Tiedon jakaminen ja organisaatiokulttuuri kulkevat käsi kädessä

Pro gradu -tutkielmassa selvitettiin organisaatiokulttuurin vaikutusta tiedon jakamiseen sekä tiedon jakamisen edistämistä asiantuntijaorganisaatiossa. Tavoitteena oli kehittää toimeksiannosta Fingrid Oyj:n tiedon jakamisen käytäntöjä sekä määrittää yhtiölle tavoitekulttuurin piirteet, joihin johto voi sitoutua ja jota kohti organisaatio voi kehittyä. Tutkimus toteutettiin pääosiltaan kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena ja tutkimusotteena oli toimintatutkimus. Tutkimuksessa perehdyttiin aikaisempiin tiedon jakamista ja organisaatiokulttuurin yhteyttä selvittäneisiin tutkimuksiin. Case-yrityksen henkilöstön näkemykset nykyisestä organisaatiokulttuurista kartoitettiin hyödyntäen Cameron & Quinnin kilpailevien arvojen mallia. Pöytätutkimuksena tutustuttiin organisaation eri dokumentteihin, strategiaan, arvoihin ja ohjeisiin. Lisäksi toteutettiin 10 kpl teemahaastatteluita yhtiön organisaatiokulttuurista ja tiedon jakamisen edistämisen keinoista. Tulosten mukaan organisaatiokulttuurilla ja tiedon jakamisella on yhteys toisiinsa. Tälle löydettiin vahvistusta aikaisempien tutkimusten lisäksi myös case-yrityksen käytänteistä. Kulttuurit, joissa vuorovaikutus on avointa ja valtasuhteet matalia ja joissa kannustetaan kollektiiviseen tekemiseen yksilösuoritusten sijasta, suosivat tiedon jakamista tiedon panttaamisen sijasta. Case-yrityksen organisaatiokulttuurin dominoiviksi piirteiksi muodostuivat hierarkinen ja ryhmäkulttuuri: hierarkisuus näkyy yrityksen toiminnan ohjauksessa runsaina ohjeina ja sääntöinä, silti yrityksen ilmapiiri on epämuodollinen, organisaatiomalli on matala ja päätöksentekojärjestelmässä valtaa on jalkautettu alaspäin. Yrityksen kulttuurin todettiin tukevan tiedon jakamisen käytänteitä. Toimintatutkimuksessa Fingrid Oyj:lle määriteltiin yhdessä ylimmän johdon kanssa tavoitekulttuurin piirteet, linjattiin miten kulttuurin tulee näkyä esimiestyössä sekä laadittiin ehdotuksia tiedon jakamisen kehittämiseksi yhtiössä.

Tietojärjestelmän omistajuuden siirtoprojektin osaamis- ja tarvekartoitus

Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on selventää tietojärjestelmän omistajuuden muutoksessa olevan organisaation osaamisen kartoittamista, määrittämistä ja mittaamista. Yksilön, ryhmän sekä organisaation oppiminen nähdään keskeisenä tekijä organisaation kilpailukyvyn ylläpitämisessä ja kehittämisessä. Aihepiiriä on tutkittu paljon, kuitenkin on edelleen paljon erilaisia näkemyksiä oppimiseen liittyvistä aiheista ja siihen vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat myös oppimiseen ja osaamiseen läheisesti liittyvät teemat, innovointi ja muutosjohtaminen, niiltä osin, kun ne vaikuttavat organisatoriseen ja/tai yksilön oppimiseen ja osaamiseen. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat kaksi julkishallinnon organisaatiota joiden välillä tapahtuu tietojärjestelmien omistajuuden vaihdon yhteydessä kohtuullisen laajamittaista osaamisen siirtoa. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa perehdyttiin organisaation osaamisen hallinnan prosessiin ja sen kehittämismahdollisuuksiin. Organisatoriseen oppimiseen ja osaamiseen vaikuttavat tekijät, niin sisäiset kuin ulkopuoliset, on selvitetty tutkimuksessa. Myös eri tekijöiden vaikutusta organisaation kilpailukykyyn ja kykyyn luoda uutta osaamista ja innovointia on selvitetty tutkimuksessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset ja empiirinen osuus antavat samankaltaisia ratkaisuja osaamiseen, yksilön ja organisaation, oppimisen osalta.

