabilité physiologique (valeur-p du score SCRIP de 0,54 à 0,96) et au niveau d’activité motrice (valeur-p de 0,09 à 0,88). Les participants des deux groupes ont manifesté une stabilité physiologique et un niveau d’activité motrice comparables. Conclusion : Des interventions de contrôle de l’éclairage doivent être adoptées à l’unité néonatale, que ce soit des interventions qui permettent la mise en œuvre de l’éclairage cyclique ou de l’éclairage tamisé constant, dans le but de favoriser l’adaptation du prématuré à l’environnement de l’unité néonatale. Des recherches additionnelles sont requises afin d’identifier la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage (éclairage cyclique ou éclairage tamisé constant) qui doit être implantée à l’unité néonatale.

Bariatric surgery in women of child-bearing age, timing between an operation and birth, and associated perinatal complications

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Cardiorespiratory monitoring equipment interferes with whole body impedance measurements

Bioelectrical impedance measurements are widely used for the study of body composition. Commonly measurements are made at 50 kHz to estimate total body water or at low frequencies (< 10 kHz) to estimate extracellular fluid volume. These measurements can be obtained as single measurements at discrete frequencies, or as fitted data interpolated from plots of measurements made at multiple frequencies. This study compared single frequency and multiple frequency (MF) measurements taken in the intensive care environment. MF bioimpedance (4-1000 kHz) was measured on an adult with and without cardiorespiratory monitoring, and on babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. Measurements obtained at individual frequencies were plotted against frequency and examined for the presence of outlying points. Fitted data for measurements obtained at 5 kHz and 50 kHz with and without cardiorespiratory monitoring were compared. Significant artefacts were detected in measurements at approximately 50 kHz and at integral divisions of this frequency as a result of interference from cardiorespiratory monitors. Single frequency measurements taken at these frequencies may be subject to errors that would be difficult to detect without the aid of information obtained from MF measurements.