Microrganismi probiotici per le piante: una strategia di riduzione degli input nella coltura del pomodoro col metodo biologico

In the recent years, consumers became more aware and sensible in respect to environment and food safety matters. They are more and more interested in organic agriculture and markets and tend to prefer ‘organic’ products more than their traditional counterparts. To increase the quality and reduce the cost of production in organic and low-input agriculture, the 6FP-European “QLIF” project investigated the use of natural products such as bio-inoculants. They are mostly composed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microorganisms, so-called “plant probiotic” microorganisms (PPM), because they help keeping an high yield, even under abiotic and biotic stressful conditions. Italian laws (DLgs 217, 2006) have recently included them as “special fertilizers”. This thesis focuses on the use of special fertilizers when growing tomatoes with organic methods in open field conditions, and the effects they induce on yield, quality and microbial rhizospheric communities. The primary objective was to achieve a better understanding of how plant-probiotic micro-flora management could buffer future reduction of external inputs, while keeping tomato fruit yield, quality and system sustainability. We studied microbial rhizospheric communities with statistical, molecular and histological methods. This work have demonstrated that long-lasting introduction of inoculum positively affected micorrhizal colonization and resistance against pathogens. Instead repeated introduction of compost negatively affected tomato quality, likely because it destabilized the ripening process, leading to over-ripening and increasing the amount of not-marketable product. Instead. After two years without any significant difference, the third year extreme combinations of inoculum and compost inputs (low inoculum with high amounts of compost, or vice versa) increased mycorrhizal colonization. As a result, in order to reduce production costs, we recommend using only inoculum rather than compost. Secondly, this thesis analyses how mycorrhizal colonization varies in respect to different tomato cultivars and experimental field locations. We found statistically significant differences between locations and between arbuscular colonization patterns per variety. To confirm these histological findings, we started a set of molecular experiments. The thesis discusses preliminary results and recommends their continuation and refinement to gather the complete results.

Untersuchungen zur Visuomotorik des Menschen

Motorische Bewegungen werden über die visuelle Rückmeldung auf ihre Genauigkeit kontrolliert und ggf. korrigiert. Über einen technischen Eingriff, wie beispielsweise einer Prismenbrille, kann man eine Differenz zwischen optisch wahrgenommener und haptisch erlebter Umwelt erzeugen, um die Fähigkeiten des visuomotorischen Systems zu testen. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine computergestützte Methode entwickelt, eine solche visuomotorische Differenz zu simulieren. Die Versuchspersonen führen eine ballistische Bewegung mit Arm und Hand aus in der Absicht, ein vorgegebenes Ziel zu treffen. Die Trefferpunkte werden durch einen Computer mit Hilfe eines Digitalisierungstablettes aufgenommen. Die visuelle Umwelt, welche den Versuchspersonen präsentiert wird, ist auf einem Monitor dargestellt. Das Monitorabbild – ein Kreuz auf weißem Hintergrund – betrachten die Testpersonen über einen Spiegel. Dieser ist in einem entsprechenden Winkel zwischen Monitor und Digitalisierungstablett angebracht, so dass das Zielbild auf dem Digitalisierungstablett projiziert wird. Die Testpersonen nehmen das Zielkreuz auf dem Digitalisierungstablett liegend wahr. Führt die Versuchsperson eine Zielbewegung aus, können die aufgenommenen Koordinaten als Punkte auf dem Monitor dargestellt werden und die Testperson erhält über diese Punktanzeige ein visuelles Feedback ihrer Bewegung. Der Arbeitsbereich des Digitalisierungstabletts kann über den Computer eingerichtet und so motorische Verschiebungen simuliert werden. Die verschiedenartigen Möglichkeiten dieses Aufbaus wurden zum Teil in Vorversuchen getestet um Fragestellungen, Methodik und technische Einrichtungen aufeinander abzustimmen. Den Hauptversuchen galt besonderes Interesse an der zeitlichen Verzögerung des visuellen Feedbacks sowie dem intermanuellen Transfer. Hierbei ergaben sich folgende Ergebnisse: ● Die Versuchspersonen adaptieren an eine räumlich verschobene Umwelt. Der Adaptationsverlauf lässt sich mit einer Exponentialfunktion mathematisch berechnen und darstellen. ● Dieser Verlauf ist unabhängig von der Art des visuellen Feedbacks. Die Beobachtung der Handbewegung während der Adaptation zeigt die gleiche Zielabfolge wie eine einfache Punktprojektion, die den Trefferort der Bewegung darstellt. ● Der exponentielle Verlauf der Adaptationsbewegung ist unabhängig von den getesteten zeitlichen Verzögerungen des visuellen Feedbacks. ● Die Ergebnisse des Folgeeffektes zeigen, dass bei zunehmender zeitlicher Verzögerung des visuellen Feedbacks während der Adaptationsphase, die Größe des Folgeeffektwertes geringer wird, d.h. die anhaltende Anpassungsleistung an eine visuomotorische Differenz sinkt. ● Die Folgeeffekte weisen individuelle Eigenheiten auf. Die Testpersonen adaptieren verschieden stark an eine simulierte Verschiebung. Ein Vergleich mit den visuomotorischen Herausforderungen im Vorleben der Versuchspersonen ließ vermuten, dass das visuomotorische System des Menschen trainierbar ist und sich - je nach Trainingszustand – unterschiedlich an wahrgenommene Differenzen anpasst. ● Der intermanuelle Transfer konnte unter verschiedenen Bedingungen nachgewiesen werden. ● Ein deutlich stärkerer Folgeeffekt kann beobachtet werden, wenn die wahrgenommene visuomotorische Differenz zwischen Ziel und Trefferpunkt in eine Gehirnhälfte projiziert wird und der Folgeeffekt mit der Hand erfolgt, welche von dieser Hirnhemisphäre gesteuert wird. Der intermanuelle Transfer wird demnach begünstigt, wenn die visuelle Projektion der Fehlerbeobachtung in die Gehirnhälfte erfolgt, die während der Adaptationsphase motorisch passiv ist.

Aktionenlernen mit Selbstorganisierenden Karten und Reinforcement Learning

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung eines Funktionsapproximators und dessen Verwendung in Verfahren zum Lernen von diskreten und kontinuierlichen Aktionen: 1. Ein allgemeiner Funktionsapproximator – Locally Weighted Interpolating Growing Neural Gas (LWIGNG) – wird auf Basis eines Wachsenden Neuralen Gases (GNG) entwickelt. Die topologische Nachbarschaft in der Neuronenstruktur wird verwendet, um zwischen benachbarten Neuronen zu interpolieren und durch lokale Gewichtung die Approximation zu berechnen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Ansatzes, insbesondere in Hinsicht auf sich verändernde Zielfunktionen und sich verändernde Eingabeverteilungen, wird in verschiedenen Experimenten unter Beweis gestellt. 2. Zum Lernen diskreter Aktionen wird das LWIGNG-Verfahren mit Q-Learning zur Q-LWIGNG-Methode verbunden. Dafür muss der zugrunde liegende GNG-Algorithmus abgeändert werden, da die Eingabedaten beim Aktionenlernen eine bestimmte Reihenfolge haben. Q-LWIGNG erzielt sehr gute Ergebnisse beim Stabbalance- und beim Mountain-Car-Problem und gute Ergebnisse beim Acrobot-Problem. 3. Zum Lernen kontinuierlicher Aktionen wird ein REINFORCE-Algorithmus mit LWIGNG zur ReinforceGNG-Methode verbunden. Dabei wird eine Actor-Critic-Architektur eingesetzt, um aus zeitverzögerten Belohnungen zu lernen. LWIGNG approximiert sowohl die Zustands-Wertefunktion als auch die Politik, die in Form von situationsabhängigen Parametern einer Normalverteilung repräsentiert wird. ReinforceGNG wird erfolgreich zum Lernen von Bewegungen für einen simulierten 2-rädrigen Roboter eingesetzt, der einen rollenden Ball unter bestimmten Bedingungen abfangen soll.

Assessment of Daily Life Mobility Levels using Wearable Inertial Sensors and Minimun Measured Input Models

Tracking activities during daily life and assessing movement parameters is essential for complementing the information gathered in confined environments such as clinical and physical activity laboratories for the assessment of mobility. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are used as to monitor the motion of human movement for prolonged periods of time and without space limitations. The focus in this study was to provide a robust, low-cost and an unobtrusive solution for evaluating human motion using a single IMU. First part of the study focused on monitoring and classification of the daily life activities. A simple method that analyses the variations in signal was developed to distinguish two types of activity intervals: active and inactive. Neural classifier was used to classify active intervals; the angle with respect to gravity was used to classify inactive intervals. Second part of the study focused on extraction of gait parameters using a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the pelvis. Two complementary methods were proposed for gait parameters estimation. First method was a wavelet based method developed for the estimation of gait events. Second method was developed for estimating step and stride length during level walking using the estimations of the previous method. A special integration algorithm was extended to operate on each gait cycle using a specially designed Kalman filter. The developed methods were also applied on various scenarios. Activity monitoring method was used in a PRIN’07 project to assess the mobility levels of individuals living in a urban area. The same method was applied on volleyball players to analyze the fitness levels of them by monitoring their daily life activities. The methods proposed in these studies provided a simple, unobtrusive and low-cost solution for monitoring and assessing activities outside of controlled environments.

Wheat and low-input agriculture: agronomic, nutritional and nutraceutical implications

Recently, the increasing interest in organic food products and environmental friendly practices has emphasized the importance of selecting crop varieties suitable for the low-input systems. Additionally, in recent years the relationship between diet and human health has gained much attention among consumers, favoring the investigations on food nutraceutical properties. Among cereals, wheat plays an important role in human nutrition around the world and contributes to the daily intake of essential nutrients such as starch and protein. Moreover, whole grain contains several bioactive compounds that confer to wheat-derived products unique nutraceutical properties (dietary fibre, antioxidants). The present research provided interesting insights for the selection of wheat genotypes suitable for low-input systems and the development of specific breeding programs dedicated to organic farming. The investigation involved 5 old not dwarf genotypes (Andriolo, Frassineto, Gentil rosso, Inallettabile, Verna) and 1 modern dwarf variety (Palesio), grown under biodynamic management, over two consecutive growing seasons (2009/2010, 2010/2011). Results evidenced that under low-input farming some investigated old wheat genotypes (Frassineto, Inallettabile) were comparable to the modern cultivar in terms of whole agronomic performance. As regards the nutritional and nutraceutical properties, some old genotypes (Andriolo, Gentil rosso, Verna) emerged for their relevant content of several investigated phytochemicals (such as insoluble dietary fibre, polyphenols, flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant activity) and nutrients (protein, lipid, minerals). Despite of the low technological features, the six wheat varieties grown under low-input management may efficiently provide raw material for the preparation of traditionally processed bread with valuable sensory and nutritional properties. Results highlighted that old wheat varieties have peculiar phytochemical composition and may be a valuable source of nutraceutical compounds. Some of the genetic material involved in the present study may be used in breeding programs aimed at selecting varieties suitable for low-input farming and rich in health-promoting compounds.

An Input-Process-Output Approach to Interorganizational Teams: The Influence of Work Group Diversity, Trust and Shared Leadership on Communication Network and Team Outputs.

The market’s challenges bring firms to collaborate with other organizations in order to create Joint Ventures, Alliances and Consortia that are defined as “Interorganizational Networks” (IONs) (Provan, Fish and Sydow; 2007). Some of these IONs are managed through a shared partecipant governance (Provan and Kenis, 2008): a team composed by entrepreneurs and/or directors of each firm of an ION. The research is focused on these kind of management teams and it is based on an input-process-output model: some input variables (work group’s diversity, intra-team's friendship network density) have a direct influence on the process (team identification, shared leadership, interorganizational trust, team trust and intra-team's communication network density), which influence some team outputs, individual innovation behaviors and team effectiveness (team performance, work group satisfaction and ION affective commitment). Data was collected on a sample of 101 entrepreneurs grouped in 28 ION’s government teams and the research hypotheses are tested trough the path analysis and the multilevel models. As expected trust in team and shared leadership are positively and directly related to team effectiveness while team identification and interorganizational trust are indirectly related to the team outputs. The friendship network density among the team’s members has got positive effects on the trust in team and on the communication network density, and also, through the communication network density it improves the level of the teammates ION affective commitment. The shared leadership and its effects on the team effectiveness are fostered from higher level of team identification and weakened from higher level of work group diversity, specifically gender diversity. Finally, the communication network density and shared leadership at the individual level are related to the frequency of individual innovative behaviors. The dissertation’s results give a wider and more precise indication about the management of interfirm network through “shared” form of governance.

Periodicities in the Hodgkin-Huxley model and versions of this model with stochastic input

A field of computational neuroscience develops mathematical models to describe neuronal systems. The aim is to better understand the nervous system. Historically, the integrate-and-fire model, developed by Lapique in 1907, was the first model describing a neuron. In 1952 Hodgkin and Huxley [8] described the so called Hodgkin-Huxley model in the article “A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve”. The Hodgkin-Huxley model is one of the most successful and widely-used biological neuron models. Based on experimental data from the squid giant axon, Hodgkin and Huxley developed their mathematical model as a four-dimensional system of first-order ordinary differential equations. One of these equations characterizes the membrane potential as a process in time, whereas the other three equations depict the opening and closing state of sodium and potassium ion channels. The membrane potential is proportional to the sum of ionic current flowing across the membrane and an externally applied current. For various types of external input the membrane potential behaves differently. This thesis considers the following three types of input: (i) Rinzel and Miller [15] calculated an interval of amplitudes for a constant applied current, where the membrane potential is repetitively spiking; (ii) Aihara, Matsumoto and Ikegaya [1] said that dependent on the amplitude and the frequency of a periodic applied current the membrane potential responds periodically; (iii) Izhikevich [12] stated that brief pulses of positive and negative current with different amplitudes and frequencies can lead to a periodic response of the membrane potential. In chapter 1 the Hodgkin-Huxley model is introduced according to Izhikevich [12]. Besides the definition of the model, several biological and physiological notes are made, and further concepts are described by examples. Moreover, the numerical methods to solve the equations of the Hodgkin-Huxley model are presented which were used for the computer simulations in chapter 2 and chapter 3. In chapter 2 the statements for the three different inputs (i), (ii) and (iii) will be verified, and periodic behavior for the inputs (ii) and (iii) will be investigated. In chapter 3 the inputs are embedded in an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to see the influence of noise on the results of chapter 2.

Type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity of the respiratory tract due to budesonide use: report of two cases and a literature review

Respiratory type-IV hypersensitivity reactions due to corticosteroids is a rare phenomenon. We describe two such cases. The first is a 37- year-old atopic woman who developed labial angioedema and nasal itching after the use of budesonide nasal spray. A month later, after the first puffs of a formoterol/budesonide spray prescribed for asthma, she noticed symptoms of tongue and oropharyngeal itching and redness with subsequent dysphagia, labial and tongue angioedema, and facial oedema. The second is a 15-year-old non-atopic woman who reported pruritic eruptions around the nostrils after using a budesonide nasal spray. A year later she presented with nasal pruritus with intense congestion and labial and facial oedema after using the same spray. Both patients were evaluated with patch-tests using the commercial T.R.U.E. test, a budesonide solution, and corticosteroid creams. Test evaluation was performed at 48 and 96 hours. In both patients, patch tests were positive to budesonide (++) on the second day. The first patient also had a positive (+) reaction to tixocortol-21-pivalate. All the other patch tests were negative. Clinicians should be aware that hypersensitivity reactions may occur during the use of nasal or inhaled corticosteroids.

Intravenous versus intra-articular delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the hip joint: a comparative analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether T1-mapping of hip joint with intra-articular delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cartilage (ia-dGEMRIC) is comparable to the already established intravenous (iv)-technique for assessing different grades of cartilage degeneration.

Metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of cartilage - a feasibility study

To evaluate the feasibility of delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the cartilage of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with that in control subjects.

Knorpelqualität an den Fingergelenken: delayed Gd(DTPA)²-enhanced MRI of the cartilage (dGEMRIC) bei 3T [Cartilage quality in finger joints: delayed Gd(DTPA)²-enhanced MRI of the cartilage (dGEMRIC) at 3T]

To evaluate the feasibility of molecular cartilage MRI in finger joints.

Feasibility of texture analysis for the assessment of biochemical changes in meniscal tissue on T1 maps calculated from delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage data: comparison with conventional relaxation time measurements

To (1) establish the feasibility of texture analysis for the in vivo assessment of biochemical changes in meniscal tissue on delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC), and (2) compare textural with conventional T1 relaxation time measurements calculated from dGEMRIC data ("T1(Gd) relaxation times").

Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC), after slipped capital femoral epiphysis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in hip joint cartilage in mature hips with a history of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) using delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC). METHODS: 28 young-adult subjects (32 hips) with a mean age of 23.8+/-4.0 years (range: 18.1-30.5 years) who were treated for mild or moderate SCFE in adolescence were included into the study. Hip function and clinical symptoms were evaluated with the Harris hip score (HHS) system at the time of MRI. Plain radiographic evaluation included Tonnis grading, measurement of the minimal joint space width (JSW) and alpha-angle measurement. The alpha-angle values were used to classify three sub-groups: group 1=subjects with normal femoral head-neck offset (alpha-angle <50 degrees ), group 2=subjects with mild offset decrease (alpha-angle 50 degrees -60 degrees ), and group 3=subjects with severe offset decrease (alpha-angle >60 degrees ). RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference noted for the T1(Gd) values, lateral and central, between group 1 and group 3 (p-values=0.038 and 0.041). The T1(Gd) values measured within the lateral portion were slightly lower compared with the T1(Gd) values measured within the central portion that was at a statistically significance level (p-value <0.001). HHS, Tonnis grades and JSW revealed no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: By using dGEMRIC in the mid-term follow-up of SCFE we were able to reveal degenerative changes even in the absence of joint space narrowing that seem to be related to the degree of offset pathology. The dGEMRIC technique may be a potential diagnostic modality in the follow-up evaluation of SCFE.