Improving productivity by developing knowledge management practices for a consulting company

The objective of the research was to identify knowledge conversion states in consultancy sales and delivery processes for the company’s one business unit, to know where to store certain types of information and knowledge, and to create best practices for the company’s knowledge management activities in the selected business processes. The used research methodology was action research. The current business processes were analyzed by interviewing people involved in them. The results were documented and catego- rized, and based on them the target states of the processes were developed. Knowledge man- agement activities were integrated to the business processes. The main findings of the research were that roles and responsibilities in the processes were not clear to people, information systems did not fully support individuals and time was wasted searching for information and knowledge. There were also many variations of how the processes actually realized, which affected the overall quality of the process. The conclusions of the research were that knowledge management activities should be high- lighted in businesses where knowledge workers are the main assets of the company. Knowledge management practices can be supported by company culture, leadership and in- formation systems. However, one main factor is each individual’s willingness to share knowledge. By integrating knowledge management activities to business processes and hav- ing information systems supporting knowledge management, individual productivity can be improved.

PRODUCT DATA MANAGEMENT FOR FINNISH SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES - Towards a viable information system concept

Product Data Management (PDM) systems have been utilized within companies since the 1980s. Mainly the PDM systems have been used by large companies. This thesis presents the premise that small and medium-sized companies can also benefit from utilizing the Product Data Management systems. Furthermore, the starting point for the thesis is that the existing PDM systems are either too expensive or do not properly respond to the requirements SMEs have. The aim of this study is to investigate what kinds of requirements and special features SMEs, operating in Finnish manufacturing industry, have towards Product Data Management. Additionally, the target is to create a conceptual model that could fulfill the specified requirements. The research has been carried out as a qualitative case study, in which the research data was collected from ten Finnish companies operating in manufacturing industry. The research data is formed by interviewing key personnel from the case companies. After this, the data formed from the interviews has been processed to comprise a generic set of information system requirements and the information system concept supporting it. The commercialization of the concept is studied in the thesis from the perspective of system development. The aim was to create a conceptual model, which would be economically feasible for both, a company utilizing the system and for a company developing it. For this reason, the thesis has sought ways to scale the system development effort for multiple simultaneous cases. The main methods found were to utilize platform-based thinking and a way to generalize the system requirements, or in other words abstracting the requirements of an information system. The results of the research highlight the special features Finnish manufacturing SMEs have towards PDM. The most significant of the special features is the usage of project model to manage the order-to-delivery –process. This differs significantly from the traditional concepts of Product Data Management presented in the literature. Furthermore, as a research result, this thesis presents a conceptual model of a PDM system, which would be viable for the case companies interviewed during the research. As a by-product, this research presents a synthesized model, found from the literature, to abstract information system requirements. In addition to this, the strategic importance and categorization of information systems within companies has been discussed from the perspective of information system customizations.

Healthcare Information System Selection Model for Medical Clinics

The issue of selecting an appropriate healthcare information system is a very essential one. If implemented healthcare information system doesn’t fit particular healthcare institution, for example there are unnecessary functions; healthcare institution wastes its resources and its efficiency decreases. The purpose of this research is to develop a healthcare information system selection model to assist the decision-making process of choosing healthcare information system. Appropriate healthcare information system helps healthcare institutions to become more effective and efficient and keep up with the times. The research is based on comparison analysis of 50 healthcare information systems and 6 interviews with experts from St-Petersburg healthcare institutions that already have experience in healthcare information system utilization. 13 characteristics of healthcare information systems: 5 key and 7 additional features are identified and considered in the selection model development. Variables are used in the selection model in order to narrow the decision algorithm and to avoid duplication of brunches. The questions in the healthcare information systems selection model are designed to be easy-to-understand for common a decision-maker in healthcare institution without permanent establishment.

Visions d’État : deux systèmes d'informations géographiques dans la « gouvernance »

L'administration fédérale canadienne et la Commission européenne ont construit, dans le courant des années 2000, deux réseaux de Systèmes d'informations géographiques (SIG) : le Système national d'information forestière au Canada, et l'Infrastructure d'information géographique dans la Communauté européenne. Ces SIG permettent le traitement géographique de données sociales et environnementales ainsi que leur représentation sur des cartes. Nous appréhendons ces deux réseaux de SIG sous l'angle de leur valeur heuristique : leur analyse nous permet d'étudier les configurations institutionnelles dans lesquelles ils ont été développés, c'est-à-dire, dans ces cas précis, ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la « gouvernance ». Les SIG sont des instruments de mesure et de représentation de certains phénomènes : ils appartiennent à la classe des instruments d'objectivation. En tant qu'instruments d'objectivation, ils nous permettent de discuter deux éléments théoriques de la « gouvernance » : le rapport entre les administrations centrales et les administrations locales ; le rapport entre les administrations étatiques et les organisations non-étatiques. A travers cette discussion, nous montrons d'une part que la réarticulation de paliers de gouvernement différents ne signifie pas, comme cela a pu être écrit, un retrait de l'administration centrale au profit des administrations locales, mais au contraire une manière de contrôler plus étroitement celles-ci. Nous montrons d'autre part que cette renégociation des rapports entre les administrations centrales et locales ne s'accompagne pas, en pratique, d’une renégociation des rapports entre administrations étatiques et organisations non-étatiques. En révélant que les données non-étatiques ne sont pas intégrées dans les réseaux de SIG étatiques, nous relativisons les théories qui voient dans la « gouvernance » un mode de gouvernement ouvert aux organisations non-étatiques. Cela nous conduit à approfondir la piste qui envisage les instruments étatiques d'objectivation comme des moyens d'écarter de l'objectivation des phénomènes sociaux ou naturels les éléments qui contredisent l'action gouvernementale. Cette exégèse politique de deux ensembles de programmes informatiques particuliers – les SIG – nous amène, en conclusion, à proposer de considérer certains programmes informatiques comme des institutions politiques.

Utilisation de systèmes d'information géographique pour l'évaluation des risques liés à la dégradation du pergélisol. Étude de cas : Tasiujaq, Nunavik, Québec

Les régions nordiques à pergélisol seront largement affectées par l'augmentation prévue des températures. Un nombre croissant d’infrastructures qui étaient autrefois construites avec confiance sur des sols gelés en permanence commencent déjà à montrer des signes de détérioration. Les processus engendrés par la dégradation du pergélisol peuvent causer des dommages importants aux infrastructures et entrainer des coûts élevés de réparation. En conséquence, le contexte climatique actuel commande que la planification des projets dans les régions nordiques s’effectue en tenant compte des impacts potentiels de la dégradation du pergélisol. Ce mémoire porte sur l’utilisation de systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) appliqués à l’évaluation du potentiel d’aménagement des territoires situés en milieu de pergélisol. En utilisant une approche SIG, l’objectif est d’élaborer une méthodologie permettant de produire des cartes d'évaluation des risques afin d’aider les collectivités nordiques à mieux planifier leur environnement bâti. Une analyse multi-échelle du paysage est nécessaire et doit inclure l'étude des dépôts de surface, la topographie, ainsi que les conditions du pergélisol, la végétation et les conditions de drainage. La complexité de l'ensemble des interactions qui façonnent le paysage est telle qu'il est pratiquement impossible de rendre compte de chacun d'eux ou de prévoir avec certitude la réponse du système suite à des perturbations. Ce mémoire présente aussi certaines limites liées à l’utilisation des SIG dans ce contexte spécifique et explore une méthode innovatrice permettant de quantifier l'incertitude dans les cartes d'évaluation des risques.

Integrated Management for Sustainable Development of Coastal Zones – A Gis Based Study on the Central Kerala Coast

The present study focuses on the stability of the coast, exploitation of the coastal resources, human activities within the study are that extends from Fort Cochin at north to Thottappally at south, central Kerala State and hinterlands, socio-economic problems of the coastal community and the environmental issues arising in the recent past due to human activities. The objective of the study is critically analyse the coastal zone region and prevailing situation and to propose a comprehensive management plan for the sustainable development of the region under study. The thesis covers varied aspects of coastal uses like fisheries, tourism, land use, water resources etc. To critically examine the above scenarios, the ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information Systems) – GIS software has been used. A satellite image of the area has been used for the coastline change detection and land use patterns. The outcome of the present study will be beneficial to the various stakeholders within the coastal region and its hinterlands. To further add, this study should find better applications to similar or near-similar situations of Southeast Asia where identical scenarios are noticeable.

Design And Development Of A Named Entity Based Question Answering System For Malayalam Language

This is a Named Entity Based Question Answering System for Malayalam Language. Although a vast amount of information is available today in digital form, no effective information access mechanism exists to provide humans with convenient information access. Information Retrieval and Question Answering systems are the two mechanisms available now for information access. Information systems typically return a long list of documents in response to a user’s query which are to be skimmed by the user to determine whether they contain an answer. But a Question Answering System allows the user to state his/her information need as a natural language question and receives most appropriate answer in a word or a sentence or a paragraph. This system is based on Named Entity Tagging and Question Classification. Document tagging extracts useful information from the documents which will be used in finding the answer to the question. Question Classification extracts useful information from the question to determine the type of the question and the way in which the question is to be answered. Various Machine Learning methods are used to tag the documents. Rule-Based Approach is used for Question Classification. Malayalam belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is one of the four major languages of this family. It is one of the 22 Scheduled Languages of India with official language status in the state of Kerala. It is spoken by 40 million people. Malayalam is a morphologically rich agglutinative language and relatively of free word order. Also Malayalam has a productive morphology that allows the creation of complex words which are often highly ambiguous. Document tagging tools such as Parts-of-Speech Tagger, Phrase Chunker, Named Entity Tagger, and Compound Word Splitter are developed as a part of this research work. No such tools were available for Malayalam language. Finite State Transducer, High Order Conditional Random Field, Artificial Immunity System Principles, and Support Vector Machines are the techniques used for the design of these document preprocessing tools. This research work describes how the Named Entity is used to represent the documents. Single sentence questions are used to test the system. Overall Precision and Recall obtained are 88.5% and 85.9% respectively. This work can be extended in several directions. The coverage of non-factoid questions can be increased and also it can be extended to include open domain applications. Reference Resolution and Word Sense Disambiguation techniques are suggested as the future enhancements

Information Dynamics and Knowledge Management in Science & Technology

This paper describes the current information dynamics and its effect in higher education and research in science and technology. Open access movement ,Institutional repositories ,Digital libraries,Knowledge gateways,Blogs,Wikis,and social bookmark tools have rapidly emerged on the web creating a new scenerio that radically changes the knowledge production process such as the creation of information,formats and sources of information,coding and processing ,accessing managing sharing and dissemination of information.The management of knowledge created by academia of Cochin University Of Science And Technology is examined in this challenging context of information dynamics.

Impact of ICT on Library and Information Science: Major Shifts and Practices in CUSAT Central Library

Information is knowledge, facts or data. For the purpose of enabling the users to assimilate information, it should be repacked. Knowledge becomes information when it is externalized i.e. put in to the process of communication. The effectiveness of communication technology depends how well it provides its clients with information rapidly, economically and authentically. A large number of ICT enabled services including OPAC; e-resources etc. are available in the university library. Studies have been done to find the impact of ICT on different sections of CUSAT library by observing the activities of different sections; discussions with colleagues and visitors; and analyzing the entries in the library records. The results of the studies are presented here in the form of a paper.

Use of Online Information Resources for Knowledge Organisation in Library and Information Centres: A Case Study of CUSAT

The paper discusses the use of online information resources for organising knowledge in library and information centres in Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT). The paper discusses the status and extent of automation in CUSAT library. The use of different online resources and the purposes for which these resources are being used, is explained in detail. Structured interview method was applied for collecting data. It was observed that 67 per cent users consult online resources for assisting knowledge organisation. Library of Congress catalogue is the widely used (100 per cent) online resource followed by OPAC of CUSAT and catalogue of British Library. The main purposes for using these resources are class number building and subject indexing

Neuartige Verfahren für die Überwachung und Diagnose von aktiv magnetgelagerten rotierenden Maschinen

Mit aktiven Magnetlagern ist es möglich, rotierende Körper durch magnetische Felder berührungsfrei zu lagern. Systembedingt sind bei aktiv magnetgelagerten Maschinen wesentliche Signale ohne zusätzlichen Aufwand an Messtechnik für Diagnoseaufgaben verfügbar. In der Arbeit wird ein Konzept entwickelt, das durch Verwendung der systeminhärenten Signale eine Diagnose magnetgelagerter rotierender Maschinen ermöglicht und somit neben einer kontinuierlichen Anlagenüberwachung eine schnelle Bewertung des Anlagenzustandes gestattet. Fehler können rechtzeitig und ursächlich in Art und Größe erkannt und entsprechende Gegenmaßnahmen eingeleitet werden. Anhand der erfassten Signale geschieht die Gewinnung von Merkmalen mit signal- und modellgestützten Verfahren. Für den Magnetlagerregelkreis erfolgen Untersuchungen zum Einsatz modellgestützter Parameteridentifikationsverfahren, deren Verwendbarkeit wird bei der Diagnose am Regler und Leistungsverstärker nachgewiesen. Unter Nutzung von Simulationsmodellen sowie durch Experimente an Versuchsständen werden die Merkmalsverläufe im normalen Referenzzustand und bei auftretenden Fehlern aufgenommen und die Ergebnisse in einer Wissensbasis abgelegt. Diese dient als Grundlage zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten und Regeln für die Überwachung des Systems und zur Erstellung wissensbasierter Diagnosemodelle. Bei der Überwachung werden die Merkmalsausprägungen auf das Überschreiten von Grenzwerten überprüft, Informationen über erkannte Fehler und Betriebszustände gebildet sowie gegebenenfalls Alarmmeldungen ausgegeben. Sich langsam anbahnende Fehler können durch die Berechnung der Merkmalstrends mit Hilfe der Regressionsanalyse erkannt werden. Über die bisher bei aktiven Magnetlagern übliche Überwachung von Grenzwerten hinaus erfolgt bei der Fehlerdiagnose eine Verknüpfung der extrahierten Merkmale zur Identifizierung und Lokalisierung auftretender Fehler. Die Diagnose geschieht mittels regelbasierter Fuzzy-Logik, dies gestattet die Einbeziehung von linguistischen Aussagen in Form von Expertenwissen sowie die Berücksichtigung von Unbestimmtheiten und ermöglicht damit eine Diagnose komplexer Systeme. Für Aktor-, Sensor- und Reglerfehler im Magnetlagerregelkreis sowie Fehler durch externe Kräfte und Unwuchten werden Diagnosemodelle erstellt und verifiziert. Es erfolgt der Nachweis, dass das entwickelte Diagnosekonzept mit beherrschbarem Rechenaufwand korrekte Diagnoseaussagen liefert. Durch Kaskadierung von Fuzzy-Logik-Modulen wird die Transparenz des Regelwerks gewahrt und die Abarbeitung der Regeln optimiert. Endresultat ist ein neuartiges hybrides Diagnosekonzept, welches signal- und modellgestützte Verfahren der Merkmalsgewinnung mit wissensbasierten Methoden der Fehlerdiagnose kombiniert. Das entwickelte Diagnosekonzept ist für die Anpassung an unterschiedliche Anforderungen und Anwendungen bei rotierenden Maschinen konzipiert.

Conceptual knowledge discovery with frequent concept lattices

Knowledge discovery support environments include beside classical data analysis tools also data mining tools. For supporting both kinds of tools, a unified knowledge representation is needed. We show that concept lattices which are used as knowledge representation in Conceptual Information Systems can also be used for structuring the results of mining association rules. Vice versa, we use ideas of association rules for reducing the complexity of the visualization of Conceptual Information Systems.

Conceptual knowledge discovery and data analysis

In this paper, we discuss Conceptual Knowledge Discovery in Databases (CKDD) in its connection with Data Analysis. Our approach is based on Formal Concept Analysis, a mathematical theory which has been developed and proven useful during the last 20 years. Formal Concept Analysis has led to a theory of conceptual information systems which has been applied by using the management system TOSCANA in a wide range of domains. In this paper, we use such an application in database marketing to demonstrate how methods and procedures of CKDD can be applied in Data Analysis. In particular, we show the interplay and integration of data mining and data analysis techniques based on Formal Concept Analysis. The main concern of this paper is to explain how the transition from data to knowledge can be supported by a TOSCANA system. To clarify the transition steps we discuss their correspondence to the five levels of knowledge representation established by R. Brachman and to the steps of empirically grounded theory building proposed by A. Strauss and J. Corbin